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Expert review of vaccines2006; 5(1); 119-131; doi: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.119

Equine herpesvirus type 1 modified live virus vaccines: quo vaditis?

Abstract: Infections of horses with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) have garnered new attention over the last few years. Devastating outbreaks occurring worldwide, primarily of the neurologic form of the disease, have resulted in a reassessment of the control strategies, and particularly the prophylactic measures, that are necessary to keep the infection and spread of disease in check. Most of the available EHV-1 vaccines are based on preparations of inactivated virus, which are applied monovalently for prevention of EHV-1-caused abortion in pregnant mares or as part of multivalent vaccines to prevent respiratory disease. Despite the importance of an induction of cytotoxic immune responses for protection against EHV-1-induced disease, only two modified live virus vaccine preparations, which are both based on the avirulent EHV-1 strain RacH and were developed more than 40 years ago, are commercially available. Current efforts focus on exploiting the available infectious bacterial artificial chromosome clones of various EHV-1 strains to engineer a new generation of modified live virus vaccines. Both more efficient and long-lasting anti-EHV-1 immunity and delivery of immunogens of other pathogens are attempted and within immediate reach. The improvement of modified live virus vaccines will likely be a major focus of research in the future, and will hopefully help to more completely protect horses against one of the most important and devastating viral diseases.
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Publication Date: 2006-02-03 PubMed ID: 16451114DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.119Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research discusses the recent outbreaks of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), assessing the need for improved control strategies and vaccines to prevent the spread and devastation caused by the virus. Current solutions are inadequate, which spurred efforts to develop improved live virus vaccines using innovative techniques that promise more efficient and long-lasting immunity.

Understanding Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 and Current Control Measures

  • The study notes that Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), the virus affecting horses, has been gaining newfound attention due to damaging global outbreaks, especially the neurologic form of the disease.
  • This has prompted a reevaluation of the existing control strategies and preventive measures in place to manage the disease.
  • Currently, the majority of EHV-1 vaccines rely on the usage of inactive virus preparations. These are utilized solo in preventing EHV-1 instigated abortion in pregnant mares or part of multivalent vaccines designed to stop respiratory diseases.

Critique of Current Vaccines

  • One critical concern raised in the study was that despite the importance of triggering cytotoxic immune responses to protect against EHV-1, only two modified live virus vaccine preparations are presently commercially available.
  • These two vaccines are both developed on the benign EHV-1 strain RacH and were created over 40 years ago, implying a lack of innovation and updates in vaccine development in this niche.

Progress Towards Improved Vaccines

  • The research highlights ongoing efforts to engineer a new generation of modified live virus vaccines by manipulating the available infectious bacterial artificial chromosome clones of different EHV-1 strains.
  • The goal is to develop more competent and long-lasting anti-EHV-1 immunity in horses while also efficiently delivering immunogens of other pathogens.

Future Research Direction

  • The researchers propose that improving modified live virus vaccines should be a primary focus of future studies, hoping this will more comprehensively protect horses from this devastating viral disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Rosas CT, Goodman LB, von Einem J, Osterrieder N. (2006). Equine herpesvirus type 1 modified live virus vaccines: quo vaditis? Expert Rev Vaccines, 5(1), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.5.1.119

Publication

Expert review of vaccines
ISSN: 1744-8395
NlmUniqueID: 101155475
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 119-131

Researcher Affiliations

Rosas, Cristina T
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. ctr8@cornell.edu
Goodman, Laura B
    von Einem, Jens
      Osterrieder, Nikolaus

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
        • Herpesviridae Infections / prevention & control
        • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
        • Herpesvirus Vaccines / immunology
        • Herpesvirus Vaccines / therapeutic use
        • Horses
        • Vaccines, Attenuated / immunology
        • Vaccines, Attenuated / therapeutic use

        Citations

        This article has been cited 5 times.
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          doi: 10.1007/s00251-015-0872-zpubmed: 26399241google scholar: lookup
        2. Ma G, Eschbaumer M, Said A, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Osterrieder N. An equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) expressing VP2 and VP5 of serotype 8 bluetongue virus (BTV-8) induces protection in a murine infection model. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e34425.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034425pubmed: 22511939google scholar: lookup
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          doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23pubmed: 21314906google scholar: lookup
        4. Rosas C, Van de Walle GR, Metzger SM, Hoelzer K, Dubovi EJ, Kim SG, Parrish CR, Osterrieder N. Evaluation of a vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine expressing H3 haemagglutinin in the protection of dogs against canine influenza. Vaccine 2008 May 2;26(19):2335-43.
          doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.064pubmed: 18407383google scholar: lookup
        5. Pradhan SS, Balena V, Bera BC, Anand T, Khetmalis R, Madhwal A, Kandasamy S, Pavulraj S, Bernela M, Mor P, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Multiple Gene Deletion Mutants of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Exhibit Strong Protective Efficacy Against Wild Virus Challenge in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2025 Jan 8;13(1).
          doi: 10.3390/vaccines13010045pubmed: 39852824google scholar: lookup
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