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Home / Equine Research Bank / Parasit Vectors / Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in ...
Parasites & vectors2015; 8; 212; doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0818-1

Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia.

Abstract: African animal trypanosomosis, transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies or mechanically by other biting flies, causes serious inflictions to livestock health. This study investigates the extent of non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis (NTTAT) by Trypanosoma (T.) evansi and T. vivax in domestic animals in the tsetse-free regions of Northern Ethiopia, Afar and Tigray. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 754 dromedary camels, 493 cattle, 264 goats, 181 sheep, 84 donkeys, 25 horses and 10 mules. The microhaematocrit centrifugation technique was used as parasitological test. Plasma was collected for serodiagnosis with CATT/T.evansi and RoTat 1.2 immune trypanolysis (ITL) while buffy coat specimens were collected for molecular diagnosis with T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR, T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR and T. vivax specific TvPRAC PCR. Results: The parasitological prevalence was 4.7% in Tigray and 2.7% in Afar and significantly higher (z = 2.53, p = 0.011) in cattle (7.3%) than in the other hosts. Seroprevalence in CATT/T.evansi was 24.6% in Tigray and 13.9% in Afar and was significantly higher (z = 9.39, p < 0.001) in cattle (37.3%) than in the other hosts. On the other hand, seroprevalence assessed by ITL was only 1.9% suggesting cross reaction of CATT/T.evansi with T. vivax or other trypanosome infections. Molecular prevalence of T. evansi type A was 8.0% in Tigray and in Afar and varied from 28.0% in horses to 2.2% in sheep. It was also significantly higher (p < 0.001) in camel (11.7%) than in cattle (6.1%), donkey (6%), goat (3.8%), and sheep (2.2%). Four camels were positive for T. evansi type B. Molecular prevalence of T. vivax was 3.0% and was similar in Tigray and Afar. It didn't differ significantly among the host species except that it was not detected in horses and mules. Conclusions: NTTAT caused by T. vivax and T. evansi, is an important threat to animal health in Tigray and Afar. For the first time, we confirm the presence of T. evansi type B in Ethiopian camels. Unexplained results obtained with the current diagnostic tests in bovines warrant particular efforts to isolate and characterise trypanosome strains that circulate in Northern Ethiopia.
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Publication Date: 2015-04-09 PubMed ID: 25889702PubMed Central: PMC4403896DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0818-1Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research examines the prevalence and epidemiology of non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis diseases, caused by Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax, in livestock in Northern Ethiopia.

Methods

  • The study was conducted on a variety of domestic animals including camels, cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys, horses, and mules in two northern Ethiopian regions: Tigray and Afar.
  • The researchers collected plasma and buffy coat specimens from a cross-section of 754 camels, 493 cattle, 264 goats, 181 sheep, 84 donkeys, 25 horses, and 10 mules.
  • The microhaematocrit centrifugation technique was applied as a parasitological test.
  • Various diagnostic approaches such as CATT/T.evansi and RoTat 1.2 immune trypanolysis (ITL) were used for serodiagnosis, while T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR, T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR, and T. vivax specific TvPRAC PCR served for molecular diagnosis.

Results

  • The parasitological prevalence was found to be significantly higher in cattle than the other domestic animals. It was 4.7% in Tigray and 2.7% in Afar, with cattle recording the highest value of 7.3%.
  • The overall seroprevalence in CATT/T.evansi was 24.6% in Tigray and 13.9% in Afar, and again, significantly higher in cattle at 37.3%.
  • The seroprevalence assessed by ITL was lower, at 1.9%, suggesting a cross-reaction of CATT/T.evansi with T. vivax or other trypanosome infections.
  • The molecular prevalence of T. evansi type A was 8.0% in both Tigray and Afar, and varied among the species, with horses recording the highest at 28.0%, and sheep the lowest at 2.2%. It was also higher in camels than in cattle and other animals.
  • Four camels tested positive for T. evansi type B.
  • The molecular prevalence for T. vivax was 3.0%, with no significant differences among the host species, except for its absence in horses and mules.

Conclusions

  • The research concluded that non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis, caused by T. vivax and T. evansi, is a significant threat to animal health in Northern Ethiopia. This is the first research confirming the presence of T. evansi type B in Ethiopian camels.
  • The study suggests the need for additional research to understand the unexpected results obtained with the current diagnostic tests in bovines, with the goal of isolating and characterising trypanosome strains in Northern Ethiopia.

Cite This Article

APA
Birhanu H, Fikru R, Said M, Kidane W, Gebrehiwot T, Hagos A, Alemu T, Dawit T, Berkvens D, Goddeeris BM, Büscher P. (2015). Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors, 8, 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0818-1

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 212
PII: 212

Researcher Affiliations

Birhanu, Hadush
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia. hadushbirhanu@yahoo.com.
  • Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. hadushbirhanu@yahoo.com.
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium. hadushbirhanu@yahoo.com.
Fikru, Regassa
  • Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. fikruregassa@yahoo.com.
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium. fikruregassa@yahoo.com.
  • College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. fikruregassa@yahoo.com.
Said, Mussa
  • Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia. mussasaid3226@gmail.com.
Kidane, Weldu
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia. kidaneweldu21@yahoo.com.
Gebrehiwot, Tadesse
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia. tadessse498@yahoo.com.
Hagos, Ashenafi
  • College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. hagos83@yahoo.com.
Alemu, Tola
  • College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. alemu.tola@yahoo.com.
Dawit, Tesfaye
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia. dawit89@yahoo.com.
Berkvens, Dirk
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium. dberkvens@itg.be.
Goddeeris, Bruno Maria
  • Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. bruno.goddeeris@kuleuven.be.
Büscher, Philippe
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium. pbuscher@itg.be.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Ethiopia / epidemiology
  • Livestock / parasitology
  • Molecular Epidemiology
  • Trypanosoma / classification
  • Trypanosoma / genetics
  • Trypanosomiasis / epidemiology
  • Trypanosomiasis / parasitology
  • Trypanosomiasis / veterinary

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