FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.
Viruses2021; 13(8); 1657; doi: 10.3390/v13081657

Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.

Abstract: Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world's horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-08-20 PubMed ID: 34452521PubMed Central: PMC8402878DOI: 10.3390/v13081657Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the constantly evolving Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) which causes annual outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses and its relation to vaccination. It sheds light on how the persistent evolution of EIV provokes recurring disease outbreaks, even amid highly vaccinated horse populations and the attempts to develop effective vaccines.

Evolution of Equine Influenza Virus (EIV)

  • The study majorly focuses on the H3N8 strain of EIV, which has been posing a significant threat to the worldwide horse population since its first isolation in the 1960s.
  • The H3N8 strain has shown successful evasion of host protective immunity because of its ability to continually gather mutations in its antibody-binding sites.
  • This specifies why EIV not only affects horses but is also capable of infecting dogs.

Need for Vaccine and its Challenges

  • A thorough clinical and virological protection against EIV can be established by a strong cellular and humoral immune response in vaccinated horses.
  • Despite various updates over the years, the effectiveness of equine influenza (EI) vaccines has been a matter of concern. This is because vaccine protective effects degenerate and allow subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible groups.

Vaccine Development and Improvements

  • The study discusses the various strategies used to create efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use.
  • It also emphasizes updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to enhance protective immunity in vaccinated horse groups.
  • Understanding EIV biology in detail is vital to improve EI vaccines and bring the outbreaks under control. This highlights the significance of the research in controlling EI.

Cite This Article

APA
Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. (2021). Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses, 13(8), 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081657

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 8
PII: 1657

Researcher Affiliations

Oladunni, Fatai S
  • Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria.
Oseni, Saheed Oluwasina
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL 33431, USA.
Martinez-Sobrido, Luis
  • Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA.
Chambers, Thomas M
  • Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / physiology
  • Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype / genetics
  • Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype / immunology
  • Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype / physiology
  • Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology

Grant Funding

  • R01 AI145332 / NIAID NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 261 references
  1. Timoney PJ. Infectious diseases and international movement of horses. 2014;pp. 544–551.e1.
  2. Dominguez M, Münstermann S, de Guindos I, Timoney P. Equine disease events resulting from international horse movements: Systematic review and lessons learned.. Equine Vet J 2016 Sep;48(5):641-53.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12523pubmed: 26509734google scholar: lookup
  3. Guthrie AJ, Stevens KB, Bosman PP. The circumstances surrounding the outbreak and spread of equine influenza in South Africa.. Rev Sci Tech 1999 Apr;18(1):179-85.
    doi: 10.20506/rst.18.1.1155pubmed: 10190213google scholar: lookup
  4. Kawaoka Y, Bean WJ, Webster RG. Evolution of the hemagglutinin of equine H3 influenza viruses.. Virology 1989 Apr;169(2):283-92.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90153-0pubmed: 2705299google scholar: lookup
  5. Kawaoka Y, Webster RG. Origin of the hemagglutinin on A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8): the first known equine influenza outbreak in South Africa.. Arch Virol 1989;106(1-2):159-64.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01311048pubmed: 2548457google scholar: lookup
  6. Binns MM, Daly JM, Chirnside ED, Mumford JA, Wood JM, Richards CM, Daniels RS. Genetic and antigenic analysis of an equine influenza H 3 isolate from the 1989 epidemic.. Arch Virol 1993;130(1-2):33-43.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01318994pubmed: 8503788google scholar: lookup
  7. Guo Y, Wang M, Kawaoka Y, Gorman O, Ito T, Saito T, Webster RG. Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from horses in China.. Virology 1992 May;188(1):245-55.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90754-Dpubmed: 1314452google scholar: lookup
  8. Powell DG, Watkins KL, Li PH, Shortridge KF. Outbreak of equine influenza among horses in Hong Kong during 1992.. Vet Rec 1995 May 27;136(21):531-6.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.136.21.531pubmed: 7660556google scholar: lookup
  9. Guthrie A. Equine influenza in South Africa, 2003 outbreak. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association; Marrakech, Morocco. 26 January 2006.
  10. Cowled B, Ward MP, Hamilton S, Garner G. The equine influenza epidemic in Australia: spatial and temporal descriptive analyses of a large propagating epidemic.. Prev Vet Med 2009 Nov 1;92(1-2):60-70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.006pubmed: 19748691google scholar: lookup
  11. Paillot R, El-Hage CM. The Use of a Recombinant Canarypox-Based Equine Influenza Vaccine during the 2007 Australian Outbreak: A Systematic Review and Summary.. Pathogens 2016 Jun 10;5(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens5020042pmc: PMC4931393pubmed: 27294963google scholar: lookup
  12. Sack A, Cullinane A, Daramragchaa U, Chuluunbaatar M, Gonchigoo B, Gray GC. Equine Influenza virus—A neglected, reemergent disease threat. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2019;25:1185.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2506.161846google scholar: lookup
  13. Gildea S, Fitzpatrick DA, Cullinane A. Epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland (2010-2012).. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 Dec;7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):61-72.
    doi: 10.1111/irv.12192pmc: PMC5655889pubmed: 24224821google scholar: lookup
  14. Fougerolle S, Fortier C, Legrand L, Jourdan M, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pronost S, Paillot R. Success and Limitation of Equine Influenza Vaccination: The First Incursion in a Decade of a Florida Clade 1 Equine Influenza Virus that Shakes Protection Despite High Vaccine Coverage.. Vaccines (Basel) 2019 Nov 2;7(4).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines7040174pmc: PMC6963532pubmed: 31684097google scholar: lookup
  15. Paillot R, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Legrand L, Fougerolle S, Jourdan M, Marcillaud-Pitel C. Florida clade 1 equine influenza virus in France.. Vet Rec 2019 Jan 19;184(3):101.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.l1203pubmed: 30655407google scholar: lookup
  16. Shittu I, Meseko CA, Sulaiman LP, Inuwa B, Mustapha M, Zakariya PS, Muhammad AA, Muhammad U, Atuman YJ, Barde IJ, Zecchin B, Quaranta EG, Shamaki D, Alabi O, Monne I, Fusaro A, Joannis TM. Fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza H3N8 in Nigeria, 2019: The first introduction of Florida clade 1 to West Africa.. Vet Microbiol 2020 Sep;248:108820.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108820pubmed: 32891950google scholar: lookup
  17. Diallo AA, Souley MM, Issa Ibrahim A, Alassane A, Issa R, Gagara H, Yaou B, Issiakou A, Diop M, Ba Diouf RO, Lo FT, Lo MM, Bakhoum T, Sylla M, Seck MT, Meseko C, Shittu I, Cullinane A, Settypalli TBK, Lamien CE, Dundon WG, Cattoli G. Transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) in West and Central Africa: Molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in Niger and Senegal, in 2019.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021 May;68(3):1253-1262.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.13779pubmed: 32770642google scholar: lookup
  18. Laabassi F, Lecouturier F, Amelot G, Gaudaire D, Mamache B, Laugier C, Legrand L, Zientara S, Hans A. Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Responsible for Clinical Disease in Algeria in 2011.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015 Dec;62(6):623-31.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12209pubmed: 24472362google scholar: lookup
  19. Sack A, Daramragchaa U, Chuluunbaatar M, Gonchigoo B, Bazartseren B, Tsogbadrakh N, Gray GC. Low Prevalence of Enzootic Equine Influenza Virus among Horses in Mongolia.. Pathogens 2017 Nov 30;6(4).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens6040061pmc: PMC5750585pubmed: 29189713google scholar: lookup
  20. Gahan J, Garvey M, Asmah Abd Samad R, Cullinane A. Whole Genome Sequencing of the First H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Identified in Malaysia.. Pathogens 2019 May 10;8(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens8020062pmc: PMC6630255pubmed: 31083430google scholar: lookup
  21. Favaro PF, Fernandes WR, Reischak D, Brandão PE, Silva SOS, Richtzenhain LJ. Evolution of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) during a Brazilian outbreak, 2015.. Braz J Microbiol 2018 Apr-Jun;49(2):336-346.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.07.003pmc: PMC5913825pubmed: 29100932google scholar: lookup
  22. Perglione CO, Gildea S, Rimondi A, Miño S, Vissani A, Carossino M, Cullinane A, Barrandeguy M. Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 Jan;10(1):37-46.
    doi: 10.1111/irv.12349pmc: PMC4687505pubmed: 26406274google scholar: lookup
  23. Alves Beuttemmüller E, Woodward A, Rash A, Dos Santos Ferraz LE, Fernandes Alfieri A, Alfieri AA, Elton D. Characterisation of the epidemic strain of H3N8 equine influenza virus responsible for outbreaks in South America in 2012.. Virol J 2016 Mar 19;13:45.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0503-9pmc: PMC4799594pubmed: 26993620google scholar: lookup
  24. Castro ER, Perez R, Rodriguez S, Bassetti L, Negro R, Vidal R. Epidemiological and virological findings during an outbreak of equine influenza in Uruguay in 2018.. Rev Sci Tech 2019 Dec;38(3):737-749.
    doi: 10.20506/rst.38.3.3023pubmed: 32286570google scholar: lookup
  25. Mena J, Brito B, Moreira R, Tadich T, González I, Cruces J, Ortega R, van Bakel H, Rathnasinghe R, Pizarro-Lucero J, Medina R, Neira V. Reemergence of H3N8 Equine Influenza A virus in Chile, 2018.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018 Dec;65(6):1408-1415.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12984pubmed: 30054993google scholar: lookup
  26. Olguin-Perglione C, Vissani MA, Alamos F, Tordoya MS, Barrandeguy M. Multifocal outbreak of equine influenza in vaccinated horses in Argentina in 2018: Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterisation of the involved virus strains.. Equine Vet J 2020 May;52(3):420-427.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13176pubmed: 31494962google scholar: lookup
  27. OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition. Conclusions and Recommendations, 2021. World Organisation For Animal Health .
  28. Motoshima M, Okamatsu M, Asakura S, Kuribayashi S, Sengee S, Batchuluun D, Ito M, Maeda Y, Eto M, Sakoda Y, Sodnomdarjaa R, Kida H. Antigenic and genetic analysis of H3N8 influenza viruses isolated from horses in Japan and Mongolia, and imported from Canada and Belgium during 2007-2010.. Arch Virol 2011 Aug;156(8):1379-85.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1000-5pubmed: 21505822google scholar: lookup
  29. Yongfeng Y, Xiaobo S, Nan X, Jingwen Z, Wenqiang L. Detection of the epidemic of the H3N8 subtype of the equine influenza virus in large-scale donkey farms.. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020;8(1):26-30.
    doi: 10.1080/23144599.2020.1739844pmc: PMC7170389pubmed: 32341914google scholar: lookup
  30. Burashev Y, Strochkov V, Sultankulova K, Orynbayev M, Sansyzbay A, Sandybayev N, Nurabayev S, Savitskaya I, Rock DL, Tulman ER. Complete Genome Sequencing of Two Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus Strains Isolated in Kazakhstan.. Genome Announc 2018 Jun 28;6(26).
    doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00574-18pmc: PMC6025920pubmed: 29954896google scholar: lookup
  31. Karamendin K, Kydyrmanov A, Kasymbekov Y, Khan E, Daulbayeva K, Asanova S, Zhumatov K, Seidalina A, Sayatov M, Fereidouni SR. Continuing evolution of equine influenza virus in Central Asia, 2007-2012.. Arch Virol 2014 Sep;159(9):2321-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2078-3pubmed: 24748052google scholar: lookup
  32. Gildea S, Garvey M, Lyons P, Lyons R, Gahan J, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses.. Pathogens 2018 Apr 17;7(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens7020043pmc: PMC6027538pubmed: 29673169google scholar: lookup
  33. Toh X, Soh ML, Ng MK, Yap SC, Harith N, Fernandez CJ, Huangfu T. Isolation and characterization of equine influenza virus (H3N8) from an equine influenza outbreak in Malaysia in 2015.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019 Sep;66(5):1884-1893.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.13218pmc: PMC6852086pubmed: 31059176google scholar: lookup
  34. Yang H, Xiao Y, Meng F, Sun F, Chen M, Cheng Z, Chen Y, Liu S, Chen H. Emergence of H3N8 equine influenza virus in donkeys in China in 2017.. Vet Microbiol 2018 Feb;214:1-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.033pubmed: 29408020google scholar: lookup
  35. . Equine influenza outbreaks in the UK: a practical approach to prevention.. Vet Rec 2019 Aug 17;185(7):198-200.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.l5185pubmed: 31420479google scholar: lookup
  36. Newton JR, Elton D, Cullinane A. World status of equine influenza. 2015;pp. 165–170.
  37. van Maanen C, Cullinane A. Equine influenza virus infections: an update.. Vet Q 2002 Jun;24(2):79-94.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2002.9695127pubmed: 12095083google scholar: lookup
  38. Chambers TM, Balasuriya UBR. Equine influenza virus. 2016;pp. 383–392.
  39. Tamura S, Tanimoto T, Kurata T. Mechanisms of broad cross-protection provided by influenza virus infection and their application to vaccines.. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005 Aug;58(4):195-207.
    pubmed: 16116250
  40. Rossman JS, Jing X, Leser GP, Balannik V, Pinto LH, Lamb RA. Influenza virus m2 ion channel protein is necessary for filamentous virion formation.. J Virol 2010 May;84(10):5078-88.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00119-10pmc: PMC2863831pubmed: 20219914google scholar: lookup
  41. Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Horimoto T, Noda T, Kiso M, Maeda J, Watanabe S, Muramoto Y, Fujii K, Kawaoka Y. The cytoplasmic tail of the influenza A virus M2 protein plays a role in viral assembly.. J Virol 2006 Jun;80(11):5233-40.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00049-06pmc: PMC1472145pubmed: 16699003google scholar: lookup
  42. Chen BJ, Leser GP, Jackson D, Lamb RA. The influenza virus M2 protein cytoplasmic tail interacts with the M1 protein and influences virus assembly at the site of virus budding.. J Virol 2008 Oct;82(20):10059-70.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01184-08pmc: PMC2566248pubmed: 18701586google scholar: lookup
  43. Tiwari A. Role of Viral and Host Factors in Influenza Virus Mediated Inhibition of Interleukin-23. 2014.
  44. König R, Stertz S, Zhou Y, Inoue A, Hoffmann HH, Bhattacharyya S, Alamares JG, Tscherne DM, Ortigoza MB, Liang Y, Gao Q, Andrews SE, Bandyopadhyay S, De Jesus P, Tu BP, Pache L, Shih C, Orth A, Bonamy G, Miraglia L, Ideker T, García-Sastre A, Young JA, Palese P, Shaw ML, Chanda SK. Human host factors required for influenza virus replication.. Nature 2010 Feb 11;463(7282):813-7.
    doi: 10.1038/nature08699pmc: PMC2862546pubmed: 20027183google scholar: lookup
  45. Matsuoka Y, Matsumae H, Katoh M, Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Hase T, Ghosh S, Shoemaker JE, Lopes TJ, Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Fukuyama S, Kitano H, Kawaoka Y. A comprehensive map of the influenza A virus replication cycle.. BMC Syst Biol 2013 Oct 2;7:97.
    doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-97pmc: PMC3819658pubmed: 24088197google scholar: lookup
  46. Momose F, Kikuchi Y, Komase K, Morikawa Y. Visualization of microtubule-mediated transport of influenza viral progeny ribonucleoprotein.. Microbes Infect 2007 Oct;9(12-13):1422-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.07.007pubmed: 17905627google scholar: lookup
  47. Amorim MJ, Bruce EA, Read EK, Foeglein A, Mahen R, Stuart AD, Digard P. A Rab11- and microtubule-dependent mechanism for cytoplasmic transport of influenza A virus viral RNA.. J Virol 2011 May;85(9):4143-56.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02606-10pmc: PMC3126276pubmed: 21307188google scholar: lookup
  48. Sun E, He J, Zhuang X. Dissecting the role of COPI complexes in influenza virus infection.. J Virol 2013 Mar;87(5):2673-85.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02277-12pmc: PMC3571408pubmed: 23255804google scholar: lookup
  49. Momose F, Sekimoto T, Ohkura T, Jo S, Kawaguchi A, Nagata K, Morikawa Y. Apical transport of influenza A virus ribonucleoprotein requires Rab11-positive recycling endosome.. PLoS One 2011;6(6):e21123.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021123pmc: PMC3120830pubmed: 21731653google scholar: lookup
  50. Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Human immunodeficiency virus rev-binding protein is essential for influenza a virus replication and promotes genome trafficking in late-stage infection.. J Virol 2011 Sep;85(18):9588-98.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.05064-11pmc: PMC3165756pubmed: 21752912google scholar: lookup
  51. Ghanem A, Mayer D, Chase G, Tegge W, Frank R, Kochs G, García-Sastre A, Schwemmle M. Peptide-mediated interference with influenza A virus polymerase.. J Virol 2007 Jul;81(14):7801-4.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00724-07pmc: PMC1933368pubmed: 17494067google scholar: lookup
  52. Chu C, Fan S, Li C, Macken C, Kim JH, Hatta M, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Functional analysis of conserved motifs in influenza virus PB1 protein.. PLoS One 2012;7(5):e36113.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036113pmc: PMC3352917pubmed: 22615752google scholar: lookup
  53. Dias A, Bouvier D, Crépin T, McCarthy AA, Hart DJ, Baudin F, Cusack S, Ruigrok RW. The cap-snatching endonuclease of influenza virus polymerase resides in the PA subunit.. Nature 2009 Apr 16;458(7240):914-8.
    doi: 10.1038/nature07745pubmed: 19194459google scholar: lookup
  54. Fechter P, Mingay L, Sharps J, Chambers A, Fodor E, Brownlee GG. Two aromatic residues in the PB2 subunit of influenza A RNA polymerase are crucial for cap binding.. J Biol Chem 2003 May 30;278(22):20381-8.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M300130200pubmed: 12646557google scholar: lookup
  55. Bera BC, Virmani N, Kumar N, Anand T, Pavulraj S, Rash A, Elton D, Rash N, Bhatia S, Sood R, Singh RK, Tripathi BN. Genetic and codon usage bias analyses of polymerase genes of equine influenza virus and its relation to evolution.. BMC Genomics 2017 Aug 23;18(1):652.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4063-1pmc: PMC5568313pubmed: 28830350google scholar: lookup
  56. Chen W, Calvo PA, Malide D, Gibbs J, Schubert U, Bacik I, Basta S, O'Neill R, Schickli J, Palese P, Henklein P, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. A novel influenza A virus mitochondrial protein that induces cell death.. Nat Med 2001 Dec;7(12):1306-12.
    doi: 10.1038/nm1201-1306pubmed: 11726970google scholar: lookup
  57. Rodriguez A, Pérez-González A, Nieto A. Influenza virus infection causes specific degradation of the largest subunit of cellular RNA polymerase II.. J Virol 2007 May;81(10):5315-24.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02129-06pmc: PMC1900203pubmed: 17344288google scholar: lookup
  58. Regan JF, Liang Y, Parslow TG. Defective assembly of influenza A virus due to a mutation in the polymerase subunit PA.. J Virol 2006 Jan;80(1):252-61.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.1.252-261.2006pmc: PMC1317532pubmed: 16352550google scholar: lookup
  59. Jagger BW, Wise HM, Kash JC, Walters KA, Wills NM, Xiao YL, Dunfee RL, Schwartzman LM, Ozinsky A, Bell GL, Dalton RM, Lo A, Efstathiou S, Atkins JF, Firth AE, Taubenberger JK, Digard P. An overlapping protein-coding region in influenza A virus segment 3 modulates the host response.. Science 2012 Jul 13;337(6091):199-204.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1222213pmc: PMC3552242pubmed: 22745253google scholar: lookup
  60. Hayashi T, MacDonald LA, Takimoto T. Influenza A Virus Protein PA-X Contributes to Viral Growth and Suppression of the Host Antiviral and Immune Responses.. J Virol 2015 Jun;89(12):6442-52.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00319-15pmc: PMC4474289pubmed: 25855745google scholar: lookup
  61. Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Molecular basis of the structure and function of H1 hemagglutinin of influenza virus.. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2012;88(6):226-49.
    doi: 10.2183/pjab.88.226pmc: PMC3410141pubmed: 22728439google scholar: lookup
  62. Biswas SK, Boutz PL, Nayak DP. Influenza virus nucleoprotein interacts with influenza virus polymerase proteins.. J Virol 1998 Jul;72(7):5493-501.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.7.5493-5501.1998pmc: PMC110190pubmed: 9621005google scholar: lookup
  63. Sakai T, Nishimura SI, Naito T, Saito M. Influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase act as novel motile machinery.. Sci Rep 2017 Mar 27;7:45043.
    doi: 10.1038/srep45043pmc: PMC5366856pubmed: 28344335google scholar: lookup
  64. Yang X, Steukers L, Forier K, Xiong R, Braeckmans K, Van Reeth K, Nauwynck H. A beneficiary role for neuraminidase in influenza virus penetration through the respiratory mucus.. PLoS One 2014;9(10):e110026.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110026pmc: PMC4198190pubmed: 25333824google scholar: lookup
  65. Cao S, Liu X, Yu M, Li J, Jia X, Bi Y, Sun L, Gao GF, Liu W. A nuclear export signal in the matrix protein of Influenza A virus is required for efficient virus replication.. J Virol 2012 May;86(9):4883-91.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.06586-11pmc: PMC3347328pubmed: 22345442google scholar: lookup
  66. Noton SL, Medcalf E, Fisher D, Mullin AE, Elton D, Digard P. Identification of the domains of the influenza A virus M1 matrix protein required for NP binding, oligomerization and incorporation into virions.. J Gen Virol 2007 Aug;88(Pt 8):2280-2290.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82809-0pmc: PMC2884976pubmed: 17622633google scholar: lookup
  67. Martin K, Helenius A. Transport of incoming influenza virus nucleocapsids into the nucleus.. J Virol 1991 Jan;65(1):232-44.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.232-244.1991pmc: PMC240510pubmed: 1985199google scholar: lookup
  68. Qiu Y, Nemeroff M, Krug RM. The influenza virus NS1 protein binds to a specific region in human U6 snRNA and inhibits U6-U2 and U6-U4 snRNA interactions during splicing.. RNA 1995 May;1(3):304-16.
    pmc: PMC1369083pubmed: 7489502
  69. Fortes P, Beloso A, Ortín J. Influenza virus NS1 protein inhibits pre-mRNA splicing and blocks mRNA nucleocytoplasmic transport.. EMBO J 1994 Feb 1;13(3):704-12.
    doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06310.xpmc: PMC394862pubmed: 8313914google scholar: lookup
  70. Mibayashi M, Martínez-Sobrido L, Loo YM, Cárdenas WB, Gale M Jr, García-Sastre A. Inhibition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I-mediated induction of beta interferon by the NS1 protein of influenza A virus.. J Virol 2007 Jan;81(2):514-24.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01265-06pmc: PMC1797471pubmed: 17079289google scholar: lookup
  71. Ludwig S, Wang X, Ehrhardt C, Zheng H, Donelan N, Planz O, Pleschka S, García-Sastre A, Heins G, Wolff T. The influenza A virus NS1 protein inhibits activation of Jun N-terminal kinase and AP-1 transcription factors.. J Virol 2002 Nov;76(21):11166-71.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.76.21.11166-11171.2002pmc: PMC136597pubmed: 12368362google scholar: lookup
  72. Talon J, Horvath CM, Polley R, Basler CF, Muster T, Palese P, García-Sastre A. Activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 is inhibited by the influenza A virus NS1 protein.. J Virol 2000 Sep;74(17):7989-96.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.74.17.7989-7996.2000pmc: PMC112330pubmed: 10933707google scholar: lookup
  73. Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.. Microbiol Rev 1992 Mar;56(1):152-79.
    doi: 10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992pmc: PMC372859pubmed: 1579108google scholar: lookup
  74. Gibbs EP, Anderson TC. Equine and canine influenza: a review of current events.. Anim Health Res Rev 2010 Jun;11(1):43-51.
    doi: 10.1017/S1466252310000046pubmed: 20426896google scholar: lookup
  75. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010 Nov;4(6):327-37.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00148.xpmc: PMC3180823pubmed: 20958926google scholar: lookup
  76. SOVINOVA O, TUMOVA B, POUSKA F, NEMEC J. Isolation of a virus causing respiratory disease in horses.. Acta Virol 1958 Jan-Mar;2(1):52-61.
    pubmed: 13533033
  77. WADDELL GH, TEIGLAND MB, SIGEL MM. A NEW INFLUENZA VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH EQUINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1963 Sep 15;143:587-90.
    pubmed: 14077956
  78. Bean WJ. Correlation of influenza A virus nucleoprotein genes with host species.. Virology 1984 Mar;133(2):438-42.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90410-0pubmed: 6710867google scholar: lookup
  79. Ito T, Kawaoka Y, Ohira M, Takakuwa H, Yasuda J, Kida H, Otsuki K. Replacement of internal protein genes, with the exception of the matrix, in equine 1 viruses by equine 2 influenza virus genes during evolution in nature.. J Vet Med Sci 1999 Aug;61(8):987-9.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.61.987pubmed: 10487248google scholar: lookup
  80. Murcia PR, Wood JL, Holmes EC. Genome-scale evolution and phylodynamics of equine H3N8 influenza A virus.. J Virol 2011 Jun;85(11):5312-22.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02619-10pmc: PMC3094979pubmed: 21430049google scholar: lookup
  81. Webster RG. Are equine 1 influenza viruses still present in horses?. Equine Vet J 1993 Nov;25(6):537-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb03009.xpubmed: 8276003google scholar: lookup
  82. Aharonson-Raz K, Davidson I, Porat Y, Altory A, Klement E, Steinman A. Seroprevalence and rate of infection of equine influenza virus (H3N8 and H7N7) and equine herpesvirus (1 and 4) in the horse population in Israel. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:828–832.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.01.012google scholar: lookup
  83. Daniels RS, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC. Amino acid sequences of haemagglutinins of influenza viruses of the H3 subtype isolated from horses.. J Gen Virol 1985 Mar;66 ( Pt 3):457-64.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-66-3-457pubmed: 3973560google scholar: lookup
  84. Bean WJ, Schell M, Katz J, Kawaoka Y, Naeve C, Gorman O, Webster RG. Evolution of the H3 influenza virus hemagglutinin from human and nonhuman hosts.. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):1129-38.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.1129-1138.1992pmc: PMC240817pubmed: 1731092google scholar: lookup
  85. Daly JM, Lai AC, Binns MM, Chambers TM, Barrandeguy M, Mumford JA. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine H3N8 influenza A viruses.. J Gen Virol 1996 Apr;77 ( Pt 4):661-71.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-4-661pubmed: 8627254google scholar: lookup
  86. Endo A, Pecoraro R, Sugita S, Nerome K. Evolutionary pattern of the H 3 haemagglutinin of equine influenza viruses: multiple evolutionary lineages and frozen replication.. Arch Virol 1992;123(1-2):73-87.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01317139pubmed: 1550498google scholar: lookup
  87. Bogdan JR, Morley PS, Townsend HG, Haines DM. Effect of influenza A/equine/H3N8 virus isolate variation on the measurement of equine antibody responses.. Can J Vet Res 1993 Apr;57(2):126-30.
    pmc: PMC1263606pubmed: 8387870
  88. Daly JM, Yates PJ, Newton JR, Park A, Henley W, Wood JL, Davis-Poynter N, Mumford JA. Evidence supporting the inclusion of strains from each of the two co-circulating lineages of H3N8 equine influenza virus in vaccines.. Vaccine 2004 Sep 28;22(29-30):4101-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.048pubmed: 15364463google scholar: lookup
  89. Mumford JA. The equine influenza surveillance program.. Adv Vet Med 1999;41:379-87.
    pubmed: 9890029doi: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80028-7google scholar: lookup
  90. Lai AC, Chambers TM, Holland RE Jr, Morley PS, Haines DM, Townsend HG, Barrandeguy M. Diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (H3N8) viruses in the Western Hemisphere.. Arch Virol 2001;146(6):1063-74.
    doi: 10.1007/s007050170106pubmed: 11504416google scholar: lookup
  91. Bryant NA, Rash AS, Russell CA, Ross J, Cooke A, Bowman S, MacRae S, Lewis NS, Paillot R, Zanoni R, Meier H, Griffiths LA, Daly JM, Tiwari A, Chambers TM, Newton JR, Elton DM. Antigenic and genetic variations in European and North American equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated from 2006 to 2007.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Jul 2;138(1-2):41-52.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.004pubmed: 19346084google scholar: lookup
  92. Bernardino PN, Mapes SM, Corbin R, Pusterla N. Pyrosequencing as a fast and reliable tool to determine clade affiliation for equine Influenza A virus.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016 May 1;28(3):323-326.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638716638123pubmed: 26961323google scholar: lookup
  93. Brister H, Barnum SM, Reedy S, Chambers TM, Pusterla N. Validation of two multiplex real-time PCR assays based on single nucleotide polymorphisms of the HA1 gene of equine influenza A virus in order to differentiate between clade 1 and clade 2 Florida sublineage isolates.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019 Jan;31(1):137-141.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638718822693pmc: PMC6505758pubmed: 30803412google scholar: lookup
  94. Woodward AL, Rash AS, Blinman D, Bowman S, Chambers TM, Daly JM, Damiani A, Joseph S, Lewis N, McCauley JW, Medcalf L, Mumford J, Newton JR, Tiwari A, Bryant NA, Elton DM. Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012.. Vet Microbiol 2014 Mar 14;169(3-4):113-27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039pubmed: 24480583google scholar: lookup
  95. Woodward A, Rash AS, Medcalf E, Bryant NA, Elton DM. Using epidemics to map H3 equine influenza virus determinants of antigenicity.. Virology 2015 Jul;481:187-98.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.027pubmed: 25797606google scholar: lookup
  96. Nemoto M, Yamayoshi S, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kokado H, Kawaoka Y, Yamanaka T. A single amino acid change in hemagglutinin reduces the cross-reactivity of antiserum against an equine influenza vaccine strain.. Arch Virol 2019 Sep;164(9):2355-2358.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04328-4pubmed: 31227892google scholar: lookup
  97. Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Gildea S, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. The potential impact of a single amino-acid substitution on the efficacy of equine influenza vaccines.. Equine Vet J 2015 Jul;47(4):456-62.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12290pubmed: 24773030google scholar: lookup
  98. Risk-Based Vaccination Guidelines: Equine Influenza, Amerian Association of Equine Practitioners. [(accessed on 30 April 2021)]; Available online: https://aaep.org/guidelines/vaccination-guidelines/risk-based-vaccination-guidelines/equine-influenza.
  99. Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040797pmc: PMC4494246pubmed: 26344892google scholar: lookup
  100. Mumford JA, Wood J. Establishing an acceptability threshold for equine influenza vaccines.. Dev Biol Stand 1992;79:137-46.
    pubmed: 1286748
  101. Mumford JA, Jessett D, Dunleavy U, Wood J, Hannant D, Sundquist B, Cook RF. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of experimental equine influenza ISCOM vaccines.. Vaccine 1994 Jul;12(9):857-63.
    doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90297-6pubmed: 7975864google scholar: lookup
  102. Landolt GA, Townsend HG, Lunn DP. Equine influenza infection. 2014;pp. 141–151.
  103. Daly JM, MacRae S, Newton JR, Wattrang E, Elton DM. Equine influenza: a review of an unpredictable virus.. Vet J 2011 Jul;189(1):7-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.026pubmed: 20685140google scholar: lookup
  104. Cullinane A, Gahan J, Walsh C, Nemoto M, Entenfellner J, Olguin-Perglione C, Garvey M, Huang Fu TQ, Venner M, Yamanaka T, Barrandeguy M, Fernandez CJ. Evaluation of Current Equine Influenza Vaccination Protocols Prior to Shipment, Guided by OIE Standards.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Feb 29;8(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010107pmc: PMC7157717pubmed: 32121419google scholar: lookup
  105. Cullinane A, Weld J, Osborne M, Nelly M, Mcbride C, Walsh C. Field studies on equine influenza vaccination regimes in thoroughbred foals and yearlings.. Vet J 2001 Mar;161(2):174-85.
    doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0546pubmed: 11243687google scholar: lookup
  106. Mumford J. Control of influenza from an international perspective. 1998;pp. 23–26.
  107. Newton JR, Townsend HG, Wood JL, Sinclair R, Hannant D, Mumford JA. Immunity to equine influenza: relationship of vaccine-induced antibody in young Thoroughbred racehorses to protection against field infection with influenza A/equine-2 viruses (H3N8).. Equine Vet J 2000 Jan;32(1):65-74.
    doi: 10.2746/042516400777612116pubmed: 10661388google scholar: lookup
  108. Heldens JG, Pouwels HG, Derks CG, Van de Zande SM, Hoeijmakers MJ. The first safe inactivated equine influenza vaccine formulation adjuvanted with ISCOM-Matrix that closes the immunity gap.. Vaccine 2009 Sep 4;27(40):5530-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.085pubmed: 19607950google scholar: lookup
  109. Heldens JG, van Loon AA, van de Zande S. Is there a benefit from an early booster vaccination in the control of equine influenza?. Vet J 2007 Nov;174(3):592-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.004pubmed: 17560150google scholar: lookup
  110. Paillot R, Garrett D, Lopez-Alvarez MR, Birand I, Montesso F, Horspool L. The Immunity Gap Challenge: Protection against a Recent Florida Clade 2 Equine Influenza Strain.. Vaccines (Basel) 2018 Jul 2;6(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines6030038pmc: PMC6161116pubmed: 30004410google scholar: lookup
  111. Cullinane A, Gildea S, Weldon E. Comparison of primary vaccination regimes for equine influenza: working towards an evidence-based regime.. Equine Vet J 2014 Nov;46(6):669-73.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12214pubmed: 24237177google scholar: lookup
  112. van Maanen C, Bruin G, de Boer-Luijtze E, Smolders G, de Boer GF. Interference of maternal antibodies with the immune response of foals after vaccination against equine influenza.. Vet Q 1992 Jan;14(1):13-7.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.1992.9694319pubmed: 1574831google scholar: lookup
  113. Van Oirschot JT, Bruin G, de Boer-Luytze E, Smolders G. Maternal antibodies against equine influenza virus in foals and their interference with vaccination.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1991 Jul;38(5):391-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1991.tb00887.xpubmed: 1656657google scholar: lookup
  114. Minke JM, Audonnet JC, Fischer L. Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future.. Vet Res 2004 Jul-Aug;35(4):425-43.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004019pubmed: 15236675google scholar: lookup
  115. Minke JM, Toulemonde CE, Dinic S, Cozette V, Cullinane A, Audonnet JC. Effective priming of foals born to immune dams against influenza by a canarypox-vectored recombinant influenza H3N8 vaccine.. J Comp Pathol 2007 Jul;137 Suppl 1:S76-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.016pubmed: 17559865google scholar: lookup
  116. Marrack P, McKee AS, Munks MW. Towards an understanding of the adjuvant action of aluminium.. Nat Rev Immunol 2009 Apr;9(4):287-93.
    doi: 10.1038/nri2510pmc: PMC3147301pubmed: 19247370google scholar: lookup
  117. Hannant D, Jessett D, O’Neill T, Livesay J, Mumford J. Cellular Immune Responses Stimulated by Inactivated Virus Vaccines and Infection with Equine Influenza Virus (H3N8). 1994;pp. 169–174.
  118. Kucera CJ, Beckenhauer WH. Studies on the antigenicity of an inactivated, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant equine influenza vaccine.. Can J Comp Med 1977 Jul;41(3):326-31.
    pmc: PMC1277597pubmed: 20211
  119. Paillot R, Prowse L, Montesso F, Huang CM, Barnes H, Escala J. Whole inactivated equine influenza vaccine: Efficacy against a representative clade 2 equine influenza virus, IFNgamma synthesis and duration of humoral immunity.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Mar 23;162(2-4):396-407.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.019pubmed: 23146168google scholar: lookup
  120. Lindblad EB. Aluminium adjuvants--in retrospect and prospect.. Vaccine 2004 Sep 9;22(27-28):3658-68.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.032pubmed: 15315845google scholar: lookup
  121. He P, Zou Y, Hu Z. Advances in aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant research and its mechanism.. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015;11(2):477-88.
    doi: 10.1080/21645515.2014.1004026pmc: PMC4514166pubmed: 25692535google scholar: lookup
  122. Holmes MA, Townsend HG, Kohler AK, Hussey S, Breathnach C, Barnett C, Holland R, Lunn DP. Immune responses to commercial equine vaccines against equine herpesvirus-1, equine influenza virus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and tetanus.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):67-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.010pubmed: 16476488google scholar: lookup
  123. Daly JM, Newton JR, Mumford JA. Current perspectives on control of equine influenza.. Vet Res 2004 Jul-Aug;35(4):411-23.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004023pubmed: 15236674google scholar: lookup
  124. Pavulraj S, Bergmann T, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Alami SSE, Ragni-Alunni R, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV(®) Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study.. Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Feb 17;9(2).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020166pmc: PMC7922102pubmed: 33671378google scholar: lookup
  125. Kersten GF, Crommelin DJ. Liposomes and ISCOMS as vaccine formulations.. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995 Jul 17;1241(2):117-38.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4157(95)00002-9pubmed: 7640293google scholar: lookup
  126. Sun HX, Xie Y, Ye YP. ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX.. Vaccine 2009 Jul 16;27(33):4388-401.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.032pubmed: 19450632google scholar: lookup
  127. Morein B, Sundquist B, Höglund S, Dalsgaard K, Osterhaus A. Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses.. Nature 1984 Mar 29-Apr 4;308(5958):457-60.
    doi: 10.1038/308457a0pubmed: 6709052google scholar: lookup
  128. Lövgren K, Morein B. The requirement of lipids for the formation of immunostimulating complexes (iscoms).. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1988 Apr;10(2):161-72.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1470-8744.1988.tb00012.xpubmed: 2838046google scholar: lookup
  129. Drane D, Pearse MJ. The ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant. 2006;pp. 191–215.
  130. Watson DL, Watson NA, Fossum C, Lövgren K, Morein B. Interactions between immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) and peritoneal mononuclear leucocytes.. Microbiol Immunol 1992;36(2):199-203.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb01657.xpubmed: 1584082google scholar: lookup
  131. Bungener L, Huckriede A, Wilschut J, Daemen T. Delivery of protein antigens to the immune system by fusion-active virosomes: a comparison with liposomes and ISCOMs.. Biosci Rep 2002 Apr;22(2):323-38.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1020198908574pubmed: 12428908google scholar: lookup
  132. Morein B, Bengtsson KL. Immunomodulation by iscoms, immune stimulating complexes.. Methods 1999 Sep;19(1):94-102.
    doi: 10.1006/meth.1999.0833pubmed: 10525444google scholar: lookup
  133. Robson NC, McAlpine T, Knights AJ, Schnurr M, Shin A, Chen W, Maraskovsky E, Cebon J. Processing and cross-presentation of individual HLA-A, -B, or -C epitopes from NY-ESO-1 or an HLA-A epitope for Melan-A differ according to the mode of antigen delivery.. Blood 2010 Jul 15;116(2):218-25.
    doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-249458pubmed: 20430956google scholar: lookup
  134. Sjölander A, Drane D, Maraskovsky E, Scheerlinck JP, Suhrbier A, Tennent J, Pearse M. Immune responses to ISCOM formulations in animal and primate models.. Vaccine 2001 Mar 21;19(17-19):2661-5.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00497-7pubmed: 11257406google scholar: lookup
  135. Drane D, Gittleson C, Boyle J, Maraskovsky E. ISCOMATRIX adjuvant for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007 Oct;6(5):761-72.
    doi: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.761pubmed: 17931156google scholar: lookup
  136. Sambhara S, Woods S, Arpino R, Kurichh A, Tamane A, Underdown B, Klein M, Lövgren Bengtsson K, Morein B, Burt D. Heterotypic protection against influenza by immunostimulating complexes is associated with the induction of cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.. J Infect Dis 1998 May;177(5):1266-74.
    doi: 10.1086/515285pubmed: 9593011google scholar: lookup
  137. Coulter A, Harris R, Davis R, Drane D, Cox J, Ryan D, Sutton P, Rockman S, Pearse M. Intranasal vaccination with ISCOMATRIX adjuvanted influenza vaccine.. Vaccine 2003 Feb 14;21(9-10):946-9.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00545-5pubmed: 12547607google scholar: lookup
  138. Sun HX, Xie Y, Ye YP. Advances in saponin-based adjuvants.. Vaccine 2009 Mar 13;27(12):1787-96.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.091pubmed: 19208455google scholar: lookup
  139. Heldens JG, Pouwels HG, Derks CG, Van de Zande SM, Hoeijmakers MJ. Duration of immunity induced by an equine influenza and tetanus combination vaccine formulation adjuvanted with ISCOM-Matrix.. Vaccine 2010 Oct 8;28(43):6989-96.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.043pubmed: 20728523google scholar: lookup
  140. Crouch CF, Daly J, Hannant D, Wilkins J, Francis MJ. Immune responses and protective efficacy in ponies immunised with an equine influenza ISCOM vaccine containing an 'American lineage' H3N8 virus.. Vaccine 2004 Dec 2;23(3):418-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.074pubmed: 15530689google scholar: lookup
  141. Crouch CF, Daly J, Henley W, Hannant D, Wilkins J, Francis MJ. The use of a systemic prime/mucosal boost strategy with an equine influenza ISCOM vaccine to induce protective immunity in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005 Dec 15;108(3-4):345-55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.009pubmed: 16098611google scholar: lookup
  142. Paillot R, Prowse L. ISCOM-matrix-based equine influenza (EIV) vaccine stimulates cell-mediated immunity in the horse.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Jan 15;145(1-2):516-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.019pubmed: 22178272google scholar: lookup
  143. Mumford JA, Jessett DM, Rollinson EA, Hannant D, Draper ME. Duration of protective efficacy of equine influenza immunostimulating complex/tetanus vaccines.. Vet Rec 1994 Feb 12;134(7):158-62.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.134.7.158pubmed: 8160328google scholar: lookup
  144. Entenfellner J, Gahan J, Garvey M, Walsh C, Venner M, Cullinane A. Response of Sport Horses to Different Formulations of Equine Influenza Vaccine.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Jul 10;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030372pmc: PMC7563521pubmed: 32664411google scholar: lookup
  145. Paillot R, Fraser S, Prowse-Davis L, Rash N, Montesso F, Slootmans N, Thomas A, Besognet B, Meinert T, Ons E. Iscom-based equine influenza vaccine: Duration of immunity and randomised clinical trials to assess an accelerated schedule of immunisation and efficacy. Trials Vaccinol. 2015;4:61–70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.trivac.2015.07.002google scholar: lookup
  146. Paillot R, Grimmett H, Elton D, Daly JM. Protection, systemic IFNgamma, and antibody responses induced by an ISCOM-based vaccine against a recent equine influenza virus in its natural host.. Vet Res 2008 May-Jun;39(3):21.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2007062pubmed: 18252187google scholar: lookup
  147. Jackson DA, Symons RH, Berg P. Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972 Oct;69(10):2904-9.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904pmc: PMC389671pubmed: 4342968google scholar: lookup
  148. Mackett M, Smith GL, Moss B. Vaccinia virus: a selectable eukaryotic cloning and expression vector.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982 Dec;79(23):7415-9.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7415pmc: PMC347350pubmed: 6296831google scholar: lookup
  149. Panicali D, Paoletti E. Construction of poxviruses as cloning vectors: insertion of the thymidine kinase gene from herpes simplex virus into the DNA of infectious vaccinia virus.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982 Aug;79(16):4927-31.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.16.4927pmc: PMC346798pubmed: 6289324google scholar: lookup
  150. Ura T, Okuda K, Shimada M. Developments in Viral Vector-Based Vaccines.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Jul 29;2(3):624-41.
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines2030624pmc: PMC4494222pubmed: 26344749google scholar: lookup
  151. Paillot R, Kydd JH, Sindle T, Hannant D, Edlund Toulemonde C, Audonnet JC, Minke JM, Daly JM. Antibody and IFN-gamma responses induced by a recombinant canarypox vaccine and challenge infection with equine influenza virus.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Aug 15;112(3-4):225-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.007pubmed: 16621023google scholar: lookup
  152. Soboll G, Hussey SB, Minke JM, Landolt GA, Hunter JS, Jagannatha S, Lunn DP. Onset and duration of immunity to equine influenza virus resulting from canarypox-vectored (ALVAC) vaccination.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010 May 15;135(1-2):100-107.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.007pubmed: 20018384google scholar: lookup
  153. Grant E, Wu C, Chan KF, Eckle S, Bharadwaj M, Zou QM, Kedzierska K, Chen W. Nucleoprotein of influenza A virus is a major target of immunodominant CD8+ T-cell responses.. Immunol Cell Biol 2013 Feb;91(2):184-94.
    doi: 10.1038/icb.2012.78pubmed: 23399741google scholar: lookup
  154. Breathnach CC, Rudersdorf R, Lunn DP. Use of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors for equine influenza vaccination.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004 Apr;98(3-4):127-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.11.004pubmed: 15010222google scholar: lookup
  155. Cooney EL, Collier AC, Greenberg PD, Coombs RW, Zarling J, Arditti DE, Hoffman MC, Hu SL, Corey L. Safety of and immunological response to a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine expressing HIV envelope glycoprotein.. Lancet 1991 Mar 9;337(8741):567-72.
    doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91636-9pubmed: 1671940google scholar: lookup
  156. Plotkin SA, Cadoz M, Meignier B, Méric C, Leroy O, Excler JL, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E, Gonczol E, Chappuis G. The safety and use of canarypox vectored vaccines.. Dev Biol Stand 1995;84:165-70.
    pubmed: 7796950
  157. El Garch H, Minke JM, Rehder J, Richard S, Edlund Toulemonde C, Dinic S, Andreoni C, Audonnet JC, Nordgren R, Juillard V. A West Nile virus (WNV) recombinant canarypox virus vaccine elicits WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in the horse.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008 Jun 15;123(3-4):230-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.002pubmed: 18372050google scholar: lookup
  158. Guthrie AJ, Quan M, Lourens CW, Audonnet JC, Minke JM, Yao J, He L, Nordgren R, Gardner IA, Maclachlan NJ. Protective immunization of horses with a recombinant canarypox virus vectored vaccine co-expressing genes encoding the outer capsid proteins of African horse sickness virus.. Vaccine 2009 Jul 16;27(33):4434-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.044pubmed: 19490959google scholar: lookup
  159. Monaco F, Purpari G, Di Gennaro A, Mira F, Di Marco P, Guercio A, Savini G. Immunological response in horses following West Nile virus vaccination with inactivated or recombinant vaccine.. Vet Ital 2019 Mar 31;55(1):73-79.
    pubmed: 30951184
  160. Quan FS, Huang C, Compans RW, Kang SM. Virus-like particle vaccine induces protective immunity against homologous and heterologous strains of influenza virus.. J Virol 2007 Apr;81(7):3514-24.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02052-06pmc: PMC1866067pubmed: 17251294google scholar: lookup
  161. McDonnell WM, Askari FK. DNA vaccines.. N Engl J Med 1996 Jan 4;334(1):42-5.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJM199601043340110pubmed: 7494571google scholar: lookup
  162. Donnelly JJ, Ulmer JB, Liu MA. DNA vaccines.. Life Sci 1997;60(3):163-72.
    doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(96)00502-4pubmed: 9000640google scholar: lookup
  163. Webster RG, Fynan EF, Santoro JC, Robinson H. Protection of ferrets against influenza challenge with a DNA vaccine to the haemagglutinin.. Vaccine 1994 Dec;12(16):1495-8.
    doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90071-Xpubmed: 7879412google scholar: lookup
  164. Haynes JR, McCabe DE, Swain WF, Widera G, Fuller JT. Particle-mediated nucleic acid immunization.. J Biotechnol 1996 Jan 26;44(1-3):37-42.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1656(96)80298-7pubmed: 8717384google scholar: lookup
  165. Olsen CW. DNA vaccination against influenza viruses: a review with emphasis on equine and swine influenza.. Vet Microbiol 2000 May 22;74(1-2):149-64.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00175-9pubmed: 10799787google scholar: lookup
  166. Ault A, Zajac AM, Kong WP, Gorres JP, Royals M, Wei CJ, Bao S, Yang ZY, Reedy SE, Sturgill TL, Page AE, Donofrio-Newman J, Adams AA, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM, Nabel GJ, Rao SS. Immunogenicity and clinical protection against equine influenza by DNA vaccination of ponies.. Vaccine 2012 Jun 6;30(26):3965-74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.026pmc: PMC3474358pubmed: 22449425google scholar: lookup
  167. Olsen CW, McGregor MW, Dybdahl-Sissoko N, Schram BR, Nelson KM, Lunn DP, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Hinshaw VS. Immunogenicity and efficacy of baculovirus-expressed and DNA-based equine influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccines in mice.. Vaccine 1997 Jul;15(10):1149-56.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00309-Xpubmed: 9269061google scholar: lookup
  168. Lunn DP, Soboll G, Schram BR, Quass J, McGregor MW, Drape RJ, Macklin MD, McCabe DE, Swain WF, Olsen CW. Antibody responses to DNA vaccination of horses using the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene.. Vaccine 1999 May 4;17(18):2245-58.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00496-4pubmed: 10403592google scholar: lookup
  169. Soboll G, Horohov DW, Aldridge BM, Olsen CW, McGregor MW, Drape RJ, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP. Regional antibody and cellular immune responses to equine influenza virus infection, and particle mediated DNA vaccination.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003 Jul 15;94(1-2):47-62.
    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00060-6pubmed: 12842611google scholar: lookup
  170. Renegar KB, Small PA Jr, Boykins LG, Wright PF. Role of IgA versus IgG in the control of influenza viral infection in the murine respiratory tract.. J Immunol 2004 Aug 1;173(3):1978-86.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1978pubmed: 15265932google scholar: lookup
  171. Morokutti A, Muster T, Ferko B. Intranasal vaccination with a replication-deficient influenza virus induces heterosubtypic neutralising mucosal IgA antibodies in humans.. Vaccine 2014 Apr 7;32(17):1897-900.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.009pubmed: 24560674google scholar: lookup
  172. Mazanec MB, Kaetzel CS, Lamm ME, Fletcher D, Nedrud JG. Intracellular neutralization of virus by immunoglobulin A antibodies.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6901-5.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.6901pmc: PMC49612pubmed: 1323121google scholar: lookup
  173. Chambers TM, Holland RE, Tudor LR, Townsend HG, Cook A, Bogdan J, Lunn DP, Hussey S, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Sebring RW, Penner SJ, Stiegler GL. A new modified live equine influenza virus vaccine: phenotypic stability, restricted spread and efficacy against heterologous virus challenge.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):630-6.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249291pubmed: 11770982google scholar: lookup
  174. Holmes D, Lamb L, Coggins L, Murphy B, Gillespie J. Live Temperature Sensitive Equine-2 Influenza A Virus Vaccine: Production and Efficacy in Experimental Ponies. 1992;pp. 253–258.
  175. Holmes DF, Lamb LM, Anguish LM, Coggins L, Murphy B, Gillespie J, Powell D. Live temperature-sensitive equine-1 influenza A virus vaccine: Efficacy in experimental ponies. 1988;pp. 88–93.
  176. Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner J, Chambers T, Group HCC. A New Intranasal, Modified-Live Virus Vaccine for Equine H3N8 Influenza. 2001;pp. 961–964.
  177. Townsend HG, Penner SJ, Watts TC, Cook A, Bogdan J, Haines DM, Griffin S, Chambers T, Holland RE, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Sebring RW. Efficacy of a cold-adapted, intranasal, equine influenza vaccine: challenge trials.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):637-43.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249354pubmed: 11770983google scholar: lookup
  178. Lunn DP, Hussey S, Sebing R, Rushlow KE, Radecki SV, Whitaker-Dowling P, Youngner JS, Chambers TM, Holland RE Jr, Horohov DW. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a modified-live equine influenza virus vaccine in ponies after induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001 Mar 15;218(6):900-6.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.900pubmed: 11294315google scholar: lookup
  179. Youngner JS, Whitaker-Dowling P, Chambers TM, Rushlow KE, Sebring R. Derivation and characterization of a live attenuated equine influenza vaccine virus.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Aug;62(8):1290-4.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1290pubmed: 11497453google scholar: lookup
  180. Elton D, Bryant N. Facing the threat of equine influenza.. Equine Vet J 2011 May;43(3):250-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00357.xpubmed: 21492200google scholar: lookup
  181. Tabynov K, Kydyrbayev Zh, Ryskeldinova Sh, Assanzhanova N, Sansyzbay A. Duration of the protective immune response after prime and booster vaccination of yearlings with a live modified cold-adapted viral vaccine against equine influenza.. Vaccine 2014 May 23;32(25):2965-71.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.095pubmed: 24726250google scholar: lookup
  182. Quinlivan M, Zamarin D, García-Sastre A, Cullinane A, Chambers T, Palese P. Attenuation of equine influenza viruses through truncations of the NS1 protein.. J Virol 2005 Jul;79(13):8431-9.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.13.8431-8439.2005pmc: PMC1143746pubmed: 15956587google scholar: lookup
  183. Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuated vaccine.. Virology 2018 Mar;516:76-85.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.005pmc: PMC5840510pubmed: 29331866google scholar: lookup
  184. Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines.. Viruses 2019 Feb 22;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v11020190pmc: PMC6409754pubmed: 30813325google scholar: lookup
  185. Martinez-Sobrido L, DeDiego ML, Nogales A. AGL2017-82570-RReverse genetics approaches for the development of new vaccines against influenza A virus infections.. Curr Opin Virol 2020 Oct;44:26-34.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.06.001pmc: PMC7755736pubmed: 32599532google scholar: lookup
  186. Perez DR, Angel M, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Santos J, Obadan A, Martinez-Sobrido L. Plasmid-Based Reverse Genetics of Influenza A Virus.. Methods Mol Biol 2017;1602:251-273.
    doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6964-7_16pubmed: 28508225google scholar: lookup
  187. Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L. Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines.. Int J Mol Sci 2016 Dec 22;18(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms18010020pmc: PMC5297655pubmed: 28025504google scholar: lookup
  188. Martínez-Sobrido L, García-Sastre A. Generation of recombinant influenza virus from plasmid DNA.. J Vis Exp 2010 Aug 3;(42).
    doi: 10.3791/2057pmc: PMC3156010pubmed: 20729804google scholar: lookup
  189. Schickli JH, Flandorfer A, Nakaya T, Martinez-Sobrido L, García-Sastre A, Palese P. Plasmid-only rescue of influenza A virus vaccine candidates.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001 Dec 29;356(1416):1965-73.
    doi: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0979pmc: PMC1088576pubmed: 11779399google scholar: lookup
  190. Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ, DeDiego ML. Modulation of Innate Immune Responses by the Influenza A NS1 and PA-X Proteins.. Viruses 2018 Dec 12;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v10120708pmc: PMC6315843pubmed: 30545063google scholar: lookup
  191. Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chiem K, Topham DJ, DeDiego ML. Functional Evolution of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus NS1 and PA in Humans.. J Virol 2018 Oct 1;92(19).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01206-18pmc: PMC6146824pubmed: 30021892google scholar: lookup
  192. Clark AM, Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ, DeDiego ML. Functional Evolution of Influenza Virus NS1 Protein in Currently Circulating Human 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Viruses.. J Virol 2017 Sep 1;91(17).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00721-17pmc: PMC5553169pubmed: 28637754google scholar: lookup
  193. Nogales A, Rodriguez L, DeDiego ML, Topham DJ, Martínez-Sobrido L. Interplay of PA-X and NS1 Proteins in Replication and Pathogenesis of a Temperature-Sensitive 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus.. J Virol 2017 Sep 1;91(17).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00720-17pmc: PMC5553184pubmed: 28637750google scholar: lookup
  194. Kochs G, García-Sastre A, Martínez-Sobrido L. Multiple anti-interferon actions of the influenza A virus NS1 protein.. J Virol 2007 Jul;81(13):7011-21.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02581-06pmc: PMC1933316pubmed: 17442719google scholar: lookup
  195. Hale BG, Randall RE, Ortín J, Jackson D. The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses.. J Gen Virol 2008 Oct;89(Pt 10):2359-2376.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/004606-0pubmed: 18796704google scholar: lookup
  196. Chauché C, Nogales A, Zhu H, Goldfarb D, Ahmad Shanizza AI, Gu Q, Parrish CR, Martínez-Sobrido L, Marshall JF, Murcia PR. Mammalian Adaptation of an Avian Influenza A Virus Involves Stepwise Changes in NS1.. J Virol 2018 Mar 1;92(5).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01875-17pmc: PMC5809720pubmed: 29237841google scholar: lookup
  197. Vincent AL, Ma W, Lager KM, Janke BH, Webby RJ, García-Sastre A, Richt JA. Efficacy of intranasal administration of a truncated NS1 modified live influenza virus vaccine in swine.. Vaccine 2007 Nov 19;25(47):7999-8009.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.019pmc: PMC2099695pubmed: 17933442google scholar: lookup
  198. Richt JA, Lekcharoensuk P, Lager KM, Vincent AL, Loiacono CM, Janke BH, Wu WH, Yoon KJ, Webby RJ, Solórzano A, García-Sastre A. Vaccination of pigs against swine influenza viruses by using an NS1-truncated modified live-virus vaccine.. J Virol 2006 Nov;80(22):11009-18.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00787-06pmc: PMC1642165pubmed: 16943300google scholar: lookup
  199. Solórzano A, Webby RJ, Lager KM, Janke BH, García-Sastre A, Richt JA. Mutations in the NS1 protein of swine influenza virus impair anti-interferon activity and confer attenuation in pigs.. J Virol 2005 Jun;79(12):7535-43.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.12.7535-7543.2005pmc: PMC1143661pubmed: 15919908google scholar: lookup
  200. Kappes MA, Sandbulte MR, Platt R, Wang C, Lager KM, Henningson JN, Lorusso A, Vincent AL, Loving CL, Roth JA, Kehrli ME Jr. Vaccination with NS1-truncated H3N2 swine influenza virus primes T cells and confers cross-protection against an H1N1 heterosubtypic challenge in pigs.. Vaccine 2012 Jan 5;30(2):280-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.098pubmed: 22067263google scholar: lookup
  201. Steel J, Lowen AC, Pena L, Angel M, Solórzano A, Albrecht R, Perez DR, García-Sastre A, Palese P. Live attenuated influenza viruses containing NS1 truncations as vaccine candidates against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza.. J Virol 2009 Feb;83(4):1742-53.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01920-08pmc: PMC2643794pubmed: 19073731google scholar: lookup
  202. Wang L, Suarez DL, Pantin-Jackwood M, Mibayashi M, García-Sastre A, Saif YM, Lee CW. Characterization of influenza virus variants with different sizes of the non-structural (NS) genes and their potential as a live influenza vaccine in poultry.. Vaccine 2008 Jul 4;26(29-30):3580-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.001pmc: PMC2785844pubmed: 18539366google scholar: lookup
  203. Jang H, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Association between Interferon Response and Protective Efficacy of NS1-Truncated Mutants as Influenza Vaccine Candidates in Chickens.. PLoS One 2016;11(6):e0156603.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156603pmc: PMC4892592pubmed: 27257989google scholar: lookup
  204. Jang H, Elaish M, Kc M, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Efficacy and synergy of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young chickens.. PLoS One 2018;13(4):e0195285.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195285pmc: PMC5889186pubmed: 29624615google scholar: lookup
  205. Choi EH, Song MS, Park SJ, Pascua PN, Baek YH, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Kim S, Jang HK, Poo H, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Development of a dual-protective live attenuated vaccine against H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses by modifying the NS1 gene.. Arch Virol 2015 Jul;160(7):1729-40.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2442-ypubmed: 25959557google scholar: lookup
  206. Nogales A, Huang K, Chauché C, DeDiego ML, Murcia PR, Parrish CR, Martínez-Sobrido L. Canine influenza viruses with modified NS1 proteins for the development of live-attenuated vaccines.. Virology 2017 Jan;500:1-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.008pubmed: 27750071google scholar: lookup
  207. Wacheck V, Egorov A, Groiss F, Pfeiffer A, Fuereder T, Hoeflmayer D, Kundi M, Popow-Kraupp T, Redlberger-Fritz M, Mueller CA, Cinatl J, Michaelis M, Geiler J, Bergmann M, Romanova J, Roethl E, Morokutti A, Wolschek M, Ferko B, Seipelt J, Dick-Gudenus R, Muster T. A novel type of influenza vaccine: safety and immunogenicity of replication-deficient influenza virus created by deletion of the interferon antagonist NS1.. J Infect Dis 2010 Feb 1;201(3):354-62.
    doi: 10.1086/649428pubmed: 20039806google scholar: lookup
  208. Pica N, Langlois RA, Krammer F, Margine I, Palese P. NS1-truncated live attenuated virus vaccine provides robust protection to aged mice from viral challenge.. J Virol 2012 Oct;86(19):10293-301.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01131-12pmc: PMC3457311pubmed: 22787224google scholar: lookup
  209. Baskin CR, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, García-Sastre A, Tumpey TM, Van Hoeven N, Carter VS, Thomas MJ, Proll S, Solórzano A, Billharz R, Fornek JL, Thomas S, Chen CH, Clark EA, Murali-Krishna K, Katze MG. Functional genomic and serological analysis of the protective immune response resulting from vaccination of macaques with an NS1-truncated influenza virus.. J Virol 2007 Nov;81(21):11817-27.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00590-07pmc: PMC2168783pubmed: 17715226google scholar: lookup
  210. Hai R, Martínez-Sobrido L, Fraser KA, Ayllon J, García-Sastre A, Palese P. Influenza B virus NS1-truncated mutants: live-attenuated vaccine approach.. J Virol 2008 Nov;82(21):10580-90.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01213-08pmc: PMC2573209pubmed: 18768976google scholar: lookup
  211. Chambers TM, Quinlivan M, Sturgill T, Cullinane A, Horohov DW, Zamarin D, Arkins S, García-Sastre A, Palese P. Influenza A viruses with truncated NS1 as modified live virus vaccines: pilot studies of safety and efficacy in horses.. Equine Vet J 2009 Jan;41(1):87-92.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X371937pmc: PMC2878972pubmed: 19301588google scholar: lookup
  212. Hilimire TA, Nogales A, Chiem K, Ortego J, Martinez-Sobrido L. Increasing the Safety Profile of the Master Donor Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine.. Pathogens 2020 Jan 29;9(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9020086pmc: PMC7168643pubmed: 32013198google scholar: lookup
  213. Rodriguez L, Blanco-Lobo P, Reilly EC, Maehigashi T, Nogales A, Smith A, Topham DJ, Dewhurst S, Kim B, Martínez-Sobrido L. Comparative Study of the Temperature Sensitive, Cold Adapted and Attenuated Mutations Present in the Master Donor Viruses of the Two Commercial Human Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines.. Viruses 2019 Oct 10;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v11100928pmc: PMC6832241pubmed: 31658679google scholar: lookup
  214. Smith A, Rodriguez L, El Ghouayel M, Nogales A, Chamberlain JM, Sortino K, Reilly E, Feng C, Topham DJ, Martínez-Sobrido L, Dewhurst S. A Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Elicits Enhanced Heterologous Protection When the Internal Genes of the Vaccine Are Matched to Those of the Challenge Virus.. J Virol 2020 Jan 31;94(4).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01065-19pmc: PMC6997774pubmed: 31748399google scholar: lookup
  215. Martínez-Sobrido L, Peersen O, Nogales A. Temperature Sensitive Mutations in Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complex Responsible for the Attenuation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine.. Viruses 2018 Oct 15;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v10100560pmc: PMC6213772pubmed: 30326610google scholar: lookup
  216. Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Oladunni FS, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus.. Viruses 2019 Oct 11;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v11100933pmc: PMC6832603pubmed: 31614538google scholar: lookup
  217. Rodriguez L, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Parrish CR, Martínez-Sobrido L. A bivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine for the control and prevention of H3N8 and H3N2 canine influenza viruses.. Vaccine 2017 Aug 3;35(34):4374-4381.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.060pubmed: 28709557google scholar: lookup
  218. Wood JM, Mumford J, Folkers C, Scott AM, Schild GC. Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine. 1. Serological responses of ponies to graded doses of vaccine.. J Hyg (Lond) 1983 Jun;90(3):371-84.
    doi: 10.1017/S0022172400029004pmc: PMC2134282pubmed: 6345659google scholar: lookup
  219. 2019 OTM. Equine Influenza (Infection with Equine Influenza Virus). OIE Terrestrial Manual 2019;Chapter 3.5.7.
  220. Daly J, Daas A, Behr-Gross ME. Collaborative study for the establishment of a candidate equine influenza subtype 2 American-like strain A/EQ/South Africa/4/03 - horse antiserum biological reference preparation.. Pharmeuropa Bio 2007 Dec;2007(1):7-14.
    pubmed: 18413133
  221. Ryan-Poirier KA, Kawaoka Y. Distinct glycoprotein inhibitors of influenza A virus in different animal sera.. J Virol 1991 Jan;65(1):389-95.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.389-395.1991pmc: PMC240529pubmed: 1702161google scholar: lookup
  222. Rogers GN, Pritchett TJ, Lane JL, Paulson JC. Differential sensitivity of human, avian, and equine influenza A viruses to a glycoprotein inhibitor of infection: selection of receptor specific variants.. Virology 1983 Dec;131(2):394-408.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90507-Xpubmed: 6197808google scholar: lookup
  223. Subbarao EK, Kawaoka Y, Ryan-Poirier K, Clements ML, Murphy BR. Comparison of different approaches to measuring influenza A virus-specific hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in the presence of serum inhibitors.. J Clin Microbiol 1992 Apr;30(4):996-9.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.4.996-999.1992pmc: PMC265200pubmed: 1572989google scholar: lookup
  224. Boliar S, Stanislawek W, Chambers TM. Inability of kaolin treatment to remove nonspecific inhibitors from equine serum for the hemagglutination inhibition test against equine H7N7 influenza virus.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006 May;18(3):264-7.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870601800305pubmed: 16789714google scholar: lookup
  225. John TJ, Fulginiti VA. Parainfluenza 2 virus: increase in hemagglutinin titer on treatment with Tween-80 and ether.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1966 Jan;121(1):109-11.
    doi: 10.3181/00379727-121-30711pubmed: 4285503google scholar: lookup
  226. Mumford J. Progress in the control of equine influenza. 1992;pp. 207–217.
  227. Morley PS, Hanson LK, Bogdan JR, Townsend HG, Appleton JA, Haines DM. The relationship between single radial hemolysis, hemagglutination inhibition, and virus neutralization assays used to detect antibodies specific for equine influenza viruses.. Vet Microbiol 1995 Jun;45(1):81-92.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)00105-6pubmed: 7653031google scholar: lookup
  228. Trombetta CM, Perini D, Mather S, Temperton N, Montomoli E. Overview of Serological Techniques for Influenza Vaccine Evaluation: Past, Present and Future.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Oct 13;2(4):707-34.
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040707pmc: PMC4494249pubmed: 26344888google scholar: lookup
  229. Schild GC, Pereira MS, Chakraverty P. Single-radial-hemolysis: a new method for the assay of antibody to influenza haemagglutinin. Applications for diagnosis and seroepidemiologic surveillance of influenza.. Bull World Health Organ 1975;52(1):43-50.
    pmc: PMC2366333pubmed: 1082381
  230. Mumford J. Collaborative study for the establishment of three European Pharmacopoeia Biological Reference Preparations for equine influenza horse antiserum. Pharmeuropa 2000;1:7–21.
  231. Mumford JA, Wilson H, Hannant D, Jessett DM. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of equine influenza vaccines containing a Carbomer adjuvant.. Epidemiol Infect 1994 Apr;112(2):421-37.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268800057848pmc: PMC2271453pubmed: 8150017google scholar: lookup
  232. Kinsley R, Scott SD, Daly JM. Controlling equine influenza: Traditional to next generation serological assays.. Vet Microbiol 2016 May 1;187:15-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.006pubmed: 27066704google scholar: lookup
  233. Ji Y, Guo W, Zhao L, Li H, Lu G, Wang Z, Wang G, Liu C, Xiang W. Development of an antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of equine influenza virus nucleoprotein.. J Virol Methods 2011 Jul;175(1):120-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.04.016pubmed: 21536075google scholar: lookup
  234. Nelson KM, Schram BR, McGregor MW, Sheoran AS, Olsen CW, Lunn DP. Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination.. Vaccine 1998 Aug;16(13):1306-13.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00009-7pubmed: 9682395google scholar: lookup
  235. Wagner B. Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin genes of the horse.. Dev Comp Immunol 2006;30(1-2):155-64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.008pubmed: 16046236google scholar: lookup
  236. Daly JM, Yates RJ, Browse G, Swann Z, Newton JR, Jessett D, Davis-Poynter N, Mumford JA. Comparison of hamster and pony challenge models for evaluation of effect of antigenic drift on cross protection afforded by equine influenza vaccines.. Equine Vet J 2003 Jul;35(5):458-62.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403775600433pubmed: 12875323google scholar: lookup
  237. Pavulraj S, Virmani N, Bera BC, Joshi A, Anand T, Virmani M, Singh R, Singh RK, Tripathi BN. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated equine influenza (H3N8) virus vaccine in murine model.. Vet Microbiol 2017 Oct;210:188-196.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.013pubmed: 29103691google scholar: lookup
  238. Mumford JA, Hannant D, Jessett DM. Experimental infection of ponies with equine influenza (H3N8) viruses by intranasal inoculation or exposure to aerosols.. Equine Vet J 1990 Mar;22(2):93-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04217.xpubmed: 2156688google scholar: lookup
  239. Garrett D, Montesso F, Fougerolle S, Lopez-Alvarez MR, Birand I, De Bock M, Huang CM, Legrand L, Pronost S, Paillot R. Refinement of the equine influenza model in the natural host: A meta-analysis to determine the benefits of individual nebulisation for experimental infection and vaccine evaluation in the face of decreased strain pathogenicity.. Vet Microbiol 2017 Nov;211:150-159.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.010pubmed: 29102112google scholar: lookup
  240. Read AJ, Arzey KE, Finlaison DS, Gu X, Davis RJ, Ritchie L, Kirkland PD. A prospective longitudinal study of naturally infected horses to evaluate the performance characteristics of rapid diagnostic tests for equine influenza virus.. Vet Microbiol 2012 May 4;156(3-4):246-55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.031pubmed: 22115969google scholar: lookup
  241. Lu Z, Chambers TM, Boliar S, Branscum AJ, Sturgill TL, Timoney PJ, Reedy SE, Tudor LR, Dubovi EJ, Vickers ML, Sells S, Balasuriya UB. Development and evaluation of one-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays targeting nucleoprotein, matrix, and hemagglutinin genes of equine influenza virus.. J Clin Microbiol 2009 Dec;47(12):3907-13.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00598-09pmc: PMC2786649pubmed: 19846644google scholar: lookup
  242. Wood JM, Schild GC, Folkers C, Mumford J, Newman RW. The standardization of inactivated equine influenza vaccines by single-radial immunodiffusion.. J Biol Stand 1983 Apr;11(2):133-6.
    doi: 10.1016/S0092-1157(83)80037-7pubmed: 6408096google scholar: lookup
  243. Mumford J, Wood J. WHO/OIE meeting: consultation on newly emerging strains of equine influenza. 18-19 May 1992, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.. Vaccine 1993;11(11):1172-5.
    doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(93)90092-Cpubmed: 8249440google scholar: lookup
  244. Legrand LJ, Pitel PH, Marcillaud-Pitel CJ, Cullinane AA, Couroucé AM, Fortier GD, Freymuth FL, Pronost SL. Surveillance of equine influenza viruses through the RESPE network in France from November 2005 to October 2010.. Equine Vet J 2013 Nov;45(6):776-83.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12100pubmed: 23662725google scholar: lookup
  245. EMA/CVMP/IWP/97961/2013, (CVMP) CfMPfVU. Guideline on Data Requirements for Changes to The Strain Composition of Authorised Equine Influenza Vaccines in Line with OIE Recommendations. 2014.
  246. Clifford JR. Viral Strain Changes in Equine Influenza and Swine Influenza Vaccines (Killed Virus). 2007.
  247. Smith DJ, Lapedes AS, de Jong JC, Bestebroer TM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus.. Science 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):371-6.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1097211pubmed: 15218094google scholar: lookup
  248. Lewis NS, Daly JM, Russell CA, Horton DL, Skepner E, Bryant NA, Burke DF, Rash AS, Wood JL, Chambers TM, Fouchier RA, Mumford JA, Elton DM, Smith DJ. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine influenza A (H3N8) virus from 1968 to 2007.. J Virol 2011 Dec;85(23):12742-9.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.05319-11pmc: PMC3209411pubmed: 21937642google scholar: lookup
  249. Nemoto M, Ohta M, Yamanaka T, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Cullinane A. Antigenic differences between equine influenza virus vaccine strains and Florida sublineage clade 1 strains isolated in Europe in 2019.. Vet J 2021 Jun;272:105674.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105674pubmed: 33941332google scholar: lookup
  250. Scott SD, Kinsley R, Temperton N, Daly JM. The Optimisation of Pseudotyped Viruses for the Characterisation of Immune Responses to Equine Influenza Virus.. Pathogens 2016 Dec 15;5(4).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens5040068pmc: PMC5198168pubmed: 27983716google scholar: lookup
  251. Gao J, Couzens L, Eichelberger MC. Measuring Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibody Titers by Enzyme-linked Lectin Assay.. J Vis Exp 2016 Sep 6;(115).
    doi: 10.3791/54573pmc: PMC5091984pubmed: 27684188google scholar: lookup
  252. Ismail TM, Sami AM, Youssef HM, Abou Zaid AA. An outbreak of equine influenza type 1 in Egypt in 1989. Vet. Med. J. Giza 1990;38:195–206.
  253. Singh G. Characterization of A/eq-1 virus isolated during the equine influenza epidemic in India.. Acta Virol 1994 Feb;38(1):25-6.
    pubmed: 8067310
  254. Borchers K, Daly J, Stiens G, Kreling K, Kreling I, Ludwig H. Characterisation of three equine influenza A H3N8 viruses from Germany (2000 and 2002): evidence for frozen evolution.. Vet Microbiol 2005 Apr 25;107(1-2):13-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.010pubmed: 15795074google scholar: lookup
  255. McBride DS, Perofsky AC, Nolting JM, Nelson MI, Bowman AS. Tracing the Source of Influenza A Virus Zoonoses in Interconnected Circuits of Swine Exhibitions.. J Infect Dis 2021 Aug 2;224(3):458-468.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab122pmc: PMC7989509pubmed: 33686399google scholar: lookup
  256. Nelson MI, Stucker KM, Schobel SA, Trovão NS, Das SR, Dugan VG, Nelson SW, Sreevatsan S, Killian ML, Nolting JM, Wentworth DE, Bowman AS. Introduction, Evolution, and Dissemination of Influenza A Viruses in Exhibition Swine in the United States during 2009 to 2013.. J Virol 2016 Dec 1;90(23):10963-10971.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01457-16pmc: PMC5110178pubmed: 27681134google scholar: lookup
  257. Vincent A, Awada L, Brown I, Chen H, Claes F, Dauphin G, Donis R, Culhane M, Hamilton K, Lewis N, Mumford E, Nguyen T, Parchariyanon S, Pasick J, Pavade G, Pereda A, Peiris M, Saito T, Swenson S, Van Reeth K, Webby R, Wong F, Ciacci-Zanella J. Review of influenza A virus in swine worldwide: a call for increased surveillance and research.. Zoonoses Public Health 2014 Feb;61(1):4-17.
    doi: 10.1111/zph.12049pubmed: 23556412google scholar: lookup
  258. Simon G, Larsen LE, Dürrwald R, Foni E, Harder T, Van Reeth K, Markowska-Daniel I, Reid SM, Dan A, Maldonado J, Huovilainen A, Billinis C, Davidson I, Agüero M, Vila T, Hervé S, Breum SØ, Chiapponi C, Urbaniak K, Kyriakis CS, Brown IH, Loeffen W. European surveillance network for influenza in pigs: surveillance programs, diagnostic tools and Swine influenza virus subtypes identified in 14 European countries from 2010 to 2013.. PLoS One 2014;9(12):e115815.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115815pmc: PMC4277368pubmed: 25542013google scholar: lookup
  259. Vincent AL, Perez DR, Rajao D, Anderson TK, Abente EJ, Walia RR, Lewis NS. Influenza A virus vaccines for swine.. Vet Microbiol 2017 Jul;206:35-44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.026pubmed: 27923501google scholar: lookup
  260. Canine Influenza H3N2 Updates, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. [(accessed on 20 June 2021)]; Available online: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/veterinary-support/disease-information/canine-influenza-h3n2-updates.
  261. Smyth GB, Dagley K, Tainsh J. Insights into the economic consequences of the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia.. Aust Vet J 2011 Jul;89 Suppl 1:151-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00777.xpubmed: 21711317google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 13 times.
  1. Wasik BR, Rothschild E, Voorhees IEH, Reedy SE, Murcia PR, Pusterla N, Chambers TM, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Kile JC, Parrish CR. Understanding the divergent evolution and epidemiology of H3N8 influenza viruses in dogs and horses.. Virus Evol 2023;9(2):vead052.
    doi: 10.1093/ve/vead052pubmed: 37692894google scholar: lookup
  2. AbuBakar U, Amrani L, Kamarulzaman FA, Karsani SA, Hassandarvish P, Khairat JE. Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans.. Viruses 2023 Mar 24;15(4).
    doi: 10.3390/v15040833pubmed: 37112812google scholar: lookup
  3. Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future.. Vet Res 2023 Mar 2;54(1):18.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3pubmed: 36864517google scholar: lookup
  4. Chappell DE, Barnett DC, James K, Craig B, Bain F, Gaughan E, Schneider C, Vaala W, Barnum SM, Pusterla N. Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008-2021.. Pathogens 2023 Jan 27;12(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12020192pubmed: 36839464google scholar: lookup
  5. Wagner V, Sabachvili M, Bendl E, Fuchs J, Kochs G. The Antiviral Activity of Equine Mx1 against Thogoto Virus Is Determined by the Molecular Structure of Its Viral Specificity Region.. J Virol 2023 Feb 28;97(2):e0193822.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.01938-22pubmed: 36749070google scholar: lookup
  6. Carnet F, Paillot R, Fortier C, Hue ES, Briot L, de Geoffroy F, Vidalain PO, Pronost S. Immunostimulating Effect of Inactivated Parapoxvirus Ovis on the Serological Response to Equine Influenza Booster Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Dec 14;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines10122139pubmed: 36560549google scholar: lookup
  7. Olufemi OT, Edeh ER, Isyaku MS, Haliru M, Samaila S, Mshelia PW, Owolodun OA, Newton JR, Daly JM. Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria.. Pathogens 2022 Nov 17;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111372pubmed: 36422623google scholar: lookup
  8. Ahmed BM, Bayoumi MM, Farrag MA, Elgamal MA, Daly JM, Amer HM. Emergence of equine influenza virus H3Nx Florida clade 2 in Arabian racehorses in Egypt.. Virol J 2022 Nov 12;19(1):185.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-022-01917-9pubmed: 36371185google scholar: lookup
  9. Gonzalez-Obando J, Forero JE, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Ruiz-Saenz J. Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Oct 14;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines10101718pubmed: 36298583google scholar: lookup
  10. Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Martínez-Sobrido L. Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins for veterinary use.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022;12:954811.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954811pubmed: 35937688google scholar: lookup
  11. Whitlock F, Murcia PR, Newton JR. A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective.. Viruses 2022 Jun 15;14(6).
    doi: 10.3390/v14061312pubmed: 35746783google scholar: lookup
  12. Rozario C, Martínez-Sobrido L, McSorley HJ, Chauché C. Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species.. Viruses 2021 Dec 15;13(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v13122519pubmed: 34960788google scholar: lookup
  13. Kessler S, Harder TC, Schwemmle M, Ciminski K. Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events-Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?. Viruses 2021 Nov 9;13(11).
    doi: 10.3390/v13112250pubmed: 34835056google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.