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Reproduction & fertility2021; 2(4); 251-266; doi: 10.1530/RAF-21-0008

Equine ovarian tissue xenografting: impacts of cooling, vitrification, and VEGF.

Abstract: Ovarian tissue transplantation methods using cooled and cryopreserved samples have been attractive options for fertility preservation in animal models and humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of previous exposure to cooling, cryopreservation, and VEGF on the overall efficiency of equine ovarian tissue after heterotopic xenotransplantation in mice. The end points evaluated were follicular morphology and development, follicular and stromal cell densities, angiogenesis (i.e. the density of new and mature blood vessels), collagen types I and III fiber densities, and total fibrosis. Ovaries of adult mares were harvested after ovariectomy, and ovarian fragments were xenografted in the i.p. wall of BALB nude mice. Ten types of treatments involving different combinations of cooling, cryopreservation, xenografting procedures, and VEGF exposure were compared. The novel aspect of this study was the use of equine ovarian tissue xenotransplantation in mice, challenging the fragments with different combinations of treatments. The main findings were (i) cooling but not cryopreservation was effective in preserving the follicular morphology, (ii) a greater percentage of developing follicles but lower follicular and stromal cell densities were observed after ovarian tissue engraftment, (iii) exposure to VEGF increased new and mature vessels in cryopreserved-transplanted tissue, and (iv) an appropriate balance in the collagen types I and III fiber ratio in cooling-transplanted tissue was observed after exposure to VEGF. This study contributes to advancing knowledge in the preservation of ovarian tissue after cooling-cryopreservation and transplantation aiming to be applied to genetically superior/valuable horses, livestock, endangered animals, and, possibly, humans. Due to ethical limitations involving humans, the female horse (mare) has recently emerged as an alternative model for reproductive comparisons with women to optimize fertility restoration using ovarian tissue transplantation techniques. This study determined if ovarian tissue from donor mares ( = 3), exposed or not to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) before transplantation, better survives for 7 days after transplantation into mouse hosts ( = 12). Tissues submitted to different combinations of cooling, freezing, and transplanting treatments, along with control groups, were evaluated using the parameters morphology, development, the density of immature eggs (follicles), the density of supportive (stromal) cells, collagen protein proportions, and density of blood vessels. Frozen-thawed treatments had lower percentages of normal follicles. Exposure to VEGF increased blood vessel densities in frozen tissue and favored adequate collagen levels in cooled-transplanted treatments. In conclusion, VEGF exposure seems to be beneficial for mare ovarian tissue transplantation and warrants further investigation.
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Publication Date: 2021-09-23 PubMed ID: 35118403PubMed Central: PMC8801023DOI: 10.1530/RAF-21-0008Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study aimed to examine the impact of various factors such as cooling, cryopreservation, and VEGF on the efficacy of equine ovarian tissue transplantation in mice. The results suggested that cooling but not cryopreservation preserved follicular morphology and that exposure to VEGF promoted vascular development in cryopreserved-transplanted tissue. The study has critical implications for fertility preservation in female horses and potentially in humans.

Research Objectives

  • The primary goal of this research was to evaluate the impacts of cooling, cryopreservation, and exposure to VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) on equine ovarian tissue after xenotransplantation in mice.
  • The researchers studied several endpoints, including follicular morphology and development, follicular and stromal cell densities, the formation of new and mature blood vessels (angiogenesis), and the densities of collagen types I and III fibers and total fibrosis.

Methodology

  • Ovaries from adult mares were collected following ovariectomy, and fragments of this ovarian tissue were grafted onto the abdominal wall of immune-deficient (“nude”) mice.
  • The study involved ten different methods, each representing unique combinations of cooling, cryopreservation, xenografting procedures, and VEGF exposure.
  • The innovative aspect of this research was that it entailed xenotransplantation of equine ovarian tissue into mice, exposing the fragments to various treatment combinations.

Findings

  • Cooling but not cryopreservation effectively maintained the morphology of follicles.
  • Better development of follicles but decreased follicular and stromal cell densities were observed following the grafting of ovarian tissue.
  • Cryopreserved and transplanted tissues exposed to VEGF showed an increase in new and mature blood vessels.
  • A proper ratio of collagen types I and III fiber was observed in cooled-transplanted tissue with VEGF exposure.

Implications

  • This research contributes to our understanding of how to preserve ovarian tissue following cooling, cryopreservation, and transplantation. The results may be applicable to preserving fertility in genetically valuable horses, livestock, and endangered animals and might have potential implications for human fertility preservation as well.
  • The findings also indicate that VEGF exposure might be beneficial for mare ovarian tissue transplantation, leading to increased vascular development in cryopreserved-transplanted tissue, and warrant further investigation.

Cite This Article

APA
Souza SS, Aguiar FLN, Alves BG, Alves KA, Brandão FAS, Brito DCC, Raposo RDS, Gastal MO, Rodrigues APR, Figueiredo JR, Teixeira DÍA, Gastal EL. (2021). Equine ovarian tissue xenografting: impacts of cooling, vitrification, and VEGF. Reprod Fertil, 2(4), 251-266. https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-21-0008

Publication

Reproduction & fertility
ISSN: 2633-8386
NlmUniqueID: 101778727
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 2
Issue: 4
Pages: 251-266

Researcher Affiliations

Souza, Samara Silva
  • Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging Applied to Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Aguiar, Francisco Leo Nascimento
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sousa Campus, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil.
Alves, Benner Geraldo
  • Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Alves, Kele Amaral
  • Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Brandão, Fabiana Aparecida Santilli
  • Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging Applied to Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Brito, Danielle Cristina Calado
  • Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Raposo, Ramon da Silva
  • Nucleus of Experimental Biology, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Gastal, Melba Oliveira
  • Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
Rodrigues, Ana Paula Ribeiro
  • Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Figueiredo, José Ricardo
  • Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Teixeira, Dárcio Ítalo Alves
  • Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging Applied to Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
Gastal, Eduardo Leite
  • Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Adult
  • Animals
  • Female
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Mice
  • Mice, Nude
  • Ovarian Follicle
  • Transplantation, Heterologous
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
  • Vitrification

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Kanamori R, Takae S, Ito K, Mukae A, Shimura M, Suzuki N. Significance and Influence of Suturing for Ovarian Tissue Transplantation. Reprod Sci 2023 Sep 6;.
    doi: 10.1007/s43032-023-01320-xpubmed: 37674005google scholar: lookup
  2. Zhao D, Li X, Zheng X, Xie X, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Large animal models in gynecology: status and future perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1588098.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1588098pubmed: 40400670google scholar: lookup
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