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PloS one2015; 10(4); e0122640; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122640

Equid herpesvirus type 1 activates platelets.

Abstract: Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes outbreaks of abortion and neurological disease in horses. One of the main causes of these clinical syndromes is thrombosis in placental and spinal cord vessels, however the mechanism for thrombus formation is unknown. Platelets form part of the thrombus and amplify and propagate thrombin generation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that EHV-1 activates platelets. We found that two EHV-1 strains, RacL11 and Ab4 at 0.5 or higher plaque forming unit/cell, activate platelets within 10 minutes, causing α-granule secretion (surface P-selectin expression) and platelet microvesiculation (increased small events double positive for CD41 and Annexin V). Microvesiculation was more pronounced with the RacL11 strain. Virus-induced P-selectin expression required plasma and 1.0 mM exogenous calcium. P-selectin expression was abolished and microvesiculation was significantly reduced in factor VII- or X-deficient human plasma. Both P-selectin expression and microvesiculation were re-established in factor VII-deficient human plasma with added purified human factor VIIa (1 nM). A glycoprotein C-deficient mutant of the Ab4 strain activated platelets as effectively as non-mutated Ab4. P-selectin expression was abolished and microvesiculation was significantly reduced by preincubation of virus with a goat polyclonal anti-rabbit tissue factor antibody. Infectious virus could be retrieved from washed EHV-1-exposed platelets, suggesting a direct platelet-virus interaction. Our results indicate that EHV-1 activates equine platelets and that α-granule secretion is a consequence of virus-associated tissue factor triggering factor X activation and thrombin generation. Microvesiculation was only partly tissue factor and thrombin-dependent, suggesting the virus causes microvesiculation through other mechanisms, potentially through direct binding. These findings suggest that EHV-1-induced platelet activation could contribute to the thrombosis that occurs in clinically infected horses and provides a new mechanism by which viruses activate hemostasis.
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Publication Date: 2015-04-23 PubMed ID: 25905776PubMed Central: PMC4407896DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122640Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
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  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides evidence that equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a virus that causes abortion and neurological disease in horses, activates platelets in the blood which may contribute to blood clots in infected horses.

Background of the Research

  • EHV-1 is known to lead to placental and spinal cord thrombosis (blood clots) in horses, which results in abortion and neurological disease. But the reason why these blood clots form remained unknown.
  • Platelets, the cell fragments in blood that help in clotting, were scrutinized as potential culprits because they take part in the formation of thrombus (blood clot) and in amplifying and propagating thrombin, an enzyme in blood plasma essential for blood coagulation.

Main Findings

  • The researchers found that two strains of EHV-1, RacL11 and Ab4, activate platelets within 10 minutes, causing secretion from their α-granules (a process that aids clotting) and their microvesiculation (formation and release of small vesicles).
  • Microvesiculation was more pronounced in the case of the RacL11 strain.
  • Virus-induced activation of platelets required plasma (the liquid component of blood) and exogenous calcium (calcium from outside the cell).
  • Activation of platelets was significantly reduced in the absence of factor VII or factor X, proteins involved in clotting. However, P-selectin expression was restored upon addition of purified human factor VIIa in the factor VII-deficient plasma.
  • Interestingly, a glycoprotein C-deficient strain of the virus also activated platelets effectively, suggesting other mechanisms apart from glycoprotein C may be involved in platelet activation by the virus.
  • The findings also revealed that the activation platelets could be a result of virus-associated tissue factor triggering factor X activation and thrombin generation.
  • On a note, even though activation of platelets was partly dependent on tissue factor and thrombin, the research proposes that the virus might be causing microvesiculation through other mechanisms, potentially through direct binding.

Implicative Conclusion

  • This research indicates that horses infected with EHV-1 can experience platelet activation that can lead to the formation of harmful blood clots.
  • This insight opens up new understanding of how not just EHV-1, but potentially other viruses as well, can manipulate the hemostasis (the body’s natural response to stop bleeding by clotting blood), leading to pathological outcomes.

Cite This Article

APA
Stokol T, Yeo WM, Burnett D, DeAngelis N, Huang T, Osterrieder N, Catalfamo J. (2015). Equid herpesvirus type 1 activates platelets. PLoS One, 10(4), e0122640. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122640

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: e0122640
PII: e0122640

Researcher Affiliations

Stokol, Tracy
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
Yeo, Wee Ming
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
Burnett, Deborah
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
DeAngelis, Nicole
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
Huang, Teng
  • Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Osterrieder, Nikolaus
  • Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Catalfamo, James
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • Abortion, Spontaneous / metabolism
  • Abortion, Spontaneous / virology
  • Animals
  • Blood Platelets / metabolism
  • Blood Platelets / virology
  • Factor X / metabolism
  • Female
  • Herpesviridae Infections / metabolism
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / metabolism
  • Horses / metabolism
  • Horses / virology
  • P-Selectin / metabolism
  • Placenta / metabolism
  • Placenta / virology
  • Platelet Activation / physiology
  • Pregnancy
  • Rabbits
  • Thrombin / metabolism
  • Thrombosis / metabolism
  • Thrombosis / virology
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / metabolism

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interests exist.

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Citations

This article has been cited 12 times.
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