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Parasites & vectors2020; 13(1); 261; doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04131-0

Equid infective Theileria cluster in distinct 18S rRNA gene clades comprising multiple taxa with unusually broad mammalian host ranges.

Abstract: Equine theileriosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites Theileria equi and Theileria haneyi, affects equids throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a significant regulatory concern in non-endemic countries, where testing for equine theileriosis is required prior to horse import to prevent parasite entry. Within endemic areas, infection causes significant morbidity and mortality, leading to economic losses. No vaccine for equine theileriosis is available, and current drug treatment protocols are inconsistent and associated with significant side effects. Recent work has revealed substantial genetic variability among equine theileriosis organisms, and analysis of ribosomal DNA from affected animals around the world indicates that the organisms can be grouped into five distinct clades. As these diverse parasites are capable of infecting a wide range of both tick and mammalian hosts, movement of different equine Theileria species between endemic countries, and eventually into non-endemic countries, is a significant concern. Furthermore, the substantial genetic variability of these organisms will likely render currently utilized importation diagnostic tests unable to detect all equine Theileria spp. To this end, more complete characterization of these diverse parasites is critical to the continued global control of equine theileriosis. This review discusses current knowledge of equine Theileria spp. in this context, and highlights new opportunities and challenges for workers in this field.
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Publication Date: 2020-05-19 PubMed ID: 32430015PubMed Central: PMC7236219DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04131-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article investigates the genetic variability of the parasites causing equine theileriosis, a disease affecting horses, which has severe economic impact in endemic areas and regulatory implications in non-endemic countries. The researchers discovered five distinct genetic groupings of these parasites, which have a broad host range in ticks and mammals, raising concerns about the disease’s global control.

Background

  • In the study, the researchers sought to provide a deeper understanding of equine theileriosis, a disease that significantly impacts horses in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This illness is caused by Theileria equi and Theileria haneyi, tiny parasites transmitted by ticks.
  • Equine theileriosis is not only a veterinary health issue, but it also carries major economic implications. In endemic areas—where the disease is regularly found—it can result in high mortality rates and severe illness, both of which lead to significant economic losses. In non-endemic regions—where the illness is not usually found—there are stringent regulatory restrictions around horse imports to prevent the introduction of the parasites.

Findings

  • The research illuminates the considerable genetic diversity amongst Theileria parasites. Analysis of ribosomal DNA of affected horses worldwide enabled the categorization of these organisms into five distinct genetic clades or groups.
  • This genetic diversity underscores the adaptability of these parasites, which can infect a wide range of ticks and mammals. This versatility also highlights the risk of equine Theileria species spreading from endemic to non-endemic countries.
  • A major issue arises because the genetic variability among these parasites could undermine the current importation diagnostic tests. This means that some species of equine Theileria might not be detected during import procedures.

Implications

  • This study contributes to the body of knowledge surrounding equine Theileria and the disease it causes. The identified genetic diversity and its implications outline the complexity of controlling this disease globally.
  • The discovery of significant genetic diversity could also mean that the development or modification of diagnostic tests and vaccines may have to consider these differences. The robustness of containment strategies and import-level screening procedures could be recalibrated with the insights gained from the study.
  • Finally, the research presents both new challenges and opportunities, as it necessitates novel approaches to manage the disease effectively and mitigates its impact on global horse populations.

Cite This Article

APA
Bishop RP, Kappmeyer LS, Onzere CK, Odongo DO, Githaka N, Sears KP, Knowles DP, Fry LM. (2020). Equid infective Theileria cluster in distinct 18S rRNA gene clades comprising multiple taxa with unusually broad mammalian host ranges. Parasit Vectors, 13(1), 261. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04131-0

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 261
PII: 261

Researcher Affiliations

Bishop, Richard P
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
Kappmeyer, Lowell S
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
Onzere, Cynthia K
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
Odongo, David O
  • Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
  • School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
Githaka, Naftaly
  • Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
Sears, Kelly P
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
Knowles, Donald P
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
Fry, Lindsay M
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA. Lindsay.Fry@usda.gov.
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. Lindsay.Fry@usda.gov.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Genetic Variation
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Host Specificity
  • Mammals / parasitology
  • Phylogeny
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / genetics
  • Theileria / classification
  • Theileriasis / parasitology

Grant Funding

  • 2090-320000-034-00D / Agricultural Research Service

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 15 times.
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