Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and keratinocyte differentiation in equine experimental body and limb wounds healing by second intention.
Abstract: The re-epithelialization process in equine wound healing is incompletely described. For epithelial cells to migrate during embryogenesis they undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); this phenotypic transition occurs during wound healing in humans and rodents, but it has not been investigated in horses. Objective: To investigate keratinocyte differentiation and EMT in equine experimental excisional limb and body wounds healing by second intention. Methods: Six adult research horses. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect expression of the differentiation markers cytokeratin (CK)10, CK14, loricrin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), and of the EMT markers E-cadherin and N-cadherin in normal limb and body skin, and biopsies from limb and body wounds. Results: Loricrin and CK10 were expressed in normal skin and periwound skin but not in migrating epithelium of body and limb wounds. However, they reappeared at the migrating epithelial tip of body wounds only. CK14 and PPAR-α had uniform distribution throughout the migrating epithelium. N-cadherin was not expressed in normal unwounded skin but was detected in periwound skin adjacent to the wound margin. E-cadherin expression decreased at the wound margin. Conclusions: Presence of N-cadherin suggests that cadherin switching occurred during wound healing, this may be an indication that EMT occurs in horses. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this has never been described in horses before and warrants further investigation to assess the clinical implications. The tip of the migrating epithelium in body wounds appeared more differentiated than limb wounds, which could be part of the explanation for the superior healing of body wounds. Background: Le processus de re-épithélialisation dans la cicatrisation des plaies chez le cheval n'est pas entièrement décrit. Pour que les cellules épithéliales migrent au cours de l'embryogénèse, elles passent par une transition épithéliale-mésenchymateuse (EMT); cette transition phénotypique se produit au cours de la cicatrisation chez l'homme et les rongeurs mais n'a pas été étudiée chez le cheval. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Etudier la différenciation kératinocytaire et l’EMT au cours de plaies expérimentales et la cicatrisation par seconde intention chez le cheval. Unassigned: Six chevaux de recherche adultes. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODE: Une analyse immunohistochimique a été utilisée pour détecter l'expression des marqueurs de différenciation : cytokératines (CK)10, CK14, loricrine et PPAR-α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha), les marqueurs d’EMT : E-cadhérine et N-cadhérine dans la peau normale d'un membre et du tronc et des biopsies des plaies des membres et du tronc. RÉSULTATS: La loricrine et CK10 étaient exprimées dans la peau normale et en périphérie des plaies cutanées mais par dans l’épithélium en migration des plaies du tronc et des membres. Cependant, elles réapparaissent à l'extrémité de l’épithélium en migration dans les plaies du tronc seulement. CK14 et PPAR-α ont une distribution uniforme au sein de l’épithélium migrant. La N-cadhérine n’était pas exprimée dans la peau normale intacte mais était détectée en périphérie des plaies cutanées adjacentes aux marges des plaies. L'expression d'E-cadhérine a diminué en marge des plaies. Unassigned: La présence de N-cadhérine suggère qu'une transformation se produit au couts de la cicatrisation, ce qui peut être une indication que l’EMT de produit chez le cheval. A la connaissance des auteurs, ceci n'a jamais été décrit chez le cheval et nécessite d'autres études pour déterminer les implications clinques. L'extrémité de l’épithélium en migration dans les plaies corporelles semble plus différenciée que pour les plaies des membres, ce qui pourrait être une partie de l'explication de la meilleure capacité de cicatrisation des plaies tronculaires. INTRODUCCIÓN: el proceso de reepitelización en la cicatrización de heridas equinas se ha descrito de forma incompleta. Para que las células epiteliales migren durante la embriogénesis, sufren una transición epitelial a mesenquimatosa (EMT); esta transición fenotípica ocurre durante la cicatrización de heridas en humanos y roedores, pero no se ha investigado en caballos. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: investigar la diferenciación de queratinocitos y la EMT en la extremidad y el cuerpo tras escisión experimental creando heridas que cicatrizaron por segunda intención. ANIMALES: Seis caballos adultos de investigación. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: se utilizó análisis inmunohistoquímico para detectar la expresión de los marcadores de diferenciación citoqueratina (CK) 10, CK14, loricrina y el receptor activado alfa proliferador de peroxisomas (PPAR-α) y de los marcadores de EMT E-cadherin y N-cadherin en piel normal de extremidades y cuerpo, y biopsias de heridas de las mismas zonas. RESULTADOS: loricrina y CK10 se expresaron en la piel normal y en la piel cercana a la herida, pero no en el epitelio migratorio de las heridas del cuerpo y las extremidades. Sin embargo, reaparecieron solo en el punto de avance epitelial migratorio de las heridas corporales. CK14 y PPAR- α tuvieron una distribución uniforme en todo el epitelio migratorio. La N-cadherina no se expresó en la piel normal sin herida, pero se detectó en la piel adyacente al margen de la herida. La expresión de E-cadherina disminuyó en el margen de la herida. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: la presencia de N-cadherina sugiere que se produjo un cambio de cadherina durante la cicatrización de la herida, lo que puede ser una indicación de que se produce EMT en caballos. A entender de los autores, este fenómeno no había sido descrito en caballos y merece más investigación para evaluar las implicaciones clínicas. El extremo de avance del epitelio migratorio en las heridas del cuerpo parecía más diferenciado que en las heridas de las extremidades, lo que podría explicar en parte la mejor cicatrización de las heridas corporales. Unassigned: Der Prozess der Reepithelialisierung bei der Wundheilung von Pferden ist nur unvollständig beschrieben. Damit Epithelzellen während der Embryogenese wandern können, machen sie eine Transformation von epithelial-zu-mesenchymal (EMT) durch; diese phänotypische Transition erfolgt während der Wundheilung beim Menschen und bei Nagern, ist aber bei Pferden noch nicht untersucht worden. Unassigned: Eine Untersuchung der Keratinozytendifferenzierung und EMT beim Pferd bei experimentellen exzisionalen Extremitäten und Körperwunden mit Sekundärheilung. Unassigned: Sechs adulte Versuchspferde. Unassigned: Es wurde eine immunhistochemische Analyse durchgeführt, um die Exprimierung der Differenzierungsmarker Zytokeratin (CK)10, CK14, Loricrin und Peroxisome Proliferator-aktivated Receptor alpha (PPAR-α), sowie der EMT Marker E-Cadherin und N-Cadherin in normaler Haut von Extremitäten und Körper, sowie Biopsien von Extremitäten und Körperwunden festzustellen. Unassigned: Loricrin und CK10 wurden in normaler Haut und in Haut rundum den Wunden exprimiert, aber nicht im migrierenden Epithel von Wunden an Körper und Extremitäten. Sie tauchten jedoch nur an der migrierenden Epithelspitze von Körperwunden wieder auf. CK14 und PPAR-a zeigten eine einheitliche Verteilung im migrierenden Epithel. N-Cadherin wurde in normaler nicht verwundeter Haut nicht exprimiert, wurde jedoch in Haut rundum die Wunden im Anschluss an den Wundrand gefunden. Die Exprimierung von E-Cadherin nahm Richtung Wundrand ab. Unassigned: Das Auftreten von N-Cadherin weist darauf hin, dass Cadherin Switching während der Wundheilung auftritt, was ein Indikator dafür sein kann, dass EMT bei Pferden auftritt. Nach bestem Wissen der Autoren wurde das bei Pferden bisher nicht beschrieben und macht weitere Untersuchungen nötig, um die klinischen Implikationen zu erfassen. Die Spitze des migrierenden Epithels in den Körperwunden zeigte sich besser ausdifferenziert als Wunden an den Extremitäten, was teilweise die bessere Wundheilung von Körperwunden erklären könnte. 背景: 馬の創傷治癒における上皮再形成過程における記述は不完全である。胚形成中に上皮細胞が遊走するため、それらは上皮間葉転換(EMT)を受ける。この表現型の移行は、人およびげっ歯類の創傷治癒中に起こるが、馬では調べられていない。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、馬の実験的切除肢および第二の目的として体幹創傷治癒過程におけるケラチノサイト分化およびEMTを調査することである。 被験動物: 6頭の成体研究用馬。 材料および方法: 免疫組織化学的解析を使用して、正常な四肢および体幹、そして四肢および体幹の創傷から生検し、皮膚における分化マーカーであるサイトケラチン(CK)10、CK14、ロリクリンおよびペルオキシソーム増殖因子活性化受容体α(PPAR -α)、ならびにEMTマーカーであるE-カドヘリンおよびN-カドヘリンの発現を検出した。 結果: ロリクリンおよびCK10は、正常皮膚および創傷部周囲の皮膚において発現したが、体幹部および四肢創傷部の遊走上皮では発現しなかった。しかしながら、それらは、体幹創傷部における遊走上皮先端にのみ再出現した。 CK14およびPPAR-αは、遊走上皮全体に均一に分布していた。 N-カドヘリンは、正常な創傷のない皮膚では発現しなかったが、創傷縁に隣接した創傷周囲の皮膚において検出された。 E-カドヘリン発現は創傷縁で減少した。 結論と臨床的重要性: N-カドヘリンの存在は、カドヘリンの切り替えが創傷治癒中に起こったことを示唆しており、これはEMTが馬において起こることの指標となる可能性がある。著者の知る限りでは、これまで馬に記載されたことがなく、臨床的意義を評価するためのさらなる調査が必要である。体幹創傷部における移動上皮の先端は、四肢創傷部と比較して分化しているように見えた。これは、体幹創傷部の優れた治癒能力に対する説明の一部となる可能性がある。. 背景: 马伤口愈合中的上皮再生过程尚未被充分报道。上皮细胞在胚胎发生过程中发生上皮向间质转化(EMT); 这种表型转变发生在人类和啮齿动物的伤口愈合期,但尚未对马进行过相关研究。 假设/目标: 通过实验性切开马的肢体和躯体伤口制造二期愈合,研究角质细胞的分化和EMT。 动物: 六匹成年实验马。 方法和材料: 免疫组化分析检测分化标志物细胞角质(CK)10、CK14、兜甲蛋白、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPAR-α)的表达;检测EMT标记物E-钙黏蛋白和N-钙黏蛋白在正常肢体和躯体皮肤中的表达,并对肢体和躯体伤口进行活组织检查。 结果: 兜甲蛋白和CK10在正常皮肤和创周皮肤中表达,但在躯体和肢体伤口的移行上皮中不表达。然而,它们又会出现在躯体伤口的移行上皮顶端。CK14和PPAR-a在移行上皮中均匀分布。 N-钙黏蛋白在正常未受伤的皮肤中不表达,但可在伤口边缘附近的创周皮肤中被检测到。E-钙黏表达在伤口边缘减少。 结论和临床意义: N-钙黏蛋白的存在表明,在伤口愈合过程中发生了钙黏蛋白转换,这表明EMT可发生在马身上。据作者所知,此前从未有马的相关报道,需要进一步调查以评估临床意义。 躯体创面移行上皮顶端的分化程度明显高于肢体创面,这可能是躯体创面愈合较好的原因之一。. Unassigned: O processo de reepitelização na cicatrização de feridas de equinos é incompletamente descrito. Para que as células epiteliais migrem durante a embriogênese, elas passam por transição epitelial-mesenquimal (EMT); esta transição fenotípica ocorre durante o processo de cicatrização em humanos e roedores, mas não foi ainda investigado em equinos. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Investigar a diferenciação de queratinócitos em EMT amostras excisionais de feridas cicatrizando por segunda intenção no corpo e membros de equinos. Unassigned: Seis cavalos adultos de experimentação. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Utilizou-se análise imunohistoquímica para detectar a expressão dos marcadores de diferenciação citoqueratina (CK)10, CK14, loricrina e receptor alfa ativado por proliferador peroxissomo (PPAR-α), e dos marcadores de EMT E-caderina e N-caderina na pele normal de membros e corpo, e biópsias de feridas no corpo e membros. Results: A loricrina e a CK10 estavam sendo expressadas na pele normal e perilesional, mas não no epitélio migrante das feridas de corpo e membros. Entretanto, elas reapareceram apenas no epitélio migrante na ponta das feridas do corpo. CK14 e PPAR-α apresentaram uma distribuição uniforme ao longo do epitélio migrante. A N-caderina não foi expressada na pele sem ferida, mas foi detectada na pele perilesional adjacente à margem da ferida. A expressão de E-caderina decresceu na margem da ferida. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A presença de N-caderina sugere que houve troca de caderina ocorreu durante o processo de cicatrização, isto pode ser um indicador de que EMT ocorre em equinos. De acordo com os conhecimentos do autor, isso nunca havia sido descrito em cavalos antes e as feridas no corpo pareceram ser mais diferenciadas que as feridas nos membros, o que pode ser uma parte da explicação da superioridade da cicatrização em feridas corporais.
© 2019 ESVD and ACVD.
Publication Date: 2019-07-22 PubMed ID: 31328349DOI: 10.1111/vde.12774Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This research paper examines the process of wound healing in horses. The study seeks to determine if equine (horse) keratinocyte (skin cells) differentiation changes through an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which cells change their form to enhance migration and tissue regeneration. The research emphasizes the need for a better understanding of this process, as it may promote improved treatment for wound healing in horses.
Methodology
- The research was conducted using six adult research horses.
- The researchers studied and analysed the expression of various differentiation markers such as cytokeratin (types CK10 and CK14), loricrin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α).
- They also analyzed the EMT markers E-cadherin and N-cadherin in regular skin and skin biopsies from different wound types.
Results
- The study found certain markers like Loricrin and CK10 expressed in normal skin and periwound skin, but not within migrating cells of body and limb wounds. However, the markers did reappear at the tip of body wounds’ migrating cells.
- Other markers, like CK14 and PPAR-α, were uniformly spread in all migrating cells.
- N-cadherin, a commonly recognised indicator of EMT in other species, did not appear in normal unwounded skin but was detected in the periwound skin adjacent to the wound margin.
- E-cadherin expression, on the other hand, decreased at the wound margin.
Conclusions
- The presence of N-cadherin suggests that a “cadherin switch” had occurred during the wound healing process, which implies that EMT may occur within horses. This was a previously unreported finding in equine medicine, marking an important milestone in the further study of EMT and wound healing in horses.
- The research identified a visible differentiation between skin cells at the leading edge of wounds on the body as opposed to the limbs. This may explain why body wounds appear to heal more effectively.
- The findings from this study indicate a need for future research to clarify the clinical implications and potential applications of this cellular process.
Cite This Article
APA
Jørgensen E, Pirone A, Jacobsen S, Miragliotta V.
(2019).
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and keratinocyte differentiation in equine experimental body and limb wounds healing by second intention.
Vet Dermatol, 30(5), 417-e126.
https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12774 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biomarkers / metabolism
- Cadherins / genetics
- Cadherins / metabolism
- Cell Differentiation / physiology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Extremities / injuries
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Horses / injuries
- Immunohistochemistry
- Keratinocytes / physiology
- Keratins / genetics
- Keratins / metabolism
- Membrane Proteins / genetics
- Membrane Proteins / metabolism
- PPAR alpha / genetics
- PPAR alpha / metabolism
- Wound Healing / physiology
Grant Funding
- Augustinus Fonden
- Oticon Fonden
- C. C. Klestrup and Wife Henriette Klestrup's Memorial Grant
- Danish Government PhD grant
- The Horse Levy Fund
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Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Zamith Cunha R, Zannoni A, Salamanca G, De Silva M, Rinnovati R, Gramenzi A, Forni M, Chiocchetti R. Expression of cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) and cannabinoid-related receptors (TRPV1, GPR55, and PPARα) in the synovial membrane of the horse metacarpophalangeal joint. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1045030.
- Svobodova A, Vrkoslav V, Smeringaiova I, Jirsova K. Distribution of an analgesic palmitoylethanolamide and other N-acylethanolamines in human placental membranes. PLoS One 2023;18(1):e0279863.
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