FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Br Vet J / Equine piroplasmosis: a review.
The British veterinary journal1992; 148(1); 6-14; doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5

Equine piroplasmosis: a review.

Abstract: This review focuses on equine piroplasmosis with specific reference to its distribution, diagnosis and clinical and pathological signs. The more common used drugs are discussed both with reference to treatment and chemosterilization. Areas requiring further research are also briefly mentioned.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1992-01-01 PubMed ID: 1551016DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides a comprehensive review of equine piroplasmosis, a parasitic disease in horses that affects their blood cells. The study addresses its geographical prevalence, diagnostic methods, visible signs, and available treatment options. The paper also points out the areas that need more research for a better understanding and control of the disease.

Distribution and Epidemiology of Equine Piroplasmosis

This section of the paper provides information about the prevalence and distribution of equine piroplasmosis, a parasitic disease that affects horses. The aim is to understand:

  • Regions worldwide where the disease is most prevalent
  • The factors contributing to its spread and transmission in different geographical areas
  • The implications of this distribution on the global equine industry

Diagnosis of Equine Piroplasmosis

Equine piroplasmosis needs to be accurately and timely detected for effective treatment. In this section, the paper discusses:

  • The typical symptoms of equine piroplasmosis that help the initial identification of the disease
  • The standard tests and procedures used to diagnose the disease. For example, blood tests or genomic sequencing
  • The accuracy, efficiency and limitations of these diagnostic methods

Clinical and Pathological Signs of Equine Piroplasmosis

Understanding the visible signs and internal effects of equine piroplasmosis can help in early detection of the disease. Therefore, the paper describes:

  • Typical behaviors or unusual signs in horses that might suggest infection
  • Physical health effects the disease has on infected horses
  • Postmortem pathology that gives definitive evidence of the disease

Treatment and Chemosterilization of Equine Piroplasmosis

The paper then goes on to discuss different aspects of disease management:

  • The available treatments – drugs used in treating the disease
  • Success and failure rates of the different treatment options, as well as any side effects
  • Chemosterilization – the process of using chemicals to sterilize the carrier organism and prevent further transmission of the disease

Need for further research

Lastly, the paper indicates the areas that need more research for better disease control. This might include:

  • Developing more effective diagnostic methods
  • Designing new drugs or treatment strategies
  • Better understanding of the disease’s transmission modes to prevent its spread

Cite This Article

APA
de Waal DT. (1992). Equine piroplasmosis: a review. Br Vet J, 148(1), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5

Publication

The British veterinary journal
ISSN: 0007-1935
NlmUniqueID: 0372554
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 148
Issue: 1
Pages: 6-14

Researcher Affiliations

de Waal, D T
  • Protozoology Division, Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort RSA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Babesiosis / diagnosis
  • Babesiosis / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Horses

Citations

This article has been cited 60 times.
  1. Graham H, van Kalsbeek P, van der Goot J, Koene MGJ. Low seroprevalence of equine piroplasmosis in horses exported from the Netherlands between 2015 and 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:954046.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.954046pubmed: 36299627google scholar: lookup
  2. Peckle M, Santos H, Pires M, Silva C, Costa R, Vitari G, Camilo T, Meireles N, Paulino P, Massard C. Dynamics of Theileria equi Infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus during the Parasitic Phase in a Chronically Infected Horse. Pathogens 2022 Apr 29;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050525pubmed: 35631046google scholar: lookup
  3. Coultous RM, Sutton DGM, Boden LA. A risk assessment of equine piroplasmosis entry, exposure and consequences in the UK. Equine Vet J 2023 Mar;55(2):282-294.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13579pubmed: 35478189google scholar: lookup
  4. Salinas-Estrella E, Ueti MW, Lobanov VA, Castillo-Payró E, Lizcano-Mata A, Badilla C, Martínez-Ibáñez F, Mosqueda J. Serological and molecular detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Mexico: A prospective study. PLoS One 2022;17(3):e0264998.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264998pubmed: 35259206google scholar: lookup
  5. Nadal C, Marsot M, Le Metayer G, Boireau P, Guillot J, Bonnet SI. Spatial and Temporal Circulation of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in France Based on Seven Years of Serological Data. Pathogens 2022 Feb 9;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11020227pubmed: 35215171google scholar: lookup
  6. Schnittger L, Ganzinelli S, Bhoora R, Omondi D, Nijhof AM, Florin-Christensen M. The Piroplasmida Babesia, Cytauxzoon, and Theileria in farm and companion animals: species compilation, molecular phylogeny, and evolutionary insights. Parasitol Res 2022 May;121(5):1207-1245.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07424-8pubmed: 35098377google scholar: lookup
  7. Kamani J, Bártová E, Kašpárková N, Mohammed SJ, Budíková M, Sedlák K. Seroprevalence of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Trichinella spp. infections in horses and donkeys from Nigeria, West Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021 May 24;53(3):338.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02737-9pubmed: 34031761google scholar: lookup
  8. Tirosh-Levy S, Mazuz ML, Savitsky I, Pinkas D, Gottlieb Y, Steinman A. Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Babesia caballi in Apparently Healthy Horses in Israel. Pathogens 2021 Apr 8;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040445pubmed: 33917822google scholar: lookup
  9. Pienaar R, de Klerk DG, de Castro MH, Featherston J, Mans BJ. De novo assembled salivary gland transcriptome and expression pattern analyses for Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neuman, 1897 male and female ticks. Sci Rep 2021 Jan 15;11(1):1642.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80454-3pubmed: 33452281google scholar: lookup
  10. Jaramillo FM, Piñeros DDV, Corrêa RR, Pogliani FC, Cogliati B, Baccarin RYA. Efficacy of oral Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on toxicity of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Vet Rec Open 2020;7(1):e000416.
    doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000416pubmed: 33178437google scholar: lookup
  11. Tirosh-Levy S, Gottlieb Y, Fry LM, Knowles DP, Steinman A. Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny. Pathogens 2020 Nov 8;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110926pubmed: 33171698google scholar: lookup
  12. Zhao S, Wang H, Zhang S, Xie S, Li H, Zhang X, Jia L. First report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in Jilin, China. Parasit Vectors 2020 Sep 9;13(1):459.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04338-1pubmed: 32907616google scholar: lookup
  13. Dik B, Ceylan O, Ceylan C, Tekindal MA, Semassel A, Sönmez G, Derinbay Ekici Ö. Ectoparasites of feral horses [Equus ferus caballus (Linnaeus., 1758)] on Karadağ Mountain, Karaman, Turkey. J Parasit Dis 2020 Sep;44(3):590-596.
    doi: 10.1007/s12639-020-01234-4pubmed: 32801511google scholar: lookup
  14. Dos Santos TM, Roier ECR, Pires MS, Santos HA, Vilela JAR, Peckle M, Paulino PG, Baldani CD, Massard CL. Molecular evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Theileria equi coinfection in horses from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Anim Sci 2019 Jun;7:100055.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100055pubmed: 32734076google scholar: lookup
  15. Mshelia PW, Kappmeyer L, Johnson WC, Kudi CA, Oluyinka OO, Balogun EO, Richard EE, Onoja E, Sears KP, Ueti MW. Molecular detection of Theileria species and Babesia caballi from horses in Nigeria. Parasitol Res 2020 Sep;119(9):2955-2963.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-020-06797-ypubmed: 32647992google scholar: lookup
  16. Tirosh-Levy S, Steinman A, Levy H, Katz Y, Shtilman M, Gottlieb Y. Parasite load and genotype are associated with clinical outcome of piroplasm-infected equines in Israel. Parasit Vectors 2020 May 20;13(1):267.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04133-ypubmed: 32434550google scholar: lookup
  17. Lei R, Wang X, Zhang D, Liu Y, Chen Q, Jiang N. Rapid isothermal duplex real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis. Sci Rep 2020 Mar 5;10(1):4096.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60997-1pubmed: 32139744google scholar: lookup
  18. Tirosh-Levy S, Gottlieb Y, Mimoun L, Mazuz ML, Steinman A. Transplacental Transmission of Theileria equi Is Not a Common Cause of Abortions and Infection of Foals in Israel. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 21;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020341pubmed: 32098113google scholar: lookup
  19. Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 May 16;16(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101736pubmed: 31100920google scholar: lookup
  20. Smith RM, Bhoora RV, Kotzé A, Grobler JP, Lee Dalton D. Translocation a potential corridor for equine piroplasms in Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019 Aug;9:130-133.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.010pubmed: 31080728google scholar: lookup
  21. Santodomingo A, Sierra-Orozco K, Cotes-Perdomo A, Castro LR. Molecular detection of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma platys and Theileria equi in ticks collected from horses in Tayrona National Park, Colombia. Exp Appl Acarol 2019 Mar;77(3):411-423.
    doi: 10.1007/s10493-019-00354-8pubmed: 30923988google scholar: lookup
  22. Sant C, Allicock OM, d'Abadie R, Charles RA, Georges K. Phylogenetic analysis of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi sequences from thoroughbred mares and foals in Trinidad. Parasitol Res 2019 Apr;118(4):1171-1177.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-019-06240-xpubmed: 30761425google scholar: lookup
  23. Narankhajid M, Yeruult C, Gurbadam A, Battsetseg J, Aberle SW, Bayartogtokh B, Joachim A, Duscher GG. Some aspects on tick species in Mongolia and their potential role in the transmission of equine piroplasms, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi L. Parasitol Res 2018 Nov;117(11):3557-3566.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-6053-xpubmed: 30178195google scholar: lookup
  24. Díaz-Sánchez AA, Pires MS, Estrada CY, Cañizares EV, Del Castillo Domínguez SL, Cabezas-Cruz A, Rivero EL, da Fonseca AH, Massard CL, Corona-González B. First molecular evidence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Cuba. Parasitol Res 2018 Oct;117(10):3109-3118.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-6005-5pubmed: 30033488google scholar: lookup
  25. Ionita M, Nicorescu IM, Pfister K, Mitrea IL. Parasitological and molecular diagnostic of a clinical Babesia caballi outbreak in Southern Romania. Parasitol Res 2018 Jul;117(7):2333-2339.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-5899-2pubmed: 29766270google scholar: lookup
  26. Lobanov VA, Peckle M, Massard CL, Brad Scandrett W, Gajadhar AA. Development and validation of a duplex real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis. Parasit Vectors 2018 Mar 2;11(1):125.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2751-6pubmed: 29499748google scholar: lookup
  27. Van Voorhis WC, Doggett JS, Parsons M, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Riggs MW, Hemphill A, Howe DK, Mealey RH, Lau AOT, Merritt EA, Maly DJ, Fan E, Ojo KK. Extended-spectrum antiprotozoal bumped kinase inhibitors: A review. Exp Parasitol 2017 Sep;180:71-83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.001pubmed: 28065755google scholar: lookup
  28. Abedi V, Razmi G, Seifi H, Naghibi A. Molecular detection of equine piroplasms in donkeys (Equus asinus) in North Khorasan province, Iran. Iran J Vet Res 2015 Spring;16(2):202-4.
    pubmed: 27175176
  29. Mahmoud MS, El-Ezz NT, Abdel-Shafy S, Nassar SA, El Namaky AH, Khalil WK, Knowles D, Kappmeyer L, Silva MG, Suarez CE. Assessment of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in equine populations in Egypt by molecular, serological and hematological approaches. Parasit Vectors 2016 May 4;9:260.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1539-9pubmed: 27146413google scholar: lookup
  30. Habibi G, Esmaeilnia K, Hablolvarid MH, Afshari A, Zamen M, Bozorgi S. Microscopic and Molecular Detection of Theileria (Babesia) Equi Infection in Equids of Kurdistan Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2016 Jan-Mar;11(1):86-90.
    pubmed: 27095973
  31. Sumbria D, Das Singla L, Sharma A. Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection of equids in Punjab, India: a serological and molecular survey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016 Jan;48(1):45-52.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-015-0917-1pubmed: 26387094google scholar: lookup
  32. Mans BJ, Pienaar R, Latif AA. A review of Theileria diagnostics and epidemiology. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015 Apr;4(1):104-18.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.12.006pubmed: 25830110google scholar: lookup
  33. Malekifard F, Tavassoli M, Yakhchali M, Darvishzadeh R. Detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi using microscopic and molecular methods in horses in suburb of Urmia, Iran. Vet Res Forum 2014 Spring;5(2):129-33.
    pubmed: 25568706
  34. Guidi E, Pradier S, Lebert I, Leblond A. Piroplasmosis in an endemic area: analysis of the risk factors and their implications in the control of Theileriosis and Babesiosis in horses. Parasitol Res 2015 Jan;114(1):71-83.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-4161-9pubmed: 25280516google scholar: lookup
  35. Wang M, Guo W, Igarashi I, Xuan X, Wang X, Xiang W, Jia H. Epidemiological investigation of equine piroplasmosis in China by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Vet Med Sci 2014 Apr;76(4):549-52.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.13-0477pubmed: 24292247google scholar: lookup
  36. Ramsay JD, Ueti MW, Johnson WC, Scoles GA, Knowles DP, Mealey RH. Lymphocytes and macrophages are infected by Theileria equi, but T cells and B cells are not required to establish infection in vivo. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e76996.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076996pubmed: 24116194google scholar: lookup
  37. Awinda PO, Mealey RH, Williams LB, Conrad PA, Packham AE, Reif KE, Grause JF, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Chung C, Bastos RG, Kappmeyer LS, Howe DK, Ness SL, Knowles DP, Ueti MW. Serum antibodies from a subset of horses positive for Babesia caballi by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrate a protein recognition pattern that is not consistent with infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2013 Nov;20(11):1752-7.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00479-13pubmed: 24049108google scholar: lookup
  38. Ribeiro AJ, Cardoso L, Maia JM, Coutinho T, Cotovio M. Prevalence of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses from the north of Portugal. Parasitol Res 2013 Jul;112(7):2611-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3429-9pubmed: 23591484google scholar: lookup
  39. Chhabra S, Ranjan R, Uppal SK, Singla LD. Transplacental transmission of Babesia equi (Theileria equi) from carrier mares to foals. J Parasit Dis 2012 Apr;36(1):31-3.
    doi: 10.1007/s12639-011-0072-1pubmed: 23543072google scholar: lookup
  40. Peckle M, Pires MS, Dos Santos TM, Roier EC, da Silva CB, Vilela JA, Santos HA, Massard CL. Molecular epidemiology of Theileria equi in horses and their association with possible tick vectors in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2013 May;112(5):2017-25.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3360-0pubmed: 23474658google scholar: lookup
  41. Hamond C, Martins G, Lilenbaum W. Subclinical leptospirosis may impair athletic performance in racing horses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012 Dec;44(8):1927-30.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-012-0158-5pubmed: 22547110google scholar: lookup
  42. Schwint ON, Ueti MW, Palmer GH, Kappmeyer LS, Hines MT, Cordes RT, Knowles DP, Scoles GA. Imidocarb dipropionate clears persistent Babesia caballi infection with elimination of transmission potential. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009 Oct;53(10):4327-32.
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.00404-09pubmed: 19620328google scholar: lookup
  43. Salim BO, Hassan SM, Bakheit MA, Alhassan A, Igarashi I, Karanis P, Abdelrahman MB. Diagnosis of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Sudan using ELISA and PCR. Parasitol Res 2008 Oct;103(5):1145-50.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1108-zpubmed: 18618143google scholar: lookup
  44. Rashid HB, Chaudhry M, Rashid H, Pervez K, Khan MA, Mahmood AK. Comparative efficacy of diminazene diaceturate and diminazene aceturate for the treatment of babesiosis in horses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008 Aug;40(6):463-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-007-9121-2pubmed: 18575975google scholar: lookup
  45. Heim A, Passos LM, Ribeiro MF, Costa-Júnior LM, Bastos CV, Cabral DD, Hirzmann J, Pfister K. Detection and molecular characterization of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi isolates from endemic areas of Brazil. Parasitol Res 2007 Dec;102(1):63-8.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-007-0726-1pubmed: 17828553google scholar: lookup
  46. Dao TTH, Szűts T, Duong NN, Troung DTQ, Solymosi N, Takács N, Hornok S, Farkas R. The first molecular detection of equine piroplasmosis in Vietnam and genetic characterization of three co-circulating genotypes of Theileria equi. Parasitol Res 2026 Feb 5;125(1):14.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-026-08630-4pubmed: 41644779google scholar: lookup
  47. Qin S, Kulabieke T, Mizhamuhan D, Zhang M, Jin M, Abula G, Pi M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo Q. Molecular Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Theileria equi in Xinjiang, China, Based on Three Genes. Vet Sci 2025 Dec 25;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci13010027pubmed: 41600683google scholar: lookup
  48. Dorrego A, Olvera-Maneu S, Jose-Cunilleras E, Gago P, Raez A, Rivera B, Oporto A, Gonzalez S, Cruz-Lopez F. Molecular Detection of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Hippobosca equina from Horses in Spain. Pathogens 2026 Jan 15;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens15010094pubmed: 41599078google scholar: lookup
  49. Gupta KK, Gupta N, Kumar S, Srivastava M, Kumar P. Equine piroplasmosis: an emerging tick-borne threat to equine health. Trop Anim Health Prod 2026 Jan 5;58(1):29.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04829-2pubmed: 41489672google scholar: lookup
  50. Khaing Y, Htun LL, Linn KS, Kyaw WO, Nwae TT, Chel HM, Win SY, Murata S, Nakao R, Nonaka N, Bawm S. Microscopic examination of haemoparasites and the first molecular detection of Theileria equi in horses in Myanmar. Parasitol Res 2025 Apr 21;124(4):42.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-025-08488-ypubmed: 40257584google scholar: lookup
  51. Peris MP, Serrano M, Romero A, García M, Halaihel N, Castillo JA, Gracia MJ. Prevalence rates of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in the horse population of northern Spain: a serological and molecular study. Vet Res Commun 2025 Mar 24;49(3):151.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10722-ypubmed: 40126690google scholar: lookup
  52. Fernandes TA, Paulino PG, Dos Santos Juliano D, Rabello CA, de Oliveira NVB, de Souza Santana M, Peckle M, Massard CL, da Costa Angelo I, Jacob JCF, Santos HA. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in draft horses in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2025 Feb 19;57(2):72.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04321-xpubmed: 39969660google scholar: lookup
  53. Giubega S, Ilie MS, Morariu S, Imre M, Dreghiciu C, Rugea T, Ivascu S, Simion G, Dărăbuș G. Molecular Investigations of Babesia caballi from Clinically Healthy Horses in Southwestern Romania. Vet Sci 2024 Nov 27;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11120600pubmed: 39728940google scholar: lookup
  54. Axt CW, Springer A, von Luckner J, Naucke TJ, Müller E, Strube C, Schäfer I. [Equine piroplasmosis: Case descriptions and overview of the epidemiological situation in Europe with focus on Germany]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2025 Feb;53(1):49-58.
    doi: 10.1055/a-2457-5516pubmed: 39631762google scholar: lookup
  55. de Albuquerque CV, da Silva Andrade M, de Freitas MS, Paulino PG, Santos HA, de Tarso Landgraf Botteon P. Significance of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia caballi, and Theileria equi as etiologic agents in horses with clinical manifestations from the metropolitan area of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024 Sep 21;56(8):268.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-024-04134-4pubmed: 39305438google scholar: lookup
  56. Ochi A, Toya Y, Sengoku M, Tsuchiya S, Kishi D, Ueno T. In vitro evaluation of the automated hematology analyzer XN-31 for rapid diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis. Microbiol Spectr 2024 Oct 3;12(10):e0058224.
    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00582-24pubmed: 39269182google scholar: lookup
  57. Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF, Ulucesme MC, Aytmirzakizi A, Aktas M. Survey of tick-borne pathogens in grazing horses in Kyrgyzstan: phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity, and prevalence of Theileria equi. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1359974.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359974pubmed: 38746933google scholar: lookup
  58. Axt CW, Springer A, Strube C, Jung C, Naucke TJ, Müller E, Schäfer I. Molecular and Serological Detection of Vector-Borne Pathogens Responsible for Equine Piroplasmosis in Europe between 2008 and 2021. Microorganisms 2024 Apr 17;12(4).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12040816pubmed: 38674760google scholar: lookup
  59. Nehra AK, Kumari A, Moudgil AD, Vohra S. Revisiting the genotypes of Theileria equi based on the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1303090.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1303090pubmed: 38560630google scholar: lookup
  60. Coluccia P, Gizzarelli M, Scicluna MT, Manna G, Foglia Manzillo V, Buono F, Auletta L, Palumbo V, Pasolini MP. A cross-sectional study on performance evaluation in Italian standardbred horses' real-time PCR-positive for Theileria equi. BMC Vet Res 2024 Mar 5;20(1):79.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-03908-0pubmed: 38443906google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.