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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(23); 3499; doi: 10.3390/ani15233499

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus in Equids: A Large-Scale Serosurvey in Western Europe.

Abstract: Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a notifiable disease caused by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV), with major sanitary and economic importance for equids worldwide. There is limited and outdated information on the circulation of EIAV in many European countries. In the present study, we aimed to assess virus exposure in different equid species in Western Europe. Methods: Between 2011 and 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of EIAV in 1676 equids (1444 horses, 106 donkeys and 126 mules/hinnies) from four European regions: Andalusia (Southern Spain; = 808), Catalonia (Northeastern Spain; = 437), Southeastern United Kingdom (UK; = 209), and Ireland ( = 222). Results: None of the analyzed equines tested positive for antibodies against EIAV (0%; 95 %CI: 0.0-0.18), indicating limited virus exposure of the equid populations from these European regions. Conclusions: This finding is consistent with the low EIAV circulation previously reported in Western Europe and the few official EIA outbreaks recorded in the region during the last decade. To the best of the author's knowledge, this serosurvey represents the first investigation assessing EIAV exposure in equids from Ireland and the UK. Our results not only provide novel epidemiological evidence for the four European regions assessed but also reinforce the effectiveness of surveillance strategies and control measures implemented by European countries, in accordance with national and international regulations, to successfully limit EIAV circulation.
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Publication Date: 2025-12-04 PubMed ID: 41375557PubMed Central: PMC12691497DOI: 10.3390/ani15233499Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study aimed to determine how common exposure to Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is among horses, donkeys, and mules in Western Europe using blood tests to detect antibodies.
  • Researchers tested 1,676 equids from Spain, the UK, and Ireland and found no evidence of EIAV exposure, suggesting the virus is not widely circulating in these regions.

Background

  • Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a viral disease affecting equids (horses, donkeys, mules) caused by EIAV.
  • EIA is a notifiable disease due to its significant health impact and economic consequences for horse industries worldwide.
  • The virus leads to lifelong infection and can cause fever, anemia, weight loss, and potentially death in horses.
  • European countries have historically reported very few cases, but recent data were limited or outdated.

Objectives

  • The primary goal was to update knowledge on the presence and exposure to EIAV among equids across multiple western European regions.
  • Specifically, the study included four regions: Andalusia and Catalonia in Spain, Southeastern United Kingdom, and Ireland.
  • Researchers aimed to test horses, donkeys, and mules using serological methods (looking for antibodies) to detect past or current infection.

Methods

  • The study spanned 12 years, from 2011 to 2023, representing a broad and long-term surveillance effort.
  • A cross-sectional design was used where blood samples from a large number of equids (1,676 in total) were tested once.
  • Species sampled included 1,444 horses, 106 donkeys, and 126 mules/hinnies.
  • The regions sampled totaled 808 equids in Andalusia, 437 in Catalonia, 209 in the Southeastern UK, and 222 in Ireland.
  • Testing focused on detecting antibodies against EIAV, indicating prior exposure or infection.

Results

  • No equids tested positive for EIAV antibodies in any of the four sampled regions.
  • The calculated seroprevalence was 0%, with a very narrow 95% confidence interval (0.0-0.18), indicating that exposure to the virus is highly unlikely or very rare.
  • This zero prevalence confirms limited or absent circulation of EIAV among Western European equids during the study period.

Discussion and Implications

  • The results align with past reports that EIA occurrence in Western Europe is very rare, with just a few outbreaks recently recorded.
  • This is the first large-scale serological survey of EIAV in equids specifically from Ireland and the UK, providing novel data on virus circulation in these countries.
  • The findings reinforce the effectiveness of existing surveillance and control measures, such as testing and quarantine regulations.
  • National and international regulations appear successful in preventing EIAV spread, which protects animal health and reduces economic losses.
  • Continued monitoring remains important due to the ongoing risk of introduction and spread from other regions where EIAV is more prevalent.

Conclusions

  • This extensive serosurvey demonstrates that Equine Infectious Anemia Virus exposure in horses, donkeys, and mules in Western Europe is negligible or non-existent under current conditions.
  • The study supports confidence in the control strategies and surveillance programs in place.
  • The data contribute a valuable update to epidemiological knowledge about EIAV in Europe, guiding veterinary authorities and policymakers.

Cite This Article

APA
Gonzálvez M, Franco JJ, Cano-Terriza D, Barbero-Moyano J, Jose-Cunilleras E, García J, Alguacil E, García-Bocanegra I. (2025). Equine Infectious Anemia Virus in Equids: A Large-Scale Serosurvey in Western Europe. Animals (Basel), 15(23), 3499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233499

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 23
PII: 3499

Researcher Affiliations

Gonzálvez, Moisés
  • Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
  • Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
Franco, Juan J
  • Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
Cano-Terriza, David
  • Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
  • CIBERINFEC, ISCIII CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Barbero-Moyano, Jesús
  • Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
Jose-Cunilleras, Eduard
  • Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
García, Jesús
  • Fethard Equine Hospital, E91 Y6T8 Tipperary, Ireland.
Alguacil, Eduardo
  • Uplands Way Vets, Diss IP22 2AA, UK.
García-Bocanegra, Ignacio
  • Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
  • CIBERINFEC, ISCIII CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Author Juan J. Franco was employed by the company Gold Standard Diagnostics. All the authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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