FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Pathogens / Equine Coital Exanthema: New Insights on the Knowledge and L...
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 10(8); 1055; doi: 10.3390/pathogens10081055

Equine Coital Exanthema: New Insights on the Knowledge and Leading Perspectives for Treatment and Prevention.

Abstract: Equine coital exanthema (ECE) is a highly contagious, venereally-transmitted mucocutaneous disease, characterized by the formation of papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on the external genital organs of mares and stallions, and caused by (EHV-3). The infection is endemic worldwide and the virus is transmitted mainly through direct contact during sexual intercourse and by contaminated instruments during reproductive maneuvers in breeding facilities. The disease does not result in systemic illness, infertility or abortion, yet it does have a negative impact on the equine industry as it forces the temporary withdrawal of affected animals with the consequent disruption of mating activities in breeding facilities. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date relevant information on the knowledge of EHV-3 infection and to analyze new approaches on diagnostics, treatment and prevention in the interest of minimizing the negative consequences of ECE in light of the current situation of the equine industry.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-08-20 PubMed ID: 34451519PubMed Central: PMC8398825DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081055Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article provides a comprehensive analysis of Equine Coital Exanthema (ECE), a sexually transmitted disease in horses, and explores the latest advancements and strategies for its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Understanding Equine Coital Exanthema (ECE)

  • ECE is a sexually transmitted disease that affects horses worldwide. Its causative agent is the Equid Herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3).
  • The disease is characterized by the appearance of various skin blemishes such as papules, vesicles, pustules, and ulcers on the external genital organs of horses, both stallions and mares.
  • EHV-3 is mostly transmitted through direct sexual contact or via contaminated instruments used in reproductive manoeuvres at horse breeding facilities.
  • While ECE does not lead to systemic illness, infertility, or abortion in horses, it significantly affects the equine industry by forcing the temporary withdrawal of affected horses, thus disrupting mating activities in breeding facilities.

Research Objective and Methodology

  • The primary purpose of this article is to bring forth an updated review of the knowledge regarding EHV-3 infection.
  • The authors also aimed to discuss newly developed approaches for the diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of ECE. The intention behind this is to minimize the disease’s negative impact on the equine industry.

Situation in the Equine Industry

  • Despite not being life-threatening or causing infertility, ECE has a substantial economic impact on the equine industry.
  • This is primarily because affected horses need to be removed temporarily from the breeding populations to prevent further infection, thus disrupting breeding schedules and potential income from offspring.
  • Therefore, strategies to diagnose, treat, and prevent ECE are vital to maintain the health of horses and secure uninterrupted breeding operations, maintaining the profitability and sustainability of the equine industry.

Cite This Article

APA
Vissani MA, Damiani AM, Barrandeguy ME. (2021). Equine Coital Exanthema: New Insights on the Knowledge and Leading Perspectives for Treatment and Prevention. Pathogens, 10(8), 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081055

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 8
PII: 1055

Researcher Affiliations

Vissani, María Aldana
  • Instituto de Virología CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Dr. Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros s/nº, Hurlingham B1686LQF, Argentina.
  • Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km 54.5, Pilar B1630AHU, Argentina.
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Argentina.
Damiani, Armando Mario
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Argentina.
  • Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo IMBECU, Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5500, Argentina.
Barrandeguy, María Edith
  • Instituto de Virología CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Dr. Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros s/nº, Hurlingham B1686LQF, Argentina.
  • Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km 54.5, Pilar B1630AHU, Argentina.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 66 references
  1. Barrandeguy M, Thiry E. Equine coital exanthema and its potential economic implications for the equine industry.. Vet J 2012 Jan;191(1):35-40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.016pubmed: 21354835google scholar: lookup
  2. Allen G, Umphenour W. Equine coital exanthema.. 2004;pp. 860–867.
  3. Craig JF, Kehoe D. Horse Pox and Coital Exanthema.. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1921;34:126–129.
    doi: 10.1016/S0368-1742(21)80014-4google scholar: lookup
  4. Girard A, Greig AS, Mitchell D. A virus associated with vulvitis and balanitis in the horse-- preliminary report.. Can J Comp Med 1968 Oct;32(4):603-4.
    pmc: PMC1319308pubmed: 4300973
  5. Bryans J. The herpesviruses in disease of the horse. 1968;pp. 119–125.
  6. Pascoe RR, Spradbrow PB, Bagust TJ. An equine genital infection resembling coital exanthema associated with a virus.. Aust Vet J 1969 Apr;45(4):166-70.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1969.tb01922.xpubmed: 4305974google scholar: lookup
  7. Cochard T, Léon A, Huet C, Fortier G, Pronost S. Exanthème coïtal dans un élevage de poneys Fjord. Intérêt du diagnostic par PCR. 2002; p. 423.
  8. Yang J, Lim YK. Epizootiologic evaluation on equine coital exanthema in Korea.. Korean J. Vet. Res. 2012;52:61–64.
    doi: 10.14405/kjvr.2012.52.1.061google scholar: lookup
  9. Pronost S, Brau S, Legrand L, Cadoré JL. Equine coïtal exanthema in France: Evidence of EHV-3 infection by real time PCR.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2012;32:S77–S78.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.165google scholar: lookup
  10. Seki Y, Seimiya YM, Yaegashi G, Kumagai S, Sentsui H, Nishimori T, Ishihara R. Occurrence of equine coital exanthema in pastured draft horses and isolation of equine herpesvirus 3 from progenital lesions.. J Vet Med Sci 2004 Dec;66(12):1503-8.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.66.1503pubmed: 15644599google scholar: lookup
  11. Van der Meulen K, Caij A, Smets K, Nauwynck H. Equine coital exanthema in a mare in Belgium.. Vlaams Diergeneeskd. Tijdschr. 2006;75:286–289.
  12. Barrandeguy M, Ulloa N, Bok K, Fernández F. Outbreak of rhinitis caused by equine herpesvirus type 3.. Vet Rec 2010 Feb 6;166(6):178-9.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.c444pubmed: 20139382google scholar: lookup
  13. Barrandeguy M, Perkins J, Mac Donough J, Vissani A, Olguin C, Thiry E. Occurrence of Equine Coital Exanthema in Mares from an Embryo Transfer Center.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2010;30:145–149.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.01.059google scholar: lookup
  14. Ferreira C, Costa EA, França SA, de Melo UP, Drumond BP, Bomfim MRQ, Coelho FM, Resende M, Palhares MS, Santos RL. Equine coital exanthema in a stallion.. Arq. Bras. de Med. Veterinária e Zootec. 2010;62:1517–1520.
    doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352010000600035google scholar: lookup
  15. Kleiboeker SB, Chapman RK. Detection of equine herpesvirus 3 in equine skin lesions by polymerase chain reaction.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2004 Jan;16(1):74-9.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870401600113pubmed: 14974851google scholar: lookup
  16. Gibbs EP, Roberts MC, Morris JM. Equine coital exanthema in the United Kingdom.. Equine Vet J 1972 Apr 5;4(2):74-80.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1972.tb03883.xpubmed: 4353678google scholar: lookup
  17. Thorsteinsdóttir L, Guðmundsson GÖ, Jensson H, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V. Isolation of equid alphaherpesvirus 3 from a horse in Iceland with equine coital exanthema.. Acta Vet Scand 2021 Feb 2;63(1):6.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-021-00572-4pmc: PMC7856744pubmed: 33531030google scholar: lookup
  18. Pascoe RR. The effect of equine coital exanthema on the fertility of mares covered by stallions exhibiting the clinical disease.. Aust Vet J 1981 Mar;57(3):111-4.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb00469.xpubmed: 6266381google scholar: lookup
  19. HBLB. International Codes of Practice.. 2021;pp. 31–43.
  20. Davison AJ. Herpesvirus systematics.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jun 16;143(1):52-69.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.014pmc: PMC2995426pubmed: 20346601google scholar: lookup
  21. Garvey M, Suárez NM, Kerr K, Hector R, Moloney-Quinn L, Arkins S, Davison AJ, Cullinane A. Equid herpesvirus 8: Complete genome sequence and association with abortion in mares.. PLoS One 2018;13(2):e0192301.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192301pmc: PMC5802896pubmed: 29414990google scholar: lookup
  22. Greenwood AD, Osterrieder K. Equine Herpesviruses and Interspecies Infections.. 2019;pp. 227–232.
  23. . Search Genus Varicellovirus.. .
  24. Atherton SS, Sullivan DC, Dauenhauer SA, Ruyechan WT, O'Callaghan DJ. Properties of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 3.. Virology 1982 Jul 15;120(1):18-32.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90003-4pubmed: 6285597google scholar: lookup
  25. Sijmons S, Vissani A, Tordoya MS, Muylkens B, Thiry E, Maes P, Matthijnssens J, Barrandeguy M, Van Ranst M. Complete genome sequence of equid herpesvirus 3.. Genome Announc 2014 Oct 2;2(5).
    doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00797-14pmc: PMC4183863pubmed: 25278519google scholar: lookup
  26. Martella V, Lanave G, Camero M, Larocca V, Lorusso E, Catella C, Capozza P, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Identification of a Novel α-herpesvirus Associated with Ulcerative Stomatitis in Donkeys.. Emerg Infect Dis 2020 Dec;26(12):3044-3047.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2612.200201pmc: PMC7706971pubmed: 33219790google scholar: lookup
  27. Barrandeguy M. Virological Aspects and Pathogenesis of Natural and Experimental Equid Herpesvirus 3 Infection in Horses.. 2010.
  28. Akhmedzhanov M, Scrochi M, Barrandeguy M, Vissani A, Osterrieder N, Damiani AM. Construction and manipulation of a full-length infectious bacterial artificial chromosome clone of equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3).. Virus Res 2017 Jan 15;228:30-38.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.012pubmed: 27865864google scholar: lookup
  29. Damiani A. Personal comunication.. 2021.
  30. Rudolph J, O'Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N. Cloning of the genomes of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) strains KyA and racL11 as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC).. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2002 Feb;49(1):31-6.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00534.xpubmed: 11911590google scholar: lookup
  31. Azab W, Kato K, Abdel-Gawad A, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Equine herpesvirus 4: recent advances using BAC technology.. Vet Microbiol 2011 May 12;150(1-2):1-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.002pubmed: 21292410google scholar: lookup
  32. Dwyer RM. Environmental disinfection to control equine infectious diseases.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004 Dec;20(3):531-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.07.001pubmed: 15519816google scholar: lookup
  33. Reed SM, Toribio RE. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004 Dec;20(3):631-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.09.001pubmed: 15519823google scholar: lookup
  34. Tsujimura K, Murase H, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1.. J Vet Med Sci 2015 Nov;77(11):1545-8.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.15-0030pmc: PMC4667681pubmed: 26074409google scholar: lookup
  35. Saklou NT, Burgess BA, Ashton LV, Morley PS, Goehring LS. Environmental persistence of equid herpesvirus type-1.. Equine Vet J 2021 Mar;53(2):349-355.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13313pubmed: 32557765google scholar: lookup
  36. Dayaram A, Seeber PA, Greenwood AD. Environmental Detection and Potential Transmission of Equine Herpesviruses.. Pathogens 2021 Apr 1;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040423pmc: PMC8066653pubmed: 33916280google scholar: lookup
  37. Dayaram A, Franz M, Schattschneider A, Damiani AM, Bischofberger S, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Long term stability and infectivity of herpesviruses in water.. Sci Rep 2017 Apr 21;7:46559.
    doi: 10.1038/srep46559pmc: PMC5399353pubmed: 28429732google scholar: lookup
  38. Cullinane A, McGing B, Naughton C. The use of acyclovir in the treatment of coital exanthema and ocular disease caused by equine herpesvirus 3.. 1994; p. 55.
  39. Crandell RA, Davis ER. Isolation of equine coital exanthema virus (equine herpesvirus 3) from the nostril of a foal.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985 Sep 1;187(5):503-4.
    pubmed: 2997094
  40. Barba M, Stewart AJ, Shrader SM, Koehler JW, Johnson AK, Caldwell FJ. Keratitis and periocular lesions associated with equine herpesvirus-3 in a 3-month-old filly.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2015;27:618–622.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12365google scholar: lookup
  41. Vissani MA, Ventimiglia A, Alonso JC, Olguin-Perglione C, Alamos F, Barrandeguy M. Diagnosis of equid alphaherpesvirus 3 before mating: Its contribution to control outbreak. 2021; under review.
  42. Metcalf C. The importance of performance appraisal and staff development: a graduating nurse's perspective.. Int J Nurs Pract 2001 Feb;7(1):54-6.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1440-172x.2001.00279.xpubmed: 11811348google scholar: lookup
  43. Barrandeguy M, Vissani A, Olguin C, Becerra L, Miño S, Pereda A, Oriol J, Thiry E. Experimental reactivation of equine herpesvirus-3 following corticosteroid treatment.. Equine Vet J 2008 Sep;40(6):593-5.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X333399pubmed: 19031515google scholar: lookup
  44. Barrandeguy M, Vissani A, Lezica FP, Salamone J, Heguy A, Becerra L, Olguin Perglione C, Thiry E. Subclinical infection and periodic shedding of equid herpesvirus 3.. Theriogenology 2010 Sep 1;74(4):576-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.03.014pubmed: 20494427google scholar: lookup
  45. Vissani MA, Perglione CO, Zabal O, Alvarez G, Thiry E, Barrandeguy M, Parreño V. Topical Ganciclovir Reduces Viral Excretion in Mares With Equine Coital Exanthema.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Nov;94:103199.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103199pubmed: 33077066google scholar: lookup
  46. Ataseven VS, Dogan F, Bilge dagalp S, Tan MT, Altinbay K, Ates CT. Serological survey of equid herpesvirus 3 infection in Turkish horses.. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2014;38:295–298.
    doi: 10.3906/vet-1311-72google scholar: lookup
  47. Kirisawa R, Toishi Y, Akamatsu A, Soejima K, Miyashita T, Tsunoda N. Isolation of equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3) from equine coital exanthema of two stallions and sero-epidemiology of EHV-3 infection in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Mar 23;79(3):636-643.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.16-0518pmc: PMC5383190pubmed: 28132964google scholar: lookup
  48. Negussie H, Li Y, Tessema TS, Nauwynck HJ. Replication characteristics of equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 3: comparative analysis using ex vivo tissue cultures.. Vet Res 2016 Jan 15;47:19.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-016-0305-5pmc: PMC4714513pubmed: 26768993google scholar: lookup
  49. Allen GP, Bryans JT. Replication of equine herpesvirus type 3: kinetics of infectious particle formation and virus nucleic acid synthesis.. J Gen Virol 1977 Mar;34(3):421-30.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-34-3-421pubmed: 558280google scholar: lookup
  50. Pascoe RR, Bagust TJ. Coital exanthema in stallions.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1975 Oct;(23):147-50.
    pubmed: 173847
  51. Barrandeguy M, Vissani A, Olguin C, Barbara G, Valenzuela H, Becerra L, Tordoya M, Miño S, Thiry E. Experimental infection with equid herpesvirus 3 in seronegative and seropositive mares.. Vet Microbiol 2012 Dec 7;160(3-4):319-26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.024pubmed: 22776511google scholar: lookup
  52. Hussey GS, Landolt GA. Robinson’s Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. Equine Alphaherpesviruses. 2015;pp. 158–161.
  53. Studdert M. Equine coital exanthema (equine herpesvirus 3). 1996;pp. 39–46.
  54. Toishi Y, Tsunoda N, Kirisawa R. Occurrence of equine coital exanthema (ECE) in stallions in Japan and effectiveness of treatment with valacyclovir for ECE.. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Mar 23;79(3):632-635.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.16-0511pmc: PMC5383189pubmed: 28123140google scholar: lookup
  55. Maeda K, Yasumoto S, Tsuruda A, Andoh K, Kai K, Otoi T, Matsumura T. Establishment of a novel equine cell line for isolation and propagation of equine herpesviruses.. J Vet Med Sci 2007 Sep;69(9):989-91.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.69.989pubmed: 17917390google scholar: lookup
  56. Vissani MA, Tordoya MS, Tsai YL, Lee PA, Shen YH, Lee FC, Wang HT, Parreño V, Barrandeguy M. On-site detection of equid alphaherpesvirus 3 in perineal and genital swabs of mares and stallions.. J Virol Methods 2018 Jul;257:29-32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.04.002pubmed: 29627335google scholar: lookup
  57. Smith KO, Galloway KS, Hodges SL, Ogilvie KK, Radatus BK, Kalter SS, Heberling RL. Sensitivity of equine herpesviruses 1 and 3 in vitro to a new nucleoside analogue, 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxy] methyl] guanine.. Am J Vet Res 1983 Jun;44(6):1032-5.
    pubmed: 6307092
  58. Vissani MA, Zabal O, Tordoya MS, Parreño V, Thiry E, Barrandeguy M. In vitro comparison of acyclovir, ganciclovir and cidofovir against equid alphaherpesvirus 3 and evaluation of their efficacy against six field isolates.. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018 Oct-Dec;50(4):380-390.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.01.003pubmed: 29779880google scholar: lookup
  59. Thieulent CJ, Hue ES, Fortier CI, Dallemagne P, Zientara S, Munier-Lehmann H, Hans A, Fortier GD, Pitel PH, Vidalain PO, Pronost SL. Screening and evaluation of antiviral compounds against Equid alpha-herpesviruses using an impedance-based cellular assay.. Virology 2019 Jan 2;526:105-116.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.013pubmed: 30388626google scholar: lookup
  60. Toishi Y, Tsunoda N, Kirisawa R. Period of excretion of equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3) from a stallion before showing clinical signs of equine coital exanthema and the effect of acyclovir treatment on the duration of EHV-3 excretion.. J Vet Med Sci 2020 Sep 24;82(9):1299-1305.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.20-0056pmc: PMC7538329pubmed: 32684614google scholar: lookup
  61. Vissani MA, Ventimiglia A, Alonso JC, Tordoya MS, Parreño V, Barrandeguy M. Mares naturally infected with equid alphaherpesvirus 3: Evaluation of treatment effectiveness. 2021; under review.
  62. Camero M, Bellacicco AL, Tarsitano E, Decaro N, Martella V, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Intravaginal administration of an inactivated vaccine prevents lesions induced by caprine herpesvirus-1 in goats.. Vaccine 2007 Feb 19;25(9):1658-61.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.002pubmed: 17150288google scholar: lookup
  63. Tempesta M, Camero M, Bellacicco AL, Tarsitano E, Lorusso A, Martella V, Decaro N, Del Giudice G, Cassone A, Quaranta A, Buonavoglia C. Caprine herpesvirus 1 vaccine with the LTK63 mutant as a mucosal adjuvant induces strong protection against genital infection in goats.. Vaccine 2007 Nov 14;25(46):7927-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.004pubmed: 17920733google scholar: lookup
  64. . International Stud Book Statistical Information Booklet 2019.. .
  65. Squires E. Changes in equine reproduction: Have they been good or bad for the horse industry?. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:268–273.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.184google scholar: lookup
  66. . Navigating a Shifting Shuttle Stallion Market.. .

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Losinno A, Vissani MA, Sanchez D, Damiani AM. Equid herpesvirus type 3 infection produces membrane-associated and secreted forms of glycoprotein G that are not required for efficient cell-to-cell spread of the virus in vitro.. Arch Virol 2023 Mar 28;168(4):122.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-023-05727-4pubmed: 36977931google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.