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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere2020; 48(5); 344-354; doi: 10.1055/a-1235-7973

[Equine chorionic gonadotrophin: Biology and veterinary use].

Abstract: The pituitary gonadotrophins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) play a prominent role in the control of gonadal functions. Therefore, their use in the treatment of fertility disorders (e. g. anovulatory anestrus) as well as in biotechnology (e. g. superovulation, hormone programs for cycle synchronization) is of substantial interest. Preparations of FSH or LH are relatively expensive due to the laborious extraction from pituitary tissue and are therefore reserved for special indications. In primates and equids, the chorionic epithelium expresses an LH-like molecule (chorionic gonadotrophin, CG). Equine CG (eCG) selectively binds to LH receptors in equids. In all other domestic mammalian species, equine CG (eCG) shows an extraordinarily high FSH activity in addition to its LH activity ("dual activity"). Since its market launch, this has therefore gained considerable importance as a comparatively inexpensive FSH analogue, mainly for use in ruminants and pigs. In contrast to the human CG (hCG), which may be isolated non-invasively from the urine of pregnant women and is widely used as LH analogue, eCG must be extracted from the blood of pregnant donor mares, as eCG concentrations in urine are only minimal. Following reports of deaths and suffering of donor mares associated with eCG collection in South American settings, the current practice of eCG production has given rise to increasing public criticism. This has recently led to calls for a general production ban. Primary aim of this review is therefore to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the properties and biology of this molecule, which is also highly interesting from the point of view of basic science. Die hypophysären Gonadotropine follikelstimulierendes Hormon (FSH) und luteinisierendes Hormon (LH) spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Steuerung der Gonadenfunktionen. Daher ist ihr Einsatz in der Therapie von Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen (z. B. Azyklie) sowie in der Biotechnologie (z. B. Superovulation, Hormonprogramme zur Zyklussynchronisation) prinzipiell von hohem Interesse. Präparationen von FSH bzw. LH sind aufgrund der aufwendigen Gewinnung aus Hypophysengewebe relativ teuer und daher besonderen Anwendungen vorbehalten. Bei Primaten- und Equidenarten wurde die Expression eines LH-ähnlichen Moleküls im Chorionepithel nachgewiesen (Choriongonadotropin, CG). Equines CG (eCG) weist außer bei Equiden, bei denen es ausschließlich an LH-Rezeptoren bindet, bei allen bei uns üblichen Haussäugetierspezies neben seiner LH-Aktivität eine außerordentlich hohe FSH-Aktivität auf („duale Wirkung“). Seit seiner Markteinführung kommt ihm daher eine hohe Bedeutung als vergleichsweise kostengünstiges FSH-Analogon vorwiegend zur Anwendung bei Wiederkäuern und Schwein zu. Im Gegensatz zu dem als LH-Analogon eingesetzten humanen CG (hCG), das nicht invasiv aus dem Urin schwangerer Frauen isoliert werden kann, muss die Gewinnung von eCG aus dem Blut trächtiger Spenderstuten erfolgen, da im Urin nur minimale eCG-Konzentrationen vorliegen. Nach Berichten über Todesfälle und Leiden von Spenderstuten im Zusammenhang mit der eCG-Gewinnung in südamerikanischen Haltungen ist das derzeitige Verfahren der eCG-Produktion zunehmend in die öffentliche Kritik geraten, was zuletzt in Forderungen nach einem generellen Verbot mündete. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist daher, den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zu Eigenschaften und Biologie dieses auch aus Sicht der Grundlagenwissenschaft hochinteressanten Moleküls kurz zusammenzufassen.
Publication Date: 2020-10-20 PubMed ID: 33080658DOI: 10.1055/a-1235-7973Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

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This research article delves into the biology and veterinary use of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), highlighting its benefits, cost-effectiveness, and criticism related to its extraction methodology.

Role of FSH and LH

  • Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) are pituitary gonadotrophins with a significant influence on the functioning of gonads. They are particularly useful in treating fertility issues and utilized in biotech applications like superovulation and cycle synchronization programs.
  • However, due to the complex extraction method from pituitary tissue, these preparations are quite expensive and generally utilized for special indications.

Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin (eCG)

  • In both primates and equids, the chorionic epithelium expresses an LH-like molecule known as chorionic gonadotrophin (CG).
  • In equids, eCG selectively binds to LH receptors. However, for all other domestic mammalian species, eCG exhibits exceptionally high FSH activity in addition to its LH activity, making it economically valuable given its comparatively low cost. It’s employed primarily in ruminants and pigs because of its “dual activity”.

Extraction Methods and Criticism

  • Unlike human CG (hCG), which can be non-invasively extracted from the urine of pregnant women and is commonly used as an LH analogue, eCG must be extracted from the blood of pregnant donor mares, complicating the process.
  • There have been several reports of donor mares dying or suffering due to eCG collection methods in South America, sparking public criticism towards eCG production practices and calls for an overall production ban.

The Goal of the Review

  • The article aims to summarize current knowledge on the properties and biology of eCG. This region of study is of great interest not only from a practical perspective but also from a foundational science viewpoint.

Cite This Article

APA
Schuler G. (2020). [Equine chorionic gonadotrophin: Biology and veterinary use]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 48(5), 344-354. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1235-7973

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: ger
Volume: 48
Issue: 5
Pages: 344-354

Researcher Affiliations

Schuler, Gerhard
  • Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.

MeSH Terms

  • Animal Welfare
  • Animals
  • Chorionic Gonadotropin
  • Female
  • Gonadotropins, Equine
  • Horses / blood
  • Horses / physiology
  • Pregnancy
  • Veterinary Drugs

Conflict of Interest Statement

Der Autor bestätigt, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Cheng X, Kong X, Fan Y, Wang X, Li Z, Wu H. Effects of Equine-Assistant Activity on Gross Motor Coordination in Children Aged 8 to 10 Years.. J Healthc Eng 2022;2022:3623686.
    doi: 10.1155/2022/3623686pubmed: 35075387google scholar: lookup