FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impa...
Viruses2024; 16(1); 130; doi: 10.3390/v16010130

Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health.

Abstract: Group A rotaviruses are a well-known cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children, as well as in many mammalian species and birds, affecting them at a young age. This group of viruses has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome with high genetic diversity linked to point mutations, recombination, and, importantly, reassortment. While initial molecular investigations undertaken in the 1900s suggested host range restriction among group A rotaviruses based on the fact that different gene segments were distributed among different animal species, recent molecular surveillance and genome constellation genotyping studies conducted by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) have shown that animal rotaviruses serve as a source of diversification of human rotavirus A, highlighting their zoonotic potential. Rotaviruses occurring in various animal species have been linked with contributing genetic material to human rotaviruses, including horses, with the most recent identification of equine-like G3 rotavirus A infecting children. The goal of this article is to review relevant information related to rotavirus structure/genomic organization, epidemiology (with a focus on human and equine rotavirus A), evolution, inter-species transmission, and the potential zoonotic role of equine and other animal rotaviruses. Diagnostics, surveillance and the current status of human and livestock vaccines against RVA are also reviewed.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-01-16 PubMed ID: 38257830PubMed Central: PMC10819593DOI: 10.3390/v16010130Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews the characteristics and epidemiology of Group A rotaviruses, with a particular focus on equine rotavirus A and its potential impact on public health through zoonotic transmission.
  • The paper emphasizes the genetic diversity in rotaviruses, the evidence for interspecies transmission including from horses to humans, and considerations for diagnosis, surveillance, and vaccination.

Introduction to Group A Rotaviruses

  • Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, particularly in young individuals of multiple species including humans, mammals, and birds.
  • These viruses have a genome made up of double-stranded, segmented RNA, which allows for significant genetic variation.
  • Genetic diversity arises from mechanisms such as:
    • Point mutations (small changes in the RNA sequence),
    • Recombination (exchange of genetic material between different viral strains),
    • Reassortment (mixing of genome segments when two viruses infect the same cell),

Historical Perspective and Host Range

  • Early molecular studies from the 1900s suggested that Group A rotaviruses were host-specific due to distinct gene segments found in viruses from different animal species.
  • This host specificity implied limited cross-species infection potential.

Molecular Surveillance and Changing Understanding

  • Recent advances, particularly through work by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG), have demonstrated that:
    • Animal rotavirus strains contribute genetic material to human rotavirus strains, indicating cross-species transmission.
    • This reveals a significant zoonotic potential, meaning animals can be sources of infection or viral diversity affecting humans.
  • Horses are among the animals implicated in this genetic exchange, with the discovery of an “equine-like” G3 rotavirus A strain infecting children.

Focus on Equine Rotavirus A

  • The review places specific emphasis on equine rotavirus A due to its emerging recognition as a contributor to human infections.
  • Topics discussed include:
    • Virus structure and genome organization that facilitates diversity and zoonosis,
    • Epidemiology of RVA in both humans and horses,
    • Patterns and mechanisms of virus evolution, including interspecies viral transmission,
    • Potential scenarios for zoonotic infection from horses to humans and other animals.

Diagnostics and Surveillance

  • The article reviews current diagnostic techniques used to detect and classify rotavirus infections in various hosts.
  • Surveillance is highlighted to be crucial for:
    • Monitoring the emergence of novel or reassorted strains,
    • Tracking cross-species infection events,
    • Informing public health responses to outbreaks.

Vaccination Status

  • The review covers the status of vaccines against RVA in humans and livestock including horses.
  • Vaccination remains a key preventative tool but is challenged by:
    • The high genetic diversity and rapid evolution of RVA strains,
    • The emergence of zoonotic strains which may evade existing vaccines,
    • Differences in vaccine availability and use between human and animal populations.

Implications for One Health and Public Health

  • The article applies the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
  • Key implications include:
    • Understanding that zoonotic spillover events from animals like horses may affect human health.
    • Increased need for integrated surveillance systems across species to detect emerging rotavirus strains early.
    • Development of cross-species effective vaccines and control measures to reduce public health burden.

Summary

  • Group A rotaviruses exhibit complex genetic diversity and interspecies transmission potential, which plays a significant role in the epidemiology of rotavirus infections.
  • Equine rotavirus A represents an important source of viral diversity with demonstrated zoonotic potential, warranting attention for public health surveillance and vaccine strategies.
  • The review supports continuous multidisciplinary efforts to monitor, prevent, and control rotavirus infection under a One Health framework.

Cite This Article

APA
Carossino M, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Balasuriya UBR, Parreño V. (2024). Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health. Viruses, 16(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010130

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
PII: 130

Researcher Affiliations

Carossino, Mariano
  • Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
  • Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Vissani, Maria Aldana
  • Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina.
  • Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina.
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina.
Barrandeguy, Maria E
  • Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina.
  • Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina.
Balasuriya, Udeni B R
  • Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
  • Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Parreño, Viviana
  • Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina.
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina.

MeSH Terms

  • Child
  • Infant
  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Rotavirus / genetics
  • Public Health
  • One Health
  • Enterovirus Infections
  • Livestock
  • Mammals

Grant Funding

  • 863 / Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation
  • 1433 Formula Funds / United States Department of Agriculture

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 260 references
  1. Saif L, Rosen B, Parwani A. Animal Rotaviruses. In: Kapikian A.Z., editor. Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker; New York, NY, USA: 1994. pp. 279–367.
  2. Martella V, Banyai K, Matthijnssens J, Buonavoglia C, Ciarlet M. Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses. Vet. Microbiol. 2010;140:246–255.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.028pubmed: 19781872google scholar: lookup
  3. Matthijnssens J, Attoui H, Banyai K, Brussaard C.P.D., Danthi P, Del Vas M, Dermody T.S., Duncan R, Fang Q, Johne R. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Sedoreoviridae 2022. J. Gen. Virol. 2022;103.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001782pmc: PMC12643109pubmed: 36215107google scholar: lookup
  4. Flewett T.H., Bryden A.S., Davies H, Woode G.N., Bridger J.C., Derrick J.M.. Relation between viruses from acute gastroenteritis of children and newborn calves. Lancet 1974;2:61–63.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91631-6pubmed: 4137164google scholar: lookup
  5. Mebus C.A., Underdahl N.R., Rhodes M.B., Twiehaus M.J.. Further studies on neonatal calf diarrhea virus. Proc. Annu. Meet. US Anim. Health Assoc. 1969;73:97–99.
    pubmed: 5278202
  6. Adams W.R., Kraft L.M.. Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice: Indentification of the etiologic agent. Science 1963;141:359–360.
    doi: 10.1126/science.141.3578.359pubmed: 14011026google scholar: lookup
  7. Malherbe H, Harwin R. Seven viruses isolated from the vervet monkey. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1957;38:539.
    pmc: PMC2082615pubmed: 13479678
  8. McNulty M, Pearson G, McFerran J, Collins D, Allan G. A reovirus-like agent (rotavirus) associated with diarrhoea in neonatal pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 1976;1:55–63.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(76)90009-2google scholar: lookup
  9. McNulty M.S.. Rotaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 1978;40:1–18.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-40-1-1pubmed: 80441google scholar: lookup
  10. Du Y, Chen C, Zhang X, Yan D, Jiang D, Liu X, Yang M, Ding C, Lan L, Hecht R. Global burden and trends of rotavirus infection-associated deaths from 1990 to 2019: An observational trend study. Virol. J. 2022;19:166.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-022-01898-9pmc: PMC9585833pubmed: 36266651google scholar: lookup
  11. Vlasova A.N., Amimo J.O., Saif L.J.. Porcine Rotaviruses: Epidemiology, Immune Responses and Control Strategies. Viruses 2017;9:48.
    doi: 10.3390/v9030048pmc: PMC5371803pubmed: 28335454google scholar: lookup
  12. Nemoto M, Matsumura T. Equine rotavirus infection. J. Equine Sci. 2021;32:1–9.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.32.1pmc: PMC7984913pubmed: 33776534google scholar: lookup
  13. Browning G.F., Chalmers R.M., Snodgrass D.R., Batt R.M., Hart C.A., Ormarod S.E., Leadon D., Stoneham S.J., Rossdale P.D.. The prevalence of enteric pathogens in diarrhoeic thoroughbred foals in Britain and Ireland. Equine Vet. J. 1991;23:405–409.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03751.xpmc: PMC7185455pubmed: 1663866google scholar: lookup
  14. Sadiq A, Bostan N, Jadoon K, Aziz A. Effect of rotavirus genetic diversity on vaccine impact. Rev. Med. Virol. 2022;32:e2259.
    doi: 10.1002/rmv.2259pubmed: 34997676google scholar: lookup
  15. Malasao R, Saito M, Suzuki A, Imagawa T, Nukiwa-Soma N, Tohma K, Liu X, Okamoto M, Chaimongkol N, Dapat C. Human G3P[4] rotavirus obtained in Japan, 2013, possibly emerged through a human-equine rotavirus reassortment event. Virus Genes 2015;50:129–133.
    doi: 10.1007/s11262-014-1135-zpmc: PMC4349953pubmed: 25352228google scholar: lookup
  16. Jayaram H., Estes M.K., Prasad B.V. Emerging themes in rotavirus cell entry, genome organization, transcription and replication. Virus Res. 2004;101:67–81. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.007.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.007pubmed: 15010218google scholar: lookup
  17. Desselberger U. Rotaviruses. Virus Res. 2014;190:75–96. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.016.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.016pubmed: 25016036google scholar: lookup
  18. McClain B., Settembre E., Temple B.R., Bellamy A.R., Harrison S.C. X-ray crystal structure of the rotavirus inner capsid particle at 3.8 A resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 2010;397:587–599. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.055.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.055pmc: PMC2860780pubmed: 20122940google scholar: lookup
  19. Prasad B.V.V., Wang G.J., Clerx J.P.M., Chiu W. Three-dimensional structure of rotavirus. J. Mol. Biol. 1988;199:269–275. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90313-0.
    doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90313-0pubmed: 2832610google scholar: lookup
  20. Long C.P., McDonald S.M. Rotavirus genome replication: Some assembly required. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006242. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006242.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006242pmc: PMC5398641pubmed: 28426777google scholar: lookup
  21. Chen J.Z., Settembre E.C., Aoki S.T., Zhang X., Bellamy A.R., Dormitzer P.R., Harrison S.C., Grigorieff N. Molecular interactions in rotavirus assembly and uncoating seen by high-resolution cryo-EM. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:10644–10648. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904024106.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904024106pmc: PMC2689313pubmed: 19487668google scholar: lookup
  22. Settembre E.C., Chen J.Z., Dormitzer P.R., Grigorieff N., Harrison S.C. Atomic model of an infectious rotavirus particle. EMBO J. 2011;30:408–416. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2010.322.
    doi: 10.1038/emboj.2010.322pmc: PMC3025467pubmed: 21157433google scholar: lookup
  23. Estes M.K., Graham D.Y., Mason B.B. Proteolytic enhancement of rotavirus infectivity: Molecular mechanisms. J. Virol. 1981;39:879–888. doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.879-888.1981.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.879-888.1981pmc: PMC171321pubmed: 6270356google scholar: lookup
  24. Crawford S.E., Mukherjee S.K., Estes M.K., Lawton J.A., Shaw A.L., Ramig R.F., Prasad B.V. Trypsin cleavage stabilizes the rotavirus VP4 spike. J. Virol. 2001;75:6052–6061. doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.13.6052-6061.2001.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.13.6052-6061.2001pmc: PMC114321pubmed: 11390607google scholar: lookup
  25. Arias C.F., Lopez S. Rotavirus cell entry: Not so simple after all. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2021;48:42–48. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.011.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.011pubmed: 33887683google scholar: lookup
  26. Trask S.D., Kim I.S., Harrison S.C., Dormitzer P.R. A rotavirus spike protein conformational intermediate binds lipid bilayers. J. Virol. 2010;84:1764–1770. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01682-09.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01682-09pmc: PMC2812363pubmed: 20007281google scholar: lookup
  27. Kim I.S., Trask S.D., Babyonyshev M., Dormitzer P.R., Harrison S.C. Effect of mutations in VP5 hydrophobic loops on rotavirus cell entry. J. Virol. 2010;84:6200–6207. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02461-09.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02461-09pmc: PMC2876642pubmed: 20375171google scholar: lookup
  28. Dormitzer P.R., Nason E.B., Prasad B.V., Harrison S.C. Structural rearrangements in the membrane penetration protein of a non-enveloped virus. Nature. 2004;430:1053–1058. doi: 10.1038/nature02836.
    doi: 10.1038/nature02836pmc: PMC1780043pubmed: 15329727google scholar: lookup
  29. Jimenez-Zaragoza M., Yubero M.P., Martin-Forero E., Caston J.R., Reguera D., Luque D., de Pablo P.J., Rodriguez J.M. Biophysical properties of single rotavirus particles account for the functions of protein shells in a multilayered virus. eLife. 2018;7:e37295. doi: 10.7554/eLife.37295.
    doi: 10.7554/eLife.37295pmc: PMC6133545pubmed: 30201094google scholar: lookup
  30. Estes M.K., Graham D.Y., Gerba C.P., Smith E.M. Simian rotavirus SA11 replication in cell cultures. J. Virol. 1979;31:810–815. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.3.810-815.1979.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.3.810-815.1979pmc: PMC353508pubmed: 229253google scholar: lookup
  31. Bican P., Cohen J., Charpilienne A., Scherrer R. Purification and characterization of bovine rotavirus cores. J. Virol. 1982;43:1113–1117. doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.3.1113-1117.1982.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.3.1113-1117.1982pmc: PMC256223pubmed: 6292454google scholar: lookup
  32. Kanai Y., Komoto S., Kawagishi T., Nouda R., Nagasawa N., Onishi M., Matsuura Y., Taniguchi K., Kobayashi T. Entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for rotaviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2017;114:2349–2354. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1618424114.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1618424114pmc: PMC5338561pubmed: 28137864google scholar: lookup
  33. Li W., Manktelow E., von Kirchbach J.C., Gog J.R., Desselberger U., Lever A.M. Genomic analysis of codon, sequence and structural conservation with selective biochemical-structure mapping reveals highly conserved and dynamic structures in rotavirus RNAs with potential cis-acting functions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38:7718–7735. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq663.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq663pmc: PMC2995077pubmed: 20671030google scholar: lookup
  34. Tortorici M.A., Shapiro B.A., Patton J.T. A base-specific recognition signal in the 5′ consensus sequence of rotavirus plus-strand RNAs promotes replication of the double-stranded RNA genome segments. RNA. 2006;12:133–146. doi: 10.1261/rna.2122606.
    doi: 10.1261/rna.2122606pmc: PMC1370893pubmed: 16301600google scholar: lookup
  35. Lu X., McDonald S.M., Tortorici M.A., Tao Y.J., Vasquez-Del Carpio R., Nibert M.L., Patton J.T., Harrison S.C. Mechanism for coordinated RNA packaging and genome replication by rotavirus polymerase VP1. Structure. 2008;16:1678–1688. doi: 10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006.
    doi: 10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006pmc: PMC2602806pubmed: 19000820google scholar: lookup
  36. Matthijnssens J., Ciarlet M., McDonald S.M., Attoui H., Banyai K., Brister J.R., Buesa J., Esona M.D., Estes M.K., Gentsch J.R., et al. Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) Arch. Virol. 2011;156:1397–1413. doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1006-z.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1006-zpmc: PMC3398998pubmed: 21597953google scholar: lookup
  37. Matthijnssens J., Otto P.H., Ciarlet M., Desselberger U., Van Ranst M., Johne R. VP6-sequence-based cutoff values as a criterion for rotavirus species demarcation. Arch. Virol. 2012;157:1177–1182. doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1273-3.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1273-3pubmed: 22430951google scholar: lookup
  38. Johne R., Schilling-Loeffler K., Ulrich R.G., Tausch S.H. Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of a Prototype Strain of the Novel Putative Rotavirus Species L. Viruses. 2022;14:462. doi: 10.3390/v14030462.
    doi: 10.3390/v14030462pmc: PMC8954357pubmed: 35336869google scholar: lookup
  39. Johne R., Tausch S.H., Ulrich R.G., Schilling-Loeffler K. Genome analysis of the novel putative rotavirus species K. Virus Res. 2023;334:199171. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199171.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199171pmc: PMC10410577pubmed: 37433351google scholar: lookup
  40. Dhama K., Saminathan M., Karthik K., Tiwari R., Shabbir M.Z., Kumar N., Malik Y.S., Singh R.K. Avian rotavirus enteritis—An updated review. Vet. Q. 2015;35:142–158. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1046014.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1046014pubmed: 25917772google scholar: lookup
  41. Aoki S.T., Settembre E.C., Trask S.D., Greenberg H.B., Harrison S.C., Dormitzer P.R. Structure of rotavirus outer-layer protein VP7 bound with a neutralizing Fab. Science. 2009;324:1444–1447. doi: 10.1126/science.1170481.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1170481pmc: PMC2995306pubmed: 19520960google scholar: lookup
  42. Dyall-Smith M.L., Lazdins I., Tregear G.W., Holmes I.H. Location of the major antigenic sites involved in rotavirus serotype-specific neutralization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1986;83:3465–3468. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.10.3465.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.10.3465pmc: PMC323536pubmed: 2422651google scholar: lookup
  43. Jenni S., Li Z., Wang Y., Bessey T., Salgado E.N., Schmidt A.G., Greenberg H.B., Jiang B., Harrison S.C. Rotavirus VP4 Epitope of a Broadly Neutralizing Human Antibody Defined by Its Structure Bound with an Attenuated-Strain Virion. J. Virol. 2022;96:e0062722. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00627-22.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.00627-22pmc: PMC9400500pubmed: 35924923google scholar: lookup
  44. Zhou Y.J., Burns J.W., Morita Y., Tanaka T., Estes M.K. Localization of rotavirus VP4 neutralization epitopes involved in antibody-induced conformational changes of virus structure. J. Virol. 1994;68:3955–3964. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.6.3955-3964.1994.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.6.3955-3964.1994pmc: PMC236901pubmed: 7514681google scholar: lookup
  45. Ludert J.E., Ruiz M.C., Hidalgo C., Liprandi F. Antibodies to rotavirus outer capsid glycoprotein VP7 neutralize infectivity by inhibiting virion decapsidation. J. Virol. 2002;76:6643–6651. doi: 10.1128/JVI.76.13.6643-6651.2002.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.76.13.6643-6651.2002pmc: PMC136269pubmed: 12050377google scholar: lookup
  46. Matthijnssens J., Ciarlet M., Heiman E., Arijs I., Delbeke T., McDonald S.M., Palombo E.A., Iturriza-Gomara M., Maes P., Patton J.T., et al. Full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human Wa-Like and porcine rotavirus strains and human DS-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains. J. Virol. 2008;82:3204–3219. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02257-07.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02257-07pmc: PMC2268446pubmed: 18216098google scholar: lookup
  47. Bailey K.E., Gilkerson J.R., Browning G.F. Equine rotaviruses--current understanding and continuing challenges. Vet. Microbiol. 2013;167:135–144. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.010.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.010pmc: PMC7117381pubmed: 23932076google scholar: lookup
  48. Carossino M., Barrandeguy M.E., Li Y., Parreno V., Janes J., Loynachan A.T., Balasuriya U.B.R. Detection, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of G3P[12] and G14P[12] equine rotavirus strains co-circulating in central Kentucky. Virus Res. 2018;255:39–54. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.025.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.025pubmed: 29864502google scholar: lookup
  49. Elschner M., Schrader C., Hotzel H., Prudlo J., Sachse K., Eichhorn W., Herbst W., Otto P. Isolation and molecular characterisation of equine rotaviruses from Germany. Vet. Microbiol. 2005;105:123–129. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.10.010.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.10.010pubmed: 15627523google scholar: lookup
  50. Garaicoechea L., Mino S., Ciarlet M., Fernandez F., Barrandeguy M., Parreno V. Molecular characterization of equine rotaviruses circulating in Argentinean foals during a 17-year surveillance period (1992–2008) Vet. Microbiol. 2011;148:150–160. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.032.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.032pubmed: 20943330google scholar: lookup
  51. Nemoto M., Niwa H., Murakami S., Miki R., Higuchi T., Bannai H., Tsujimura K., Kokado H. Molecular analyses of G3A/G3B and G14 equine group A rotaviruses detected between 2012 and 2018 in Japan. J. Gen. Virol. 2019;100:913–931. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001265.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001265pubmed: 31090536google scholar: lookup
  52. Nemoto M., Ryan E., Lyons P., Cullinane A. Molecular characterisation of equine group A rotaviruses in Ireland (2011–2015) Vet. J. 2017;226:12–14. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.004.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.004pubmed: 28911835google scholar: lookup
  53. Nemoto M., Tsunemitsu H., Imagawa H., Hata H., Higuchi T., Sato S., Orita Y., Sugita S., Bannai H., Tsujimura K., et al. Molecular characterization and analysis of equine rotavirus circulating in Japan from 2003 to 2008. Vet. Microbiol. 2011;152:67–73. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.016.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.016pubmed: 21565456google scholar: lookup
  54. Matthijnssens J., Mino S., Papp H., Potgieter C., Novo L., Heylen E., Zeller M., Garaicoechea L., Badaracco A., Lengyel G., et al. Complete molecular genome analyses of equine rotavirus A strains from different continents reveal several novel genotypes and a largely conserved genotype constellation. Pt 4J. Gen. Virol. 2012;93:866–875. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.039255-0.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.039255-0pubmed: 22190012google scholar: lookup
  55. Komoto S., Ide T., Negoro M., Tanaka T., Asada K., Umemoto M., Kuroki H., Ito H., Tanaka S., Ito M., et al. Characterization of unusual DS-1-like G3P[8] rotavirus strains in children with diarrhea in Japan. J. Med. Virol. 2018;90:890–898. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25016.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.25016pubmed: 29315643google scholar: lookup
  56. Katz E.M., Esona M.D., Betrapally N.S., De La Cruz De Leon L.A., Neira Y.R., Rey G.J., Bowen M.D. Whole-gene analysis of inter-genogroup reassortant rotaviruses from the Dominican Republic: Emergence of equine-like G3 strains and evidence of their reassortment with locally-circulating strains. Virology. 2019;534:114–131. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.06.007.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.06.007pubmed: 31228725google scholar: lookup
  57. Utsumi T., Wahyuni R.M., Doan Y.H., Dinana Z., Soegijanto S., Fujii Y., Juniastuti, Yamani L.N., Matsui C., Deng L., et al. Equine-like G3 rotavirus strains as predominant strains among children in Indonesia in 2015–2016. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2018;61:224–228. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.027.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.027pubmed: 29614325google scholar: lookup
  58. Guerra S.F.S., Soares L.S., Lobo P.S., Penha Junior E.T., Sousa Junior E.C., Bezerra D.A.M., Vaz L.R., Linhares A.C., Mascarenhas J.D.P. Detection of a novel equine-like G3 rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Brazil. J. Gen. Virol. 2016;97:3131–3138. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000626.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000626pubmed: 27902376google scholar: lookup
  59. McDonald S.M., Patton J.T. Assortment and packaging of the segmented rotavirus genome. Trends Microbiol. 2011;19:136–144. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.12.002.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.12.002pmc: PMC3072067pubmed: 21195621google scholar: lookup
  60. Patton J.T., Silvestri L.S., Tortorici M.A., Vasquez-Del Carpio R., Taraporewala Z.F. Rotavirus genome replication and morphogenesis: Role of the viroplasm. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2006;309:169–187. doi: 10.1007/3-540-30773-7_6.
    doi: 10.1007/3-540-30773-7_6pubmed: 16909900google scholar: lookup
  61. Patton J.T., Vasquez-Del Carpio R., Spencer E. Replication and transcription of the rotavirus genome. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2004;10:3769–3777. doi: 10.2174/1381612043382620.
    doi: 10.2174/1381612043382620pubmed: 15579070google scholar: lookup
  62. Silvestri L.S., Taraporewala Z.F., Patton J.T. Rotavirus replication: Plus-sense templates for double-stranded RNA synthesis are made in viroplasms. J. Virol. 2004;78:7763–7774. doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7763-7774.2004.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7763-7774.2004pmc: PMC434085pubmed: 15220450google scholar: lookup
  63. Trask S.D., McDonald S.M., Patton J.T. Structural insights into the coupling of virion assembly and rotavirus replication. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012;10:165–177. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2673.
    doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2673pmc: PMC3771686pubmed: 22266782google scholar: lookup
  64. Papa G., Borodavka A., Desselberger U. Viroplasms: Assembly and Functions of Rotavirus Replication Factories. Viruses. 2021;13:1349. doi: 10.3390/v13071349.
    doi: 10.3390/v13071349pmc: PMC8310052pubmed: 34372555google scholar: lookup
  65. Crawford S.E., Ramani S., Tate J.E., Parashar U.D., Svensson L., Hagbom M., Franco M.A., Greenberg H.B., O’Ryan M., Kang G., et al. Rotavirus infection. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2017;3:17083. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.83.
    doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.83pmc: PMC5858916pubmed: 29119972google scholar: lookup
  66. Lundgren O., Svensson L. Pathogenesis of rotavirus diarrhea. Microbes Infect. 2001;3:1145–1156. doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01475-7.
    doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01475-7pmc: PMC7128947pubmed: 11709295google scholar: lookup
  67. Arias C.F., Silva-Ayala D., Lopez S. Rotavirus entry: A deep journey into the cell with several exits. J. Virol. 2015;89:890–893. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01787-14.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01787-14pmc: PMC4300671pubmed: 25378490google scholar: lookup
  68. Dormitzer P.R., Sun Z.Y., Wagner G., Harrison S.C. The rhesus rotavirus VP4 sialic acid binding domain has a galectin fold with a novel carbohydrate binding site. EMBO J. 2002;21:885–897. doi: 10.1093/emboj/21.5.885.
    doi: 10.1093/emboj/21.5.885pmc: PMC125907pubmed: 11867517google scholar: lookup
  69. Haselhorst T., Fleming F.E., Dyason J.C., Hartnell R.D., Yu X., Holloway G., Santegoets K., Kiefel M.J., Blanchard H., Coulson B.S., et al. Sialic acid dependence in rotavirus host cell invasion. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2009;5:91–93. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.134.
    doi: 10.1038/nchembio.134pubmed: 19109595google scholar: lookup
  70. Liu Y., Xu S., Woodruff A.L., Xia M., Tan M., Kennedy M.A., Jiang X. Structural basis of glycan specificity of P[19] VP8*: Implications for rotavirus zoonosis and evolution. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006707. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006707.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006707pmc: PMC5705156pubmed: 29136651google scholar: lookup
  71. Venkataram Prasad B.V., Shanker S., Hu L., Choi J.M., Crawford S.E., Ramani S., Czako R., Atmar R.L., Estes M.K. Structural basis of glycan interaction in gastroenteric viral pathogens. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2014;7:119–127. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.05.008.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.05.008pmc: PMC4251800pubmed: 25073118google scholar: lookup
  72. Hu L., Sankaran B., Laucirica D.R., Patil K., Salmen W., Ferreon A.C.M., Tsoi P.S., Lasanajak Y., Smith D.F., Ramani S., et al. Glycan recognition in globally dominant human rotaviruses. Nat. Commun. 2018;9:2631. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05098-4.
    doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05098-4pmc: PMC6035239pubmed: 29980685google scholar: lookup
  73. Martinez M.A., Lopez S., Arias C.F., Isa P. Gangliosides have a functional role during rotavirus cell entry. J. Virol. 2013;87:1115–1122. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01964-12.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01964-12pmc: PMC3554060pubmed: 23135722google scholar: lookup
  74. Ciarlet M., Crawford S.E., Cheng E., Blutt S.E., Rice D.A., Bergelson J.M., Estes M.K. VLA-2 (alpha2beta1) integrin promotes rotavirus entry into cells but is not necessary for rotavirus attachment. J. Virol. 2002;76:1109–1123. doi: 10.1128/JVI.76.3.1109-1123.2002.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.76.3.1109-1123.2002pmc: PMC135817pubmed: 11773387google scholar: lookup
  75. Sun X., Li D., Peng R., Guo N., Jin M., Zhou Y., Xie G., Pang L., Zhang Q., Qi J., et al. Functional and Structural Characterization of P[19] Rotavirus VP8* Interaction with Histo-blood Group Antigens. J. Virol. 2016;90:9758–9765. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01566-16.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01566-16pmc: PMC5068527pubmed: 27535055google scholar: lookup
  76. Xu S., Ahmed L.U., Stuckert M.R., McGinnis K.R., Liu Y., Tan M., Huang P., Zhong W., Zhao D., Jiang X., et al. Molecular basis of P[II] major human rotavirus VP8* domain recognition of histo-blood group antigens. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16:e1008386. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008386.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008386pmc: PMC7122821pubmed: 32208455google scholar: lookup
  77. Seo N.S., Zeng C.Q., Hyser J.M., Utama B., Crawford S.E., Kim K.J., Hook M., Estes M.K. Integrins alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1 are receptors for the rotavirus enterotoxin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008;105:8811–8818. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803934105.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803934105pmc: PMC3021436pubmed: 18587047google scholar: lookup
  78. Albert M.J., Unicomb L.E., Barnes G.L., Bishop R.F. Cultivation and characterization of rotavirus strains infecting newborn babies in Melbourne, Australia, from 1975 to 1979. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987;25:1635–1640. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1635-1640.1987.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1635-1640.1987pmc: PMC269297pubmed: 2821061google scholar: lookup
  79. Amimo J.O., Raev S.A., Chepngeno J., Mainga A.O., Guo Y., Saif L., Vlasova A.N. Rotavirus Interactions With Host Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front. Immunol. 2021;12:793841. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793841.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793841pmc: PMC8727603pubmed: 35003114google scholar: lookup
  80. Finkbeiner S.R., Zeng X.L., Utama B., Atmar R.L., Shroyer N.F., Estes M.K. Stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids as an infection model for rotaviruses. mBio. 2012;3:e00159-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00159-12.
    doi: 10.1128/mBio.00159-12pmc: PMC3398537pubmed: 22761392google scholar: lookup
  81. Hakim M.S., Chen S., Ding S., Yin Y., Ikram A., Ma X.X., Wang W., Peppelenbosch M.P., Pan Q. Basal interferon signaling and therapeutic use of interferons in controlling rotavirus infection in human intestinal cells and organoids. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:8341. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26784-9.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26784-9pmc: PMC5974418pubmed: 29844362google scholar: lookup
  82. Ramani S., Crawford S.E., Blutt S.E., Estes M.K. Human organoid cultures: Transformative new tools for human virus studies. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2018;29:79–86. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.04.001.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.04.001pmc: PMC5944856pubmed: 29656244google scholar: lookup
  83. Boshuizen J.A., Reimerink J.H., Korteland-van Male A.M., van Ham V.J., Koopmans M.P., Buller H.A., Dekker J., Einerhand A.W. Changes in small intestinal homeostasis, morphology, and gene expression during rotavirus infection of infant mice. J. Virol. 2003;77:13005–13016. doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.24.13005-13016.2003.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.24.13005-13016.2003pmc: PMC296055pubmed: 14645557google scholar: lookup
  84. Barrandeguy M., Parreno V., Lagos Marmol M., Pont Lezica F., Rivas C., Valle C., Fernandez F. Prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in foals by parenteral vaccination of the mares: Field trial. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1998;92:253–257.
    pubmed: 9580371
  85. Park J.G., Kim H.J., Matthijnssens J., Alfajaro M.M., Kim D.S., Son K.Y., Kwon H.J., Hosmillo M., Ryu E.H., Kim J.Y., et al. Different virulence of porcine and porcine-like bovine rotavirus strains with genetically nearly identical genomes in piglets and calves. Vet. Res. 2013;44:88. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-88.
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-88pmc: PMC3851489pubmed: 24083947google scholar: lookup
  86. Almeida P.R., Lorenzetti E., Cruz R.S., Watanabe T.T., Zlotowski P., Alfieri A.A., Driemeier D. Diarrhea caused by rotavirus A, B, and C in suckling piglets from southern Brazil: Molecular detection and histologic and immunohistochemical characterization. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2018;30:370–376. doi: 10.1177/1040638718756050.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638718756050pmc: PMC6505807pubmed: 29455625google scholar: lookup
  87. Brnic D., Vlahovic D., Gudan Kurilj A., Maltar-Strmecki N., Lojkic I., Kunic V., Jemersic L., Bacani I., Kompes G., Beck R., et al. The impact and complete genome characterisation of viruses involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in a farrow-to-finish holding. Sci. Rep. 2023;13:18780. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45994-4.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45994-4pmc: PMC10618538pubmed: 37907693google scholar: lookup
  88. Park J.G., Alfajaro M.M., Cho E.H., Kim J.Y., Soliman M., Baek Y.B., Park C.H., Lee J.H., Son K.Y., Cho K.O., et al. Development of a live attenuated trivalent porcine rotavirus A vaccine against disease caused by recent strains most prevalent in South Korea. Vet. Res. 2019;50:2. doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0619-6.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0619-6pmc: PMC6323864pubmed: 30616694google scholar: lookup
  89. Foster D.M., Smith G.W. Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2009;25:13–36. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.013.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.013pmc: PMC7125768pubmed: 19174281google scholar: lookup
  90. Aich P., Wilson H.L., Kaushik R.S., Potter A.A., Babiuk L.A., Griebel P. Comparative analysis of innate immune responses following infection of newborn calves with bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus. Pt 10J. Gen. Virol. 2007;88:2749–2761. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82861-0.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82861-0pubmed: 17872528google scholar: lookup
  91. Michelangeli F., Liprandi F., Chemello M.E., Ciarlet M., Ruiz M.C. Selective depletion of stored calcium by thapsigargin blocks rotavirus maturation but not the cytopathic effect. J. Virol. 1995;69:3838–3847. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.6.3838-3847.1995.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.6.3838-3847.1995pmc: PMC189102pubmed: 7745732google scholar: lookup
  92. Zhang M., Zeng C.Q., Morris A.P., Estes M.K. A functional NSP4 enterotoxin peptide secreted from rotavirus-infected cells. J. Virol. 2000;74:11663–11670. doi: 10.1128/JVI.74.24.11663-11670.2000.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.74.24.11663-11670.2000pmc: PMC112448pubmed: 11090165google scholar: lookup
  93. Ball J.M., Tian P., Zeng C.Q., Morris A.P., Estes M.K. Age-dependent diarrhea induced by a rotaviral nonstructural glycoprotein. Science. 1996;272:101–104. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5258.101.
    doi: 10.1126/science.272.5258.101pubmed: 8600515google scholar: lookup
  94. Hyser J.M., Collinson-Pautz M.R., Utama B., Estes M.K. Rotavirus disrupts calcium homeostasis by NSP4 viroporin activity. mBio. 2010;1:e00265-10. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00265-10.
    doi: 10.1128/mBio.00265-10pmc: PMC2999940pubmed: 21151776google scholar: lookup
  95. Pham T., Perry J.L., Dosey T.L., Delcour A.H., Hyser J.M. The Rotavirus NSP4 Viroporin Domain is a Calcium-conducting Ion Channel. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:43487. doi: 10.1038/srep43487.
    doi: 10.1038/srep43487pmc: PMC5335360pubmed: 28256607google scholar: lookup
  96. Tian P., Hu Y., Schilling W.P., Lindsay D.A., Eiden J., Estes M.K. The nonstructural glycoprotein of rotavirus affects intracellular calcium levels. J. Virol. 1994;68:251–257. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.251-257.1994.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.251-257.1994pmc: PMC236284pubmed: 8254736google scholar: lookup
  97. Ko E.A., Jin B.J., Namkung W., Ma T., Thiagarajah J.R., Verkman A.S. Chloride channel inhibition by a red wine extract and a synthetic small molecule prevents rotaviral secretory diarrhoea in neonatal mice. Gut. 2014;63:1120–1129. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305663.
    doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305663pmc: PMC4048772pubmed: 24052273google scholar: lookup
  98. Tafazoli F., Zeng C.Q., Estes M.K., Magnusson K.E., Svensson L. NSP4 enterotoxin of rotavirus induces paracellular leakage in polarized epithelial cells. J. Virol. 2001;75:1540–1546. doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.3.1540-1546.2001.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.3.1540-1546.2001pmc: PMC114059pubmed: 11152526google scholar: lookup
  99. Bialowas S., Hagbom M., Nordgren J., Karlsson T., Sharma S., Magnusson K.E., Svensson L. Rotavirus and Serotonin Cross-Talk in Diarrhoea. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0159660. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159660.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159660pmc: PMC4961431pubmed: 27459372google scholar: lookup
  100. Hagbom M., Hellysaz A., Istrate C., Nordgren J., Sharma S., de-Faria F.M., Magnusson K.E., Svensson L. The 5-HT(3) Receptor Affects Rotavirus-Induced Motility. J. Virol. 2021;95:e0075121. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00751-21.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00751-21pmc: PMC8274622pubmed: 33980599google scholar: lookup
  101. Hagbom M., Istrate C., Engblom D., Karlsson T., Rodriguez-Diaz J., Buesa J., Taylor J.A., Loitto V.M., Magnusson K.E., Ahlman H., et al. Rotavirus stimulates release of serotonin (5-HT) from human enterochromaffin cells and activates brain structures involved in nausea and vomiting. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002115. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002115.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002115pmc: PMC3136449pubmed: 21779163google scholar: lookup
  102. Kordasti S., Sjovall H., Lundgren O., Svensson L. Serotonin and vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonists attenuate rotavirus diarrhoea. Gut. 2004;53:952–957. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.033563.
    doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.033563pmc: PMC1774112pubmed: 15194642google scholar: lookup
  103. Parashar U.D., Hummelman E.G., Bresee J.S., Miller M.A., Glass R.I. Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003;9:565–572. doi: 10.3201/eid0905.020562.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0905.020562pmc: PMC2972763pubmed: 12737740google scholar: lookup
  104. Tate J.E., Burton A.H., Boschi-Pinto C., Parashar U.D., World Health Organization–Coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Rotavirus Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age, 2000–2013. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016;62((Suppl. 2)):S96–S105. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ1013.
    doi: 10.1093/cid/civ1013pmc: PMC11979873pubmed: 27059362google scholar: lookup
  105. Patel M.M., Pitzer V.E., Alonso W.J., Vera D., Lopman B., Tate J., Viboud C., Parashar U.D. Global seasonality of rotavirus disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2013;32:e134–e147. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31827d3b68.
    doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31827d3b68pmc: PMC4103797pubmed: 23190782google scholar: lookup
  106. Burnett E., Jonesteller C.L., Tate J.E., Yen C., Parashar U.D. Global Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Childhood Hospitalizations and Mortality From Diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 2017;215:1666–1672. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix186.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix186pmc: PMC5543929pubmed: 28430997google scholar: lookup
  107. Markkula J., Hemming-Harlo M., Salminen M.T., Savolainen-Kopra C., Pirhonen J., Al-Hello H., Vesikari T. Rotavirus epidemiology 5–6 years after universal rotavirus vaccination: Persistent rotavirus activity in older children and elderly. Infect. Dis. 2017;49:388–395. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1275773.
    doi: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1275773pubmed: 28067093google scholar: lookup
  108. Aliabadi N., Tate J.E., Haynes A.K., Parashar U.D., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Sustained decrease in laboratory detection of rotavirus after implementation of routine vaccination-United States, 2000–2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2015;64:337–342.
    pmc: PMC4584623pubmed: 25856253
  109. Banyai K., Laszlo B., Duque J., Steele A.D., Nelson E.A., Gentsch J.R., Parashar U.D. Systematic review of regional and temporal trends in global rotavirus strain diversity in the pre rotavirus vaccine era: Insights for understanding the impact of rotavirus vaccination programs. Vaccine. 2012;30((Suppl. 1)):A122–A130. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.111.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.111pubmed: 22520121google scholar: lookup
  110. Leshem E., Lopman B., Glass R., Gentsch J., Banyai K., Parashar U., Patel M. Distribution of rotavirus strains and strain-specific effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine after its introduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2014;14:847–856. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70832-1.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70832-1pubmed: 25082561google scholar: lookup
  111. Antoni S., Nakamura T., Cohen A.L., Mwenda J.M., Weldegebriel G., Biey J.N.M., Shaba K., Rey-Benito G., de Oliveira L.H., Oliveira M., et al. Rotavirus genotypes in children under five years hospitalized with diarrhea in low and middle-income countries: Results from the WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. PLOS Glob. Public Health. 2023;3:e0001358. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001358.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001358pmc: PMC10683987pubmed: 38015834google scholar: lookup
  112. Ansari S.A., Springthorpe V.S., Sattar S.A. Survival and vehicular spread of human rotaviruses: Possible relation to seasonality of outbreaks. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1991;13:448–461. doi: 10.1093/clinids/13.3.448.
    doi: 10.1093/clinids/13.3.448pubmed: 1866549google scholar: lookup
  113. Butz A.M., Fosarelli P., Dick J., Cusack T., Yolken R. Prevalence of rotavirus on high-risk fomites in day-care facilities. Pediatrics. 1993;92:202–205. doi: 10.1542/peds.92.2.202.
    doi: 10.1542/peds.92.2.202pubmed: 8393172google scholar: lookup
  114. Ward R.L., Bernstein D.I., Young E.C., Sherwood J.R., Knowlton D.R., Schiff G.M. Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: Determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1986;154:871–880. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.5.871.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.5.871pubmed: 3021869google scholar: lookup
  115. Conner M.E., Darlington R.W. Rotavirus infection in foals. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1980;41:1699–1703.
    pubmed: 6261616
  116. Matthijnssens J., Ons E., De Coster S., Conceicao-Neto N., Gryspeerdt A., Van Ranst M., Raue R. Molecular characterization of equine rotaviruses isolated in Europe in 2013: Implications for vaccination. Vet. Microbiol. 2015;176:179–185. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.011.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.011pmc: PMC7126753pubmed: 25637313google scholar: lookup
  117. Ciarlet M., Isa P., Conner M.E., Liprandi F. Antigenic and molecular analyses reveal that the equine rotavirus strain H-1 is closely related to porcine, but not equine, rotaviruses: Interspecies transmission from pigs to horses? Virus Genes. 2001;22:5–20. doi: 10.1023/A:1008175716816.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1008175716816pubmed: 11210939google scholar: lookup
  118. Hoshino Y., Wyatt R.G., Greenberg H.B., Kalica A.R., Flores J., Kapikian A.Z. Isolation and characterization of an equine rotavirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1983;18:585–591. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.3.585-591.1983.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.3.585-591.1983pmc: PMC270858pubmed: 6313746google scholar: lookup
  119. Isa P., Wood A.R., Netherwood T., Ciarlet M., Imagawa H., Snodgrass D.R. Survey of equine rotaviruses shows conservation of one P genotype in background of two G genotypes. Arch. Virol. 1996;141:1601–1612. doi: 10.1007/BF01718285.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01718285pubmed: 8893784google scholar: lookup
  120. Imagawa H., Tanaka T., Sekiguchi K., Fukunaga Y., Anzai T., Minamoto N., Kamada M. Electropherotypes, serotypes, and subgroups of equine rotaviruses isolated in Japan. Arch. Virol. 1993;131:169–176. doi: 10.1007/BF01379088.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01379088pubmed: 8392320google scholar: lookup
  121. Browning G.F., Chalmers R.M., Fitzgerald T.A., Snodgrass D.R. Serological and genomic characterization of L338, a novel equine group A rotavirus G serotype. Pt 5J. Gen. Virol. 1991;72:1059–1064. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-5-1059.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-5-1059pubmed: 1851806google scholar: lookup
  122. Browning G.F., Chalmers R.M., Fitzgerald T.A., Snodgrass D.R. Evidence for two serotype G3 subtypes among equine rotaviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992;30:485–491. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.2.485-491.1992.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.2.485-491.1992pmc: PMC265082pubmed: 1371520google scholar: lookup
  123. Browning G.F., Begg A.P. Prevalence of G and P serotypes among equine rotaviruses in the faeces of diarrhoeic foals. Arch. Virol. 1996;141:1077–1089. doi: 10.1007/BF01718611.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01718611pubmed: 8712925google scholar: lookup
  124. Collins P.J., Cullinane A., Martella V., O’Shea H. Molecular characterization of equine rotavirus in Ireland. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008;46:3346–3354. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00995-08.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00995-08pmc: PMC2566120pubmed: 18716232google scholar: lookup
  125. Ntafis V., Fragkiadaki E., Xylouri E., Omirou A., Lavazza A., Martella V. Rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in foals in Greece. Vet. Microbiol. 2010;144:461–465. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.020.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.020pubmed: 20197218google scholar: lookup
  126. Tsunemitsu H., Imagawa H., Togo M., Shouji T., Kawashima K., Horino R., Imai K., Nishimori T., Takagi M., Higuchi T. Predominance of G3B and G14 equine group A rotaviruses of a single VP4 serotype in Japan. Arch. Virol. 2001;146:1949–1962. doi: 10.1007/s007050170044.
    doi: 10.1007/s007050170044pmc: PMC7087255pubmed: 11722016google scholar: lookup
  127. Fukai K., Saito T., Fukuda O., Hagiwara A., Inoue K., Sato M. Molecular characterisation of equine group A rotavirus, Nasuno, isolated in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Vet. J. 2006;172:369–373. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.004.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.004pubmed: 16019242google scholar: lookup
  128. Uprety T., Sreenivasan C.C., Hause B.M., Li G., Odemuyiwa S.O., Locke S., Morgan J., Zeng L., Gilsenan W.F., Slovis N., et al. Identification of a Ruminant Origin Group B Rotavirus Associated with Diarrhea Outbreaks in Foals. Viruses. 2021;13:1330. doi: 10.3390/v13071330.
    doi: 10.3390/v13071330pmc: PMC8310321pubmed: 34372536google scholar: lookup
  129. Otto P.H., Rosenhain S., Elschner M.C., Hotzel H., Machnowska P., Trojnar E., Hoffmann K., Johne R. Detection of rotavirus species A, B and C in domestic mammalian animals with diarrhoea and genotyping of bovine species A rotavirus strains. Vet. Microbiol. 2015;179:168–176. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.021.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.021pubmed: 26223422google scholar: lookup
  130. Miño S., Adúriz M., Barrandeguy M., Parreño V. Molecular Characterization of Equine Rotavirus Group A Detected in Argentinean Foals During 2009–2014. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;59:64–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.09.008.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.09.008google scholar: lookup
  131. Mino S., Barrandeguy M., Parreno V., Parra G.I. Genetic linkage of capsid protein-encoding RNA segments in group A equine rotaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 2016;97:912–921. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000397.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000397pubmed: 26758293google scholar: lookup
  132. Higgins W.P., Gillespie J.H., Schiff E.I., Pennow N.N., Tanneberger M.J. Infectivity and immunity studies in foals with cell culture-propagated equine rotaviruses; Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference; Lexington, KY, USA. October 1987; Lexington, KY, USA: Equine Infectious Diseases; 1987. pp. 241–247.
  133. WHO Rotavirus vaccines: WHO position paper—July 2021. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 2021;96:301–319.
  134. WHO Rotavirus vaccines: An update. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 2009;84:533–540.
    pubmed: 20034143
  135. World Health Organization Rotavirus vaccines. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 2007;82:285–295.
    pubmed: 17691162
  136. Patton J.T. Rotavirus diversity and evolution in the post-vaccine world. Discov. Med. 2012;13:85–97.
    pmc: PMC3738915pubmed: 22284787
  137. Aliabadi N., Haynes A., Tate J., Parashar U.D., Curns A.T. Trends in the Burden and Seasonality of Rotavirus in the United States, 2000–2016. Open Forum. Infect. Dis. 2017;4((Suppl. 1)):S324. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.763.
    doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.763google scholar: lookup
  138. Tate J.E., Haynes A., Payne D.C., Cortese M.M., Lopman B.A., Patel M.M., Parashar U.D. Trends in national rotavirus activity before and after introduction of rotavirus vaccine into the national immunization program in the United States, 2000 to 2012. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2013;32:741–744. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31828d639c.
    doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31828d639cpmc: PMC11986835pubmed: 23426425google scholar: lookup
  139. Slovis N.M., Elam J., Estrada M., Leutenegger C.M. Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central Kentucky: A comprehensive molecular study. Equine Vet. J. 2014;46:311–316. doi: 10.1111/evj.12119.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12119pmc: PMC7163618pubmed: 23773143google scholar: lookup
  140. Equine Guelph Veterinary News Research to Improve Survival of Horses with Diarrhea and Critically Ill Foals Now Underway. 2021. [(accessed on 15 January 2024)]. Available online: https://thehorseportal.ca/2021/04/recent-uofg-grad-joins-research-to-improve-survival-of-horses-with-diarrhea-and-critically-ill-foals/
  141. Papp H., Matthijnssens J., Martella V., Ciarlet M., Banyai K. Global distribution of group A rotavirus strains in horses: A systematic review. Vaccine. 2013;31:5627–5633. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.045.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.045pubmed: 23994380google scholar: lookup
  142. Matthijnssens J., Ciarlet M., Rahman M., Attoui H., Banyai K., Estes M.K., Gentsch J.R., Iturriza-Gomara M., Kirkwood C.D., Martella V., et al. Recommendations for the classification of group A rotaviruses using all 11 genomic RNA segments. Arch. Virol. 2008;153:1621–1629. doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0155-1.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0155-1pmc: PMC2556306pubmed: 18604469google scholar: lookup
  143. Bányai K., Pitzer V.E. Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Rotaviruses. In: Svensson L., Desselberger U., Greenberg H.B., Estes M.K., editors. Viral Gastroenteritis. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2016. pp. 279–299.
  144. Blackhall J., Fuentes A., Magnusson G. Genetic stability of a porcine rotavirus RNA segment during repeated plaque isolation. Virology. 1996;225:181–190. doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0586.
    doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0586pubmed: 8918545google scholar: lookup
  145. Iturriza-Gomara M., Isherwood B., Desselberger U., Gray J. Reassortment in vivo: Driving force for diversity of human rotavirus strains isolated in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999. J. Virol. 2001;75:3696–3705. doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.8.3696-3705.2001.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.8.3696-3705.2001pmc: PMC114861pubmed: 11264359google scholar: lookup
  146. Hoxie I., Dennehy J.J. Rotavirus A Genome Segments Show Distinct Segregation and Codon Usage Patterns. Viruses. 2021;13:1460. doi: 10.3390/v13081460.
    doi: 10.3390/v13081460pmc: PMC8402926pubmed: 34452326google scholar: lookup
  147. Bucardo F., Rippinger C.M., Svensson L., Patton J.T. Vaccine-derived NSP2 segment in rotaviruses from vaccinated children with gastroenteritis in Nicaragua. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2012;12:1282–1294. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.03.007.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.03.007pmc: PMC3372771pubmed: 22487061google scholar: lookup
  148. Diaz Alarcon R.G., Liotta D.J., Mino S. Zoonotic RVA: State of the Art and Distribution in the Animal World. Viruses. 2022;14:2554. doi: 10.3390/v14112554.
    doi: 10.3390/v14112554pmc: PMC9694813pubmed: 36423163google scholar: lookup
  149. Doro R., Farkas S.L., Martella V., Banyai K. Zoonotic transmission of rotavirus: Surveillance and control. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 2015;13:1337–1350. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1089171.
    doi: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1089171pubmed: 26428261google scholar: lookup
  150. Doro R., Laszlo B., Martella V., Leshem E., Gentsch J., Parashar U., Banyai K. Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: Is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? Infect. Genet. Evol. 2014;28:446–461. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017pmc: PMC7976110pubmed: 25224179google scholar: lookup
  151. Tsugawa T., Hoshino Y. Whole genome sequence and phylogenetic analyses reveal human rotavirus G3P[3] strains Ro1845 and HCR3A are examples of direct virion transmission of canine/feline rotaviruses to humans. Virology. 2008;380:344–353. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.041.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.041pmc: PMC2575048pubmed: 18789808google scholar: lookup
  152. Bonica M.B., Zeller M., Van Ranst M., Matthijnssens J., Heylen E. Complete genome analysis of a rabbit rotavirus causing gastroenteritis in a human infant. Viruses. 2015;7:844–856. doi: 10.3390/v7020844.
    doi: 10.3390/v7020844pmc: PMC4353919pubmed: 25690801google scholar: lookup
  153. De Leener K., Rahman M., Matthijnssens J., Van Hoovels L., Goegebuer T., van der Donck I., Van Ranst M. Human infection with a P[14], G3 lapine rotavirus. Virology. 2004;325:11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.04.020.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.04.020pubmed: 15231381google scholar: lookup
  154. Matthijnssens J., Rahman M., Martella V., Xuelei Y., De Vos S., De Leener K., Ciarlet M., Buonavoglia C., Van Ranst M. Full genomic analysis of human rotavirus strain B4106 and lapine rotavirus strain 30/96 provides evidence for interspecies transmission. J. Virol. 2006;80:3801–3810. doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.3801-3810.2006.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.3801-3810.2006pmc: PMC1440464pubmed: 16571797google scholar: lookup
  155. Matthijnssens J., Van Ranst M. Genotype constellation and evolution of group A rotaviruses infecting humans. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2012;2:426–433. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.007.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.007pubmed: 22683209google scholar: lookup
  156. Varghese V., Das S., Singh N.B., Kojima K., Bhattacharya S.K., Krishnan T., Kobayashi N., Naik T.N. Molecular characterization of a human rotavirus reveals porcine characteristics in most of the genes including VP6 and NSP4. Arch. Virol. 2004;149:155–172. doi: 10.1007/s00705-003-0199-1.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-003-0199-1pubmed: 14689281google scholar: lookup
  157. Steyer A., Poljsak-Prijatelj M., Barlic-Maganja D., Marin J. Human, porcine and bovine rotaviruses in Slovenia: Evidence of interspecies transmission and genome reassortment. Pt 7J. Gen. Virol. 2008;89:1690–1698. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001206-0.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001206-0pubmed: 18559940google scholar: lookup
  158. Luchs A., Cilli A., Morillo S.G., Carmona Rde C., Timenetsky Mdo C. Rare G3P[3] rotavirus strain detected in Brazil: Possible human-canine interspecies transmission. J. Clin. Virol. 2012;54:89–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.01.025.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.01.025pubmed: 22398035google scholar: lookup
  159. Ben Hadj Fredj M., Heylen E., Zeller M., Fodha I., Benhamida-Rebai M., Van Ranst M., Matthijnssens J., Trabelsi A. Feline origin of rotavirus strain, Tunisia, 2008. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013;19:630–634. doi: 10.3201/eid1904.121383.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1904.121383pmc: PMC3647418pubmed: 23631866google scholar: lookup
  160. Akane Y., Tsugawa T., Fujii Y., Honjo S., Kondo K., Nakata S., Fujibayashi S., Ohara T., Mori T., Higashidate Y., et al. Molecular and clinical characterization of the equine-like G3 rotavirus that caused the first outbreak in Japan, 2016. J. Gen. Virol. 2021;102:1548. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001548.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001548pubmed: 33587029google scholar: lookup
  161. Kirkwood C.D., Roczo-Farkas S., Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Group Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program annual report, 2013. Commun. Dis. Intell. Q. Rep. 2014;38:E334–E342.
    pubmed: 25631596
  162. Wu F.T., Liu L.T., Jiang B., Kuo T.Y., Wu C.Y., Liao M.H. Prevalence and diversity of rotavirus A in pigs: Evidence for a possible reservoir in human infection. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2022;98:105198. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105198.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105198pubmed: 34968762google scholar: lookup
  163. da Silva M.F., Tort L.F., Gomez M.M., Assis R.M., Volotao Ede M., de Mendonca M.C., Bello G., Leite J.P. VP7 Gene of human rotavirus A genotype G5: Phylogenetic analysis reveals the existence of three different lineages worldwide. J. Med. Virol. 2011;83:357–366. doi: 10.1002/jmv.21968.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.21968pubmed: 21181934google scholar: lookup
  164. Than V.T., Park J.H., Chung I.S., Kim J.B., Kim W. Whole-genome sequence analysis of a Korean G11P[25] rotavirus strain identifies several porcine-human reassortant events. Arch. Virol. 2013;158:2385–2393. doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1720-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1720-9pubmed: 23744307google scholar: lookup
  165. Huang P., Xia M., Tan M., Zhong W., Wei C., Wang L., Morrow A., Jiang X. Spike protein VP8* of human rotavirus recognizes histo-blood group antigens in a type-specific manner. J. Virol. 2012;86:4833–4843. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05507-11.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.05507-11pmc: PMC3347384pubmed: 22345472google scholar: lookup
  166. Zeller M., Nuyts V., Heylen E., De Coster S., Conceicao-Neto N., Van Ranst M., Matthijnssens J. Emergence of human G2P[4] rotaviruses containing animal derived gene segments in the post-vaccine era. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:36841. doi: 10.1038/srep36841.
    doi: 10.1038/srep36841pmc: PMC5107926pubmed: 27841357google scholar: lookup
  167. Ramani S., Iturriza-Gomara M., Jana A.K., Kuruvilla K.A., Gray J.J., Brown D.W., Kang G. Whole genome characterization of reassortant G10P[11] strain (N155) from a neonate with symptomatic rotavirus infection: Identification of genes of human and animal rotavirus origin. J. Clin. Virol. 2009;45:237–244. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.05.003.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.05.003pmc: PMC2913240pubmed: 19505846google scholar: lookup
  168. Dunn S.J., Ward R.L., McNeal M.M., Cross T.L., Greenberg H.B. Identification of a new neutralization epitope on VP7 of human serotype 2 rotavirus and evidence for electropherotype differences caused by single nucleotide substitutions. Virology. 1993;197:397–404. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1601.
    doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1601pubmed: 7692670google scholar: lookup
  169. Medici M.C., Tummolo F., Bonica M.B., Heylen E., Zeller M., Calderaro A., Matthijnssens J. Genetic diversity in three bovine-like human G8P[14] and G10P[14] rotaviruses suggests independent interspecies transmission events. Pt 5J. Gen. Virol. 2015;96:1161–1168. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.000055.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.000055pubmed: 25614586google scholar: lookup
  170. Matthijnssens J., Rahman M., Yang X., Delbeke T., Arijs I., Kabue J.P., Muyembe J.J., Van Ranst M. G8 rotavirus strains isolated in the Democratic Republic of Congo belong to the DS-1-like genogroup. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006;44:1801–1809. doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.5.1801-1809.2006.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.5.1801-1809.2006pmc: PMC1479174pubmed: 16672410google scholar: lookup
  171. Katz E.M., Esona M.D., Gautam R., Bowen M.D. Development of a Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay To Detect and Quantify Group A Rotavirus Equine-Like G3 Strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2021;59:e0260220. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02602-20.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.02602-20pmc: PMC8525564pubmed: 34432486google scholar: lookup
  172. Doro R., Marton S., Bartokne A.H., Lengyel G., Agocs Z., Jakab F., Banyai K. Equine-like G3 rotavirus in Hungary, 2015—Is it a novel intergenogroup reassortant pandemic strain? Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 2016;63:243–255. doi: 10.1556/030.63.2016.2.8.
    doi: 10.1556/030.63.2016.2.8pubmed: 27352976google scholar: lookup
  173. Luchs A., da Costa A.C., Cilli A., Komninakis S.C.V., Carmona R.C.C., Boen L., Morillo S.G., Sabino E.C., Timenetsky M. Spread of the emerging equine-like G3P[8] DS-1-like genetic backbone rotavirus strain in Brazil and identification of potential genetic variants. J. Gen. Virol. 2019;100:7–25. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001171.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001171pubmed: 30457517google scholar: lookup
  174. Perkins C., Mijatovic-Rustempasic S., Ward M.L., Cortese M.M., Bowen M.D. Genomic Characterization of the First Equine-Like G3P[8] Rotavirus Strain Detected in the United States. Genome Announc. 2017;5:e01341-17. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.01341-17.
    doi: 10.1128/genomeA.01341-17pmc: PMC5701485pubmed: 29167260google scholar: lookup
  175. Pietsch C., Liebert U.G. Molecular characterization of different equine-like G3 rotavirus strains from Germany. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2018;57:46–50. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.007.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.007pubmed: 29128517google scholar: lookup
  176. Tahar A.S., Ong E.J., Rahardja A., Mamora D., Lim K.T., Ahmed K., Kulai D., Tan C.S. Emergence of equine-like G3 and porcine-like G9 rotavirus strains in Sarawak, Malaysia: 2019–2021. J. Med. Virol. 2023;95:e28987. doi: 10.1002/jmv.28987.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.28987pubmed: 37501648google scholar: lookup
  177. Cowley D., Donato C.M., Roczo-Farkas S., Kirkwood C.D. Emergence of a novel equine-like G3P[8] inter-genogroup reassortant rotavirus strain associated with gastroenteritis in Australian children. J. Gen. Virol. 2016;97:403–410. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000352.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000352pubmed: 26588920google scholar: lookup
  178. Bonura F., Banyai K., Mangiaracina L., Bonura C., Martella V., Giammanco G.M., De Grazia S. Emergence in 2017–2019 of novel reassortant equine-like G3 rotavirus strains in Palermo, Sicily. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2022;69:813–835. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14054.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.14054pubmed: 33905178google scholar: lookup
  179. Imagawa H., Ishida S., Uesugi S., Masanobu K., Fukunaga Y., Nakagomi O. Genetic analysis of equine rotavirus by RNA-RNA hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1994;32:2009–2012. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.8.2009-2012.1994.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.8.2009-2012.1994pmc: PMC263921pubmed: 7989559google scholar: lookup
  180. Ghosh S., Shintani T., Kobayashi N. Evidence for the porcine origin of equine rotavirus strain H-1. Vet. Microbiol. 2012;158:410–414. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.037.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.037pubmed: 22437009google scholar: lookup
  181. Coulson B.S., Grimwood K., Hudson I.L., Barnes G.L., Bishop R.F. Role of coproantibody in clinical protection of children during reinfection with rotavirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992;30:1678–1684. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.7.1678-1684.1992.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.7.1678-1684.1992pmc: PMC265363pubmed: 1321167google scholar: lookup
  182. Coulson B.S., Grimwood K., Masendycz P.J., Lund J.S., Mermelstein N., Bishop R.F., Barnes G.L. Comparison of rotavirus immunoglobulin A coproconversion with other indices of rotavirus infection in a longitudinal study in childhood. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1990;28:1367–1374. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1367-1374.1990.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1367-1374.1990pmc: PMC267934pubmed: 2166082google scholar: lookup
  183. Coulson B.S., Masendycz P.J. Measurement of rotavirus-neutralizing coproantibody in children by fluorescent focus reduction assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1990;28:1652–1654. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.7.1652-1654.1990.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.7.1652-1654.1990pmc: PMC268008pubmed: 2166091google scholar: lookup
  184. Desselberger U., Huppertz H.I. Immune responses to rotavirus infection and vaccination and associated correlates of protection. J. Infect. Dis. 2011;203:188–195. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq031.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq031pmc: PMC3071058pubmed: 21288818google scholar: lookup
  185. Kapikian A.Z., Hoshino Y., Chanock R.M., Perez-Schael I. Efficacy of a quadrivalent rhesus rotavirus-based human rotavirus vaccine aimed at preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea in infants and young children. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;174((Suppl. 1)):S65–S72. doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.Supplement_1.S65.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.Supplement_1.S65pubmed: 8752293google scholar: lookup
  186. Joensuu J., Koskenniemi E., Pang X.L., Vesikari T. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Lancet. 1997;350:1205–1209. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05118-0.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05118-0pubmed: 9652561google scholar: lookup
  187. Perez-Schael I., Guntinas M.J., Perez M., Pagone V., Rojas A.M., Gonzalez R., Cunto W., Hoshino Y., Kapikian A.Z. Efficacy of the rhesus rotavirus-based quadrivalent vaccine in infants and young children in Venezuela. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997;337:1181–1187. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199710233371701.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJM199710233371701pubmed: 9337376google scholar: lookup
  188. Santosham M., Moulton L.H., Reid R., Croll J., Weatherholt R., Ward R., Forro J., Zito E., Mack M., Brenneman G., et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine in Native American populations. J. Pediatr. 1997;131:632–638. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70076-3.
    doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70076-3pubmed: 9386673google scholar: lookup
  189. Ruiz-Palacios G.M., Perez-Schael I., Velazquez F.R., Abate H., Breuer T., Clemens S.C., Cheuvart B., Espinoza F., Gillard P., Innis B.L., et al. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006;354:11–22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052434.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052434pubmed: 16394298google scholar: lookup
  190. Vesikari T., Matson D.O., Dennehy P., Van Damme P., Santosham M., Rodriguez Z., Dallas M.J., Heyse J.F., Goveia M.G., Black S.B., et al. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006;354:23–33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052664.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052664pubmed: 16394299google scholar: lookup
  191. Cortese M.M., Parashar U.D., Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2009;58:1–25.
    pubmed: 19194371
  192. Parashar U.D., Alexander J.P., Glass R.I., Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2006;55:1–13.
    pubmed: 16902398
  193. O’Ryan M. Rotarix (RIX4414): An oral human rotavirus vaccine. Expert. Rev. Vaccines. 2007;6:11–19. doi: 10.1586/14760584.6.1.11.
    doi: 10.1586/14760584.6.1.11pubmed: 17280473google scholar: lookup
  194. Heaton P.M., Ciarlet M. Vaccines: The pentavalent rotavirus vaccine: Discovery to licensure and beyond. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007;45:1618–1624. doi: 10.1086/522997.
    doi: 10.1086/522997pubmed: 18198497google scholar: lookup
  195. Matthijnssens J., Joelsson D.B., Warakomski D.J., Zhou T., Mathis P.K., van Maanen M.H., Ranheim T.S., Ciarlet M. Molecular and biological characterization of the 5 human-bovine rotavirus (WC3)-based reassortant strains of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq. Virology. 2010;403:111–127. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.004.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.004pubmed: 20451234google scholar: lookup
  196. Ciarlet M., Schodel F. Development of a rotavirus vaccine: Clinical safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq. Vaccine. 2009;27((Suppl. 6)):G72–G81. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.107.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.107pubmed: 20006144google scholar: lookup
  197. Armah G.E., Sow S.O., Breiman R.F., Dallas M.J., Tapia M.D., Feikin D.R., Binka F.N., Steele A.D., Laserson K.F., Ansah N.A., et al. Efficacy of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:606–614. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60889-6.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60889-6pubmed: 20692030google scholar: lookup
  198. Glass R.I., Parashar U., Patel M., Gentsch J., Jiang B. Rotavirus vaccines: Successes and challenges. J. Infect. 2014;68((Suppl. 1)):S9–S18. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.010.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.010pubmed: 24156947google scholar: lookup
  199. Lopman B.A., Payne D.C., Tate J.E., Patel M.M., Cortese M.M., Parashar U.D. Post-licensure experience with rotavirus vaccination in high and middle income countries; 2006 to 2011. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2012;2:434–442. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.002.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.002pubmed: 22749491google scholar: lookup
  200. Madhi S.A., Cunliffe N.A., Steele D., Witte D., Kirsten M., Louw C., Ngwira B., Victor J.C., Gillard P.H., Cheuvart B.B., et al. Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in African infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010;362:289–298. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904797.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904797pubmed: 20107214google scholar: lookup
  201. Zaman K., Dang D.A., Victor J.C., Shin S., Yunus M., Dallas M.J., Podder G., Vu D.T., Le T.P., Luby S.P., et al. Efficacy of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants in developing countries in Asia: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:615–623. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60755-6.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60755-6pubmed: 20692031google scholar: lookup
  202. Xia M., Huang P., Jiang X., Tan M. Immune response and protective efficacy of the S particle presented rotavirus VP8* vaccine in mice. Vaccine. 2019;37:4103–4110. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.075.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.075pmc: PMC6668625pubmed: 31201052google scholar: lookup
  203. Jiang B., Wang Y., Glass R.I. Does a monovalent inactivated human rotavirus vaccine induce heterotypic immunity? Evidence from animal studies. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2013;9:1634–1637. doi: 10.4161/hv.24958.
    doi: 10.4161/hv.24958pmc: PMC3906259pubmed: 23744507google scholar: lookup
  204. Groome M.J., Fairlie L., Morrison J., Fix A., Koen A., Masenya M., Jose L., Madhi S.A., Page N., McNeal M., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a parenteral trivalent P2-VP8 subunit rotavirus vaccine: A multisite, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020;20:851–863. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30001-3.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30001-3pmc: PMC7322558pubmed: 32251641google scholar: lookup
  205. Lakatos K., McAdams D., White J.A., Chen D. Formulation and preclinical studies with a trivalent rotavirus P2-VP8 subunit vaccine. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2020;16:1957–1968. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1710412.
    doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1710412pmc: PMC7482676pubmed: 31995444google scholar: lookup
  206. Xia M., Huang P., Sun C., Han L., Vago F.S., Li K., Zhong W., Jiang W., Klassen J.S., Jiang X., et al. Bioengineered Norovirus S(60) Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Vaccine Platform. ACS Nano. 2018;12:10665–10682. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02776.
    doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02776pmc: PMC6261714pubmed: 30234973google scholar: lookup
  207. Kurokawa N., Robinson M.K., Bernard C., Kawaguchi Y., Koujin Y., Koen A., Madhi S., Polasek T.M., McNeal M., Dargis M., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a plant-derived rotavirus-like particle vaccine in adults, toddlers and infants. Vaccine. 2021;39:5513–5523. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.052.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.052pubmed: 34454786google scholar: lookup
  208. Latifi T., Jalilvand S., Golsaz-Shirazi F., Arashkia A., Kachooei A., Afchangi A., Zafarian S., Roohvand F., Shoja Z. Characterization and immunogenicity of a novel chimeric hepatitis B core-virus like particles (cVLPs) carrying rotavirus VP8*protein in mice model. Virology. 2023;588:109903. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109903.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109903pubmed: 37832344google scholar: lookup
  209. Changotra H., Vij A. Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) vaccines: An update. Rev. Med. Virol. 2017;27:e1954. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1954.
    doi: 10.1002/rmv.1954pubmed: 29048711google scholar: lookup
  210. Roier S., Prasad V.M., McNeal M.M., Lee K.K., Petsch B., Rauch S. Novel mRNA-based VP8* vaccines against rotavirus are highly immunogenic in rodents. bioRxiv. 2023 doi: 10.1101/2023.03.29.534747.
    doi: 10.1101/2023.03.29.534747pmc: PMC10739717pubmed: 38129390google scholar: lookup
  211. Glass R.I., Tate J.E., Jiang B., Parashar U. The Rotavirus Vaccine Story: From Discovery to the Eventual Control of Rotavirus Disease. J. Infect. Dis. 2021;224((Suppl. 2)):S331–S342. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa598.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa598pmc: PMC8482027pubmed: 34590142google scholar: lookup
  212. Saif L.J., Fernandez F.M. Group A rotavirus veterinary vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;174((Suppl. 1)):S98–S106. doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.Supplement_1.S98.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.Supplement_1.S98pmc: PMC7110367pubmed: 8752298google scholar: lookup
  213. Louge Uriarte E.L., Badaracco A., Spetter M.J., Mino S., Armendano J.I., Zeller M., Heylen E., Spath E., Leunda M.R., Moreira A.R., et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Calves: Evolutionary Analysis of a Bovine G8P[11] Strain and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of G6 Lineages in the Americas. Viruses. 2023;15:2115. doi: 10.3390/v15102115.
    doi: 10.3390/v15102115pmc: PMC10611311pubmed: 37896894google scholar: lookup
  214. Papp H., Laszlo B., Jakab F., Ganesh B., De Grazia S., Matthijnssens J., Ciarlet M., Martella V., Banyai K. Review of group A rotavirus strains reported in swine and cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 2013;165:190–199. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.020.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.020pmc: PMC7117210pubmed: 23642647google scholar: lookup
  215. Uddin Ahmed N., Khair A., Hassan J., Khan M., Rahman A., Hoque W., Rahman M., Kobayashi N., Ward M.P., Alam M.M. Risk factors for bovine rotavirus infection and genotyping of bovine rotavirus in diarrheic calves in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0264577. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264577.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264577pmc: PMC8880881pubmed: 35213667google scholar: lookup
  216. Bellinzoni R.C., Blackhall J., Baro N., Auza N., Mattion N., Casaro A., La Torre J.L., Scodeller E.A. Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina. Vaccine. 1989;7:263–268. doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(89)90241-7.
    doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(89)90241-7pmc: PMC7130949pubmed: 2551102google scholar: lookup
  217. Castrucci G., Ferrari M., Angelillo V., Rigonat F., Capodicasa L. Field evaluation of the efficacy of Romovac 50, a new inactivated, adjuvanted bovine rotavirus vaccine. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1993;16:235–239. doi: 10.1016/0147-9571(93)90150-4.
    doi: 10.1016/0147-9571(93)90150-4pubmed: 8403838google scholar: lookup
  218. Parreno V., Bejar C., Vagnozzi A., Barrandeguy M., Costantini V., Craig M.I., Yuan L., Hodgins D., Saif L., Fernandez F. Modulation by colostrum-acquired maternal antibodies of systemic and mucosal antibody responses to rotavirus in calves experimentally challenged with bovine rotavirus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2004;100:7–24. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.007.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.007pmc: PMC7127479pubmed: 15182992google scholar: lookup
  219. Rocha T.G., Silva F.D., Gregori F., Alfieri A.A., Buzinaro M.D., Fagliari J.J. Longitudinal study of bovine rotavirus group A in newborn calves from vaccinated and unvaccinated dairy herds. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2017;49:783–790. doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1263-2.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1263-2pmc: PMC7088669pubmed: 28321789google scholar: lookup
  220. Saif L.J., Smith K.L., Landmeier B.J., Bohl E.H., Theil K.W., Todhunter D.A. Immune response of pregnant cows to bovine rotavirus immunization. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984;45:49–58.
    pubmed: 6322624
  221. Woode G.N., Zheng S.L., Rosen B.I., Knight N., Gourley N.E., Ramig R.F. Protection between different serotypes of bovine rotavirus in gnotobiotic calves: Specificity of serum antibody and coproantibody responses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987;25:1052–1058. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.6.1052-1058.1987.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.6.1052-1058.1987pmc: PMC269135pubmed: 3036908google scholar: lookup
  222. Maier G.U., Breitenbuecher J., Gomez J.P., Samah F., Fausak E., Van Noord M. Vaccination for the Prevention of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea in Cow-Calf Operations: A Scoping Review. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2022;15:100238. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100238.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100238pmc: PMC8866090pubmed: 35243126google scholar: lookup
  223. Karayel I., Feher E., Marton S., Coskun N., Banyai K., Alkan F. Putative vaccine breakthrough event associated with heterotypic rotavirus infection in newborn calves, Turkey, 2015. Vet. Microbiol. 2017;201:7–13. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.028.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.028pmc: PMC7117445pubmed: 28284625google scholar: lookup
  224. Gonzalez D.D., Mozgovoj M.V., Bellido D., Rodriguez D.V., Fernandez F.M., Wigdorovitz A., Parreno V.G., Dus Santos M.J. Evaluation of a bovine rotavirus VP6 vaccine efficacy in the calf model of infection and disease. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2010;137:155–160. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.04.015.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.04.015pubmed: 20546933google scholar: lookup
  225. Lee J., Babiuk L.A., Harland R., Gibbons E., Elazhary Y., Yoo D. Immunological response to recombinant VP8* subunit protein of bovine roravirus in pregnant cattle. Pt 10J. Gen. Virol. 1995;76:2477–2483. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-10-2477.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-10-2477pubmed: 7595351google scholar: lookup
  226. Wigdorovitz A., Mozgovoj M., Santos M.J.D., Parreno V., Gomez C., Perez-Filgueira D.M., Trono K.G., Rios R.D., Franzone P.M., Fernandez F., et al. Protective lactogenic immunity conferred by an edible peptide vaccine to bovine rotavirus produced in transgenic plants. Pt 7J. Gen. Virol. 2004;85:1825–1832. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19659-0.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19659-0pubmed: 15218166google scholar: lookup
  227. Suradhat S., Yoo D., Babiuk L.A., Griebel P., Baca-Estrada M.E. DNA immunization with a bovine rotavirus VP4 gene induces a Th1-like immune response in mice. Viral Immunol. 1997;10:117–127.
    pubmed: 9344334
  228. Vega C.G., Bok M., Ebinger M., Rocha L.A., Rivolta A.A., Gonzalez Thomas V., Muntadas P., D’Aloia R., Pinto V., Parreno V., et al. A new passive immune strategy based on IgY antibodies as a key element to control neonatal calf diarrhea in dairy farms. BMC Vet. Res. 2020;16:264. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02476-3.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02476-3pmc: PMC7388481pubmed: 32727468google scholar: lookup
  229. Kumar D., Shepherd F.K., Springer N.L., Mwangi W., Marthaler D.G. Rotavirus Infection in Swine: Genotypic Diversity, Immune Responses, and Role of Gut Microbiome in Rotavirus Immunity. Pathogens. 2022;11:1078. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11101078.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11101078pmc: PMC9607047pubmed: 36297136google scholar: lookup
  230. Amimo J.O., Vlasova A.N., Saif L.J. Detection and genetic diversity of porcine group A rotaviruses in historic (2004) and recent (2011 and 2012) swine fecal samples in Ohio: Predominance of the G9P[13] genotype in nursing piglets. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2013;51:1142–1151. doi: 10.1128/JCM.03193-12.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.03193-12pmc: PMC3666770pubmed: 23363823google scholar: lookup
  231. Hoblet K.H., Saif L.J., Kohler E.M., Theil K.W., Bech-Nielsen S., Stitzlein G.A. Efficacy of an orally administered modified-live porcine-origin rotavirus vaccine against postweaning diarrhea in pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1986;47:1697–1703.
    pubmed: 3019187
  232. Kato T., Kakuta T., Yonezuka A., Sekiguchi T., Machida Y., Xu J., Suzuki T., Park E.Y. Expression and Purification of Porcine Rotavirus Structural Proteins in Silkworm Larvae as a Vaccine Candidate. Mol. Biotechnol. 2023;65:401–409. doi: 10.1007/s12033-022-00548-3.
    doi: 10.1007/s12033-022-00548-3pmc: PMC9376036pubmed: 35963985google scholar: lookup
  233. Li W., Feng J., Li J., Li J., Wang Z., Khalique A., Yang M., Ni X., Zeng D., Zhang D., et al. Surface Display of Antigen Protein VP8* of Porcine Rotavirus on Bacillus Subtilis Spores Using CotB as a Fusion Partner. Molecules. 2019;24:3793. doi: 10.3390/molecules24203793.
    doi: 10.3390/molecules24203793pmc: PMC6833084pubmed: 31652492google scholar: lookup
  234. Wen X., Wei X., Ran X., Ni H., Cao S., Zhang Y. Immunogenicity of porcine P[6], P[7]-specific big up tri, openVP8* rotavirus subunit vaccines with a tetanus toxoid universal T cell epitope. Vaccine. 2015;33:4533–4539. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.011.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.011pubmed: 26192360google scholar: lookup
  235. Azevedo M.P., Vlasova A.N., Saif L.J. Human rotavirus virus-like particle vaccines evaluated in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus disease. Expert. Rev. Vaccines. 2013;12:169–181. doi: 10.1586/erv.13.3.
    doi: 10.1586/erv.13.3pubmed: 23414408google scholar: lookup
  236. Powell D.G., Dwyer R.M., Traub-Dargatz J.L., Fulker R.H., Whalen J.W., Jr., Srinivasappa J., Acree W.M., Chu H.J. Field study of the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1997;211:193–198. doi: 10.2460/javma.1997.211.02.193.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.1997.211.02.193pubmed: 9227750google scholar: lookup
  237. Imagawa H., Kato T., Tsunemitsu H., Tanaka H., Sato S., Higuchi T. Field study of inactivated equine rotavirus vaccine. J. Equine Sci. 2005;16:35–44. doi: 10.1294/jes.16.35.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.16.35google scholar: lookup
  238. Magdesian K.G., Dwyer R.M., Gonzalez Arguedas M. Viral Diarrhea. In: Sellon D.C., Long M.T., editors. Equine Infectious Diseases. Saunders; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2014. pp. 198–203.
  239. Sheoran A.S., Karzenski S.S., Whalen J.W., Crisman M.V., Powell D.G., Timoney J.F. Prepartum equine rotavirus vaccination inducing strong specific IgG in mammary secretions. Vet. Rec. 2000;146:672–673. doi: 10.1136/vr.146.23.672.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.146.23.672pubmed: 10883857google scholar: lookup
  240. Browning G.F., Fitzgerald T.A., Chalmers R.M., Snodgrass D.R. A novel group A rotavirus G serotype: Serological and genomic characterization of equine isolate FI23. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991;29:2043–2046. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.9.2043-2046.1991.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.9.2043-2046.1991pmc: PMC270257pubmed: 1663521google scholar: lookup
  241. Hardy M.E., Woode G.N., Xu Z.C., Williams J.D., Conner M.E., Dwyer R.M., Powell D.G. Analysis of serotypes and electropherotypes of equine rotaviruses isolated in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991;29:889–893. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.5.889-893.1991.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.5.889-893.1991pmc: PMC269902pubmed: 1647407google scholar: lookup
  242. Nemoto M., Tsunemitsu H., Murase H., Nambo Y., Sato S., Orita Y., Imagawa H., Bannai H., Tsujimura K., Yamanaka T., et al. Antibody response in vaccinated pregnant mares to recent G3BP[12] and G14P[12] equine rotaviruses. Acta Vet. Scand. 2012;54:63. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-63.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-63pmc: PMC3523035pubmed: 23130609google scholar: lookup
  243. Parreño V. The Guinea Pig Model. An Alternative Method for Vaccine Potency Testing. 1st ed. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2023.
  244. Nemoto M., Inagaki M., Tamura N., Bannai H., Tsujimura K., Yamanaka T., Kokado H. Evaluation of inactivated vaccines against equine group A rotaviruses by use of a suckling mouse model. Vaccine. 2018;36:5551–5555. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.057.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.057pubmed: 30076106google scholar: lookup
  245. Hung P.J., Chen C.C. Diagnostic accuracy of rotavirus antigen tests in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2023;28:72–79. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13846.
    doi: 10.1111/tmi.13846pubmed: 36579701google scholar: lookup
  246. Mino S., Kern A., Barrandeguy M., Parreno V. Comparison of two commercial kits and an in-house ELISA for the detection of equine rotavirus in foal feces. J. Virol. Methods. 2015;222:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.05.002.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.05.002pubmed: 25979610google scholar: lookup
  247. Vega C.G., Garaicoechea L.L., Degiuseppe J.I., Bok M., Rivolta A.A., Piantanida A.P., Asenzo G., Aduriz Guerrero M., Wigdorovitz A., Stupka J.A., et al. ROTADIAL: The first nanobody-based immunoassay to detect Group A Rotavirus. J. Virol. Methods. 2021;298:114279. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114279.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114279pubmed: 34499967google scholar: lookup
  248. Pickering L.K., Bartlett A.V., 3rd, Reves R.R., Morrow A. Asymptomatic excretion of rotavirus before and after rotavirus diarrhea in children in day care centers. J. Pediatr. 1988;112:361–365. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80313-5.
    doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80313-5pubmed: 2831326google scholar: lookup
  249. Danino D., Hazan G., Mahajna R., Khalde F., Farraj L., Avni Y.S., Greenberg D., Hershkovitz E., Faingelernt Y., Givon-Lavi N. Implementing a multiplex-PCR test for the diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children: Are all enteric viruses the same? J. Clin. Virol. 2023;167:105577. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105577.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105577pubmed: 37651826google scholar: lookup
  250. Pedroso N.H., Silva Junior J.V.J., Becker A.S., Weiblen R., Flores E.F. An end-point multiplex PCR/reverse transcription-PCR for detection of five agents of bovine neonatal diarrhea. J. Microbiol. Methods. 2023;209:106738. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106738.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106738pubmed: 37182807google scholar: lookup
  251. Zhang L., Jiang Z., Zhou Z., Sun J., Yan S., Gao W., Shao Y., Bai Y., Wu Y., Yan Z., et al. A TaqMan Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Subtypes G1 and G2, and Porcine Rotavirus Groups A and C. Viruses. 2022;14:1819. doi: 10.3390/v14081819.
    doi: 10.3390/v14081819pmc: PMC9413770pubmed: 36016441google scholar: lookup
  252. Carossino M., Barrandeguy M.E., Erol E., Li Y., Balasuriya U.B.R. Development and evaluation of a one-step multiplex real-time TaqMan((R)) RT-qPCR assay for the detection and genotyping of equine G3 and G14 rotaviruses in fecal samples. Virol. J. 2019;16:49. doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1149-1.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1149-1pmc: PMC6482509pubmed: 31023319google scholar: lookup
  253. Carossino M., Balasuriya U.B.R., Thieulent C.J., Barrandeguy M.E., Vissani M.A., Parreno V. Quadruplex Real-Time TaqMan((R)) RT-qPCR Assay for Differentiation of Equine Group A and B Rotaviruses and Identification of Group A G3 and G14 Genotypes. Viruses. 2023;15:1626. doi: 10.3390/v15081626.
    doi: 10.3390/v15081626pmc: PMC10459720pubmed: 37631969google scholar: lookup
  254. Anaya-Molina Y., De La Cruz Hernandez S.I., Andres-Dionicio A.E., Teran-Vega H.L., Mendez-Perez H., Castro-Escarpulli G., Garcia-Lozano H. A one-step real-time RT-PCR helps to identify mixed rotavirus infections in Mexico. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2018;92:288–293. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.06.023.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.06.023pubmed: 30076043google scholar: lookup
  255. Andersson M., Lindh M. Rotavirus genotype shifts among Swedish children and adults-Application of a real-time PCR genotyping. J. Clin. Virol. 2017;96:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.09.005.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.09.005pubmed: 28915451google scholar: lookup
  256. Esona M.D., Gautam R., Tam K.I., Williams A., Mijatovic-Rustempasic S., Bowen M.D. Multiplexed one-step RT-PCR VP7 and VP4 genotyping assays for rotaviruses using updated primers. J. Virol. Methods. 2015;223:96–104. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.012.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.012pmc: PMC5818709pubmed: 26231786google scholar: lookup
  257. Gautam R., Mijatovic-Rustempasic S., Esona M.D., Tam K.I., Quaye O., Bowen M.D. One-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting and genotyping wild-type group A rotavirus strains and vaccine strains (Rotarix(R) and RotaTeq(R)) in stool samples. PeerJ. 2016;4:e1560. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1560.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.1560pmc: PMC4734446pubmed: 26839745google scholar: lookup
  258. Kottaridi C., Spathis A.T., Ntova C.K., Papaevangelou V., Karakitsos P. Evaluation of a multiplex real time reverse transcription PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of the most common human rotavirus genotypes. J. Virol. Methods. 2012;180:49–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.12.009.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.12.009pubmed: 22245180google scholar: lookup
  259. WHO Building rotavirus laboratory capacity to support the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 2013;88:217–223.
    pubmed: 23757795
  260. WHO . Rotavirus: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland: 2018.

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Borba KER, Legere RM, Canaday NM, Skrobarczyk JW, Arnold ZWT, Cotton-Betteridge E, Poveda C, Criscitiello MF, Bordin AI, Berghman LR, Pollet JBK, Cohen ND. Maternal Immunization with VP8* mRNA Vaccine Yields Superior Passive Transfer of Rotavirus-Neutralizing Antibodies to Foals.. Vaccines (Basel) 2026 Jan 9;14(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines14010076pubmed: 41600992google scholar: lookup
  2. Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, Franco A, Brandtner D, Congiu D, Mancini P, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, La Rosa G. Rotavirus Quantification and Genotyping in Wastewater: A Molecular Surveillance Study in Italy (2024-2025).. Microorganisms 2025 Oct 7;13(10).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13102319pubmed: 41156779google scholar: lookup
  3. Gamage C, Holl W, Parreño V, Thieulent CJ, Balasuriya UBR, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Carossino M. Comparative clinical, virological and pathological characterization of equine rotavirus A G3P[12] and G14P[12] infection in neonatal mice.. J Gen Virol 2025 Jun;106(6).
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.002110pubmed: 40471657google scholar: lookup
  4. Kotaki T, Kanai Y, Ogden KM, Onishi M, Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Boonyos P, Phoosangwalthong P, Singchai P, Luechakham T, Minami S, Chen Z, Hirai K, Tacharoenmuang R, Mizushima H, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N, Kobayashi T. A rotavirus VP4 or VP7 monoreassortant panel identifies genotypes that are less susceptible to neutralization by systemic antibodies induced by vaccination or natural infection.. mBio 2025 Jul 9;16(7):e0089725.
    doi: 10.1128/mbio.00897-25pubmed: 40444468google scholar: lookup
  5. Ghonaim AH, Rouby SR, Nageeb WM, Elgendy AA, Xu R, Jiang C, Ghonaim NH, He Q, Li W. Insights into recent advancements in human and animal rotavirus vaccines: Exploring new frontiers.. Virol Sin 2025 Feb;40(1):1-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.12.001pubmed: 39672271google scholar: lookup
  6. Carter MH, Gribble J, Diller JR, Denison MR, Mirza SA, Chappell JD, Halasa NB, Ogden KM. Human Rotaviruses of Multiple Genotypes Acquire Conserved VP4 Mutations during Serial Passage.. Viruses 2024 Jun 18;16(6).
    doi: 10.3390/v16060978pubmed: 38932271google scholar: lookup
  7. Zhou X, Hou X, Xiao G, Liu B, Jia H, Wei J, Mi X, Guo Q, Wei Y, Zhai SL. Emergence of a Novel G4P[6] Porcine Rotavirus with Unique Sequence Duplication in NSP5 Gene in China.. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 14;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14121790pubmed: 38929409google scholar: lookup
  8. Tao R, Cheng X, Gu L, Zhou J, Zhu X, Zhang X, Guo R, Wang W, Li B. Lipidomics reveals the significance and mechanism of the cellular ceramide metabolism for rotavirus replication.. J Virol 2024 Apr 16;98(4):e0006424.
    doi: 10.1128/jvi.00064-24pubmed: 38488360google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,002 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.