Epidural migration of new methylene blue in 0.9% sodium chloride solution or 2% mepivacaine solution following injection into the first intercoccygeal space in foal cadavers and anesthetized foals undergoing laparoscopy.
Abstract: To determine the relationship between epidural cranial migration and injectate volume of an isotonic solution containing dye in laterally recumbent foal cadavers and evaluate the cranial migration and dermatome analgesia of an epidural dye solution during conditions of laparoscopy in foals. Methods: 19 foal cadavers and 8 pony foals. Methods: Foal cadavers received an epidural injection of dye solution (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 mL/kg) containing 1.2 mg of new methylene blue (NMB)/mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Length of the dye column and number of intervertebral spaces cranial and caudal to the injection site were measured. Anesthetized foals received an epidural injection of dye solution (0.2 mL/kg) containing saline solution or 2% mepivacaine. Foals were placed in a 100 head-down position, and pneumoperitoneum was induced. Dermatome analgesia was determined by use of a described electrical stimulus technique. Foals were euthanatized, and length of the dye column was measured. Results: Epidural cranial migration of dye solution in foal cadavers increased with increasing volume injected. No significant difference was found in epidural cranial migration of a dye solution (0.2 mL/kg) between anesthetized foals undergoing conditions of laparoscopy and foal cadavers in lateral recumbency. Further craniad migration of the dye column occurred than indicated by dermatome analgesia. Conclusions: Epidural cranial migration increases with volume of injectate. On the basis of dermatome analgesia, an epidural injection of 2% mepivacaine (0.2 mL/kg) alone provides analgesia up to at least the caudal thoracic dermatome and could permit caudal laparoscopic surgical procedures in foals.
Publication Date: 2005-09-22 PubMed ID: 16173473DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1324Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research explored the correlation between epidural cranial migration (movement of a substance from the base to the head) and the volume of an isotonic solution containing dye injected into foal cadavers and anesthetized foals. It revealed increasing cranial migration with a rise in injection volume, and no significant variation between foal cadavers and those undergoing laparoscopy. The study also suggested that an epidural injection of 2% mepivacaine alone could provide adequate analgesia for caudal laparoscopic procedures in foals.
Research Objective and Methods
- Researchers aimed to establish the connection between cranial migration of a solution and the volume of the solution injected. The experiment used foal cadavers as well as anesthetized foals undergoing laparoscopy, a minimally invasive surgical procedure.
- The cadavers were injected with dyed solutions of varying volume, and the length of the dye column and number of intervertebral spaces were then measured.
- The anesthetized foals were injected with a dyed solution and were then placed in a 100 head-down position, and a pneumoperitoneum (abnormal presence of air or gas in the cavity between the lungs) was induced.
- Dermatome analgesia, i.e., the numbness produced by the injection, was calculated using an electrical stimulus method. The length of the dye column was measured after euthanizing the foals.
Research Findings
- It was found that the cranial migration of the dye solution increased as the volume of the injected solution increased in the foal cadavers.
- During laparoscopic conditions, the cranial migration of the dye solution in the anesthetized foals was not significantly different from that in the foal cadavers.
- Dermatome analgesia didn’t indicate the full extent of dye column’s migration towards the head; the dye solution spread further than the area of numbness.
Research Conclusions
- The research concluded that the cranial migration of an epidural solution increases with the volume of the injection.
- Dermatome analgesia showed that an epidural injection of 2% mepivacaine alone offers sufficient analgesia, making it possible to carry out caudal laparoscopic surgical procedures in foals.
Cite This Article
APA
Lansdowne JL, Kerr CL, Bouré LP, Pearce SG.
(2005).
Epidural migration of new methylene blue in 0.9% sodium chloride solution or 2% mepivacaine solution following injection into the first intercoccygeal space in foal cadavers and anesthetized foals undergoing laparoscopy.
Am J Vet Res, 66(8), 1324-1329.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1324 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
MeSH Terms
- Anesthesia, Epidural / veterinary
- Anesthetics, Local / administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Local / pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn / metabolism
- Coloring Agents / administration & dosage
- Coloring Agents / pharmacokinetics
- Epidural Space / metabolism
- Female
- Horses / metabolism
- Injections, Epidural / veterinary
- Laparoscopy / veterinary
- Male
- Mepivacaine / administration & dosage
- Methylene Blue / administration & dosage
- Methylene Blue / analogs & derivatives
- Methylene Blue / pharmacokinetics
- Posture
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Moll X, García F, Ferrer RI, Santos L, Aguilar A, Andaluz A. Distribution of methylene blue after injection into the epidural space of anaesthetized pregnant and non-pregnant sheep. PLoS One 2014;9(4):e92860.
- Hendrickson DA. A review of equine laparoscopy. ISRN Vet Sci 2012;2012:492650.
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