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Home / Equine Research Bank / Biomed Res Int / Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Europe and in the Medit...
BioMed research international2014; 2014; 907852; doi: 10.1155/2014/907852

Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) transmission has been confirmed in the last four years in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. An increasing concern towards West Nile disease (WND) has been observed due to the high number of human and animal cases reported in these areas confirming the importance of this zoonosis. A new epidemiological scenario is currently emerging: although new introductions of the virus from abroad are always possible, confirming the epidemiological role played by migratory birds, the infection endemisation in some European territories today is a reality supported by the constant reoccurrence of the same strains across years in the same geographical areas. Despite the WND reoccurrence in the Old World, the overwintering mechanisms are not well known, and the role of local resident birds or mosquitoes in this context is poorly understood. A recent new epidemiological scenario is the spread of lineage 2 strain across European and Mediterranean countries in regions where lineage 1 strain is still circulating creating favourable conditions for genetic reassortments and emergence of new strains. This paper summarizes the main epidemiological findings on WNV occurrence in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013, considering potential future spread patterns.
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Publication Date: 2014-09-11 PubMed ID: 25302311PubMed Central: PMC4180897DOI: 10.1155/2014/907852Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study presents the epidemiological patterns of West Nile Virus infection in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin over the last 30 years, emphasizing that migrating birds carrying the virus from Africa have significantly contributed to the spread of the Virus in these regions. The research also points out that certain birds and mosquito species may play a role in the virus’ ability to survive winters in these regions.

Epidemiological Patterns of the West Nile Virus Infection

  • The study reports numerous cases of West Nile (WN) virus infection in both humans and horses in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin over the past three decades. This relatively high incidence of the virus in the regions is often linked to strains belonging to Lineage 1, particularly the European Mediterranean/Kenyan cluster.
  • The Lineage 1 strains identified in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, specifically the European Mediterranean/Kenyan cluster, are moderately pathogenic in both humans and horses. However, these strains have limited or no pathogenicity in birds.
  • The paper also notes the recent emergence of new case scenarios, which have been reported in Hungary and Austria. These new cases are related to other strains, specifically those in the Israeli/American cluster of Lineage 1 and in Lineage 2.

Role of Migratory Birds in the Spread of West Nile Virus

  • Migratory birds play a significant role in introducing new viruses to Europe. They get infected at their African wintering sites and then transport the virus northwards to Europe during their spring migrations.
  • Historically, the virus’ transmission by migrating birds resulted in sporadic cases of WN in the areas they migrated to. However, recent years have seen developing epidemiological scenarios as the disease becomes more widespread.

Potential of Local Mosquitoes and Resident Birds in Maintaining the Virus

  • There’s evidence that West Nile Virus strains have the potential to overwinter within Europe, facilitated by local birds and mosquitoes. Species of Culex mosquitoes, and resident birds like magpies (Pica pica), carrion crows (Corvus corone), and rock pigeons (Columba livia) are probable hosts that might support the overwintering of WNV strains, thus potentially turning this into an endemic rather than a migratory cycle of transmission.

Cite This Article

APA
Di Sabatino D, Bruno R, Sauro F, Danzetta ML, Cito F, Iannetti S, Narcisi V, De Massis F, Calistri P. (2014). Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 907852. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/907852

Publication

BioMed research international
ISSN: 2314-6141
NlmUniqueID: 101600173
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2014
Pages: 907852

Researcher Affiliations

Di Sabatino, Daria
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Bruno, Rossana
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Sauro, Francesca
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Danzetta, Maria Luisa
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Cito, Francesca
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Iannetti, Simona
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Narcisi, Valeria
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.
De Massis, Fabrizio
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Calistri, Paolo
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Communicable Diseases, Emerging / microbiology
  • Communicable Diseases, Emerging / mortality
  • Disease Outbreaks / statistics & numerical data
  • Europe / epidemiology
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Incidence
  • Male
  • Mediterranean Region / epidemiology
  • Risk Assessment
  • Survival Rate
  • West Nile Fever / microbiology
  • West Nile Fever / mortality
  • West Nile virus / classification
  • West Nile virus / isolation & purification

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