FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Virol / Equus caballus major histocompatibility complex class I is a...
Journal of virology2010; 84(18); 9027-9034; doi: 10.1128/JVI.00287-10

Equus caballus major histocompatibility complex class I is an entry receptor for equine herpesvirus type 1.

Abstract: In this study, Equus caballus major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) was identified as a cellular entry receptor for the alphaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). This novel EHV-1 receptor was discovered using a cDNA library from equine macrophages. cDNAs from this EHV-1-susceptible cell type were inserted into EHV-1-resistant B78H1 murine melanoma cells, these cells were infected with an EHV-1 lacZ reporter virus, and cells that supported virus infection were identified by X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside) staining. Positive cells were subjected to several rounds of purification to obtain homogeneous cell populations that were shown to be uniformly infected with EHV-1. cDNAs from these cell populations were amplified by PCR and then sequenced. The sequence data revealed that the EHV-1-susceptible cells had acquired an E. caballus MHC-I cDNA. Cell surface expression of this receptor was verified by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. The MHC-I cDNA was cloned into a mammalian expression vector, and stable B78H1 cell lines were generated that express this receptor. These cell lines were susceptible to EHV-1 infection while the parental B78H1 cells remained resistant to infection. In addition, EHV-1 infection of the B78H1 MHC-I-expressing cell lines was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by an anti-MHC-I antibody.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2010-07-07 PubMed ID: 20610718PubMed Central: PMC2937649DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00287-10Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents findings on how the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a type of alphaherpesvirus, uses Equus caballus major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) as a cellular entry receptor in horses.

Study Background and Purpose

  • The study aimed to identify the cellular entry receptor for EHV-1, a type of alphaherpesvirus, in horses. The researchers discovered that the Equus caballus major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) is this entry receptor.

Methodology

  • A cDNA library from equine macrophages was used in this study. These macrophages were EHV-1-susceptible, meaning they could be infected by the virus.
  • This cDNA was inserted into B78H1 murine melanoma cells that were normally resistant to EHV-1 infection.
  • Following the introduction of EHV-1, infected cells were identified via staining with X-Gal, a color-producing compound.
  • Through a series of purifications, a homogeneous population of cells that could be uniformly infected with EHV-1 was obtained.

Findings and Conclusions

  • After analyzing the cDNAs of these infected cells, it was discovered that they contained an E. caballus MHC-I cDNA, suggesting that these cells had gained the ability to be infected via an E. caballus MHC-I receptor.
  • The MHC-I cDNA was then cloned and stable B78H1 cell lines expressing the MHC-I receptor were created, confirming that the presence of the MHC-I molecular complex allows the cells to be infected by the virus.
  • The newly-created cell lines, which expressed MHC-I, were susceptible to EHV-1 infection while the original B78H1 cells remained virus-resistant.
  • Lastly, introducing an anti-MHC-I antibody inhibited EHV-1 infection in a dose-dependent manner, validating the finding that MHC-I plays a central role in the EHV-1 infection process.

Cite This Article

APA
Kurtz BM, Singletary LB, Kelly SD, Frampton AR. (2010). Equus caballus major histocompatibility complex class I is an entry receptor for equine herpesvirus type 1. J Virol, 84(18), 9027-9034. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00287-10

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 1098-5514
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 84
Issue: 18
Pages: 9027-9034

Researcher Affiliations

Kurtz, Brian M
  • Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd., Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
Singletary, Lauren B
    Kelly, Sean D
      Frampton, Arthur R

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Cell Line
        • Cell Membrane / chemistry
        • Gene Expression
        • Gene Library
        • Genes, Reporter
        • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / physiology
        • Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / physiology
        • Horses / virology
        • Macrophages
        • Mice
        • Microscopy, Confocal
        • Microscopy, Fluorescence
        • Receptors, Virus / physiology
        • Sequence Analysis, DNA
        • Staining and Labeling / methods
        • Transfection
        • Virus Internalization
        • beta-Galactosidase / genetics
        • beta-Galactosidase / metabolism

        References

        This article includes 48 references
        1. Ahn K, Angulo A, Ghazal P, Peterson PA, Yang Y, Früh K. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits antigen presentation by a sequential multistep process.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 Oct 1;93(20):10990-5.
          pmc: PMC38271pubmed: 8855296doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.20.10990google scholar: lookup
        2. Allen GP, Bryans JT. Molecular epizootiology, pathogenesis, and prophylaxis of equine herpesvirus-1 infections.. Prog Vet Microbiol Immunol 1986;2:78-144.
          pubmed: 2856183
        3. Ambagala APN, Gopinath RS, Srikumaran S. Peptide transport activity of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is inhibited by an early protein of equine herpesvirus-1.. J Gen Virol 2004 Feb;85(Pt 2):349-353.
          pubmed: 14769892doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19563-0google scholar: lookup
        4. Ambagala AP, Hinkley S, Srikumaran S. An early pseudorabies virus protein down-regulates porcine MHC class I expression by inhibition of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP).. J Immunol 2000 Jan 1;164(1):93-9.
          pubmed: 10604998doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.93google scholar: lookup
        5. Antoniou AN, Powis SJ. Pathogen evasion strategies for the major histocompatibility complex class I assembly pathway.. Immunology 2008 May;124(1):1-12.
          pmc: PMC2434379pubmed: 18284468doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02804.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        6. Reference deleted.
        7. Cheung PY, Zhang Y, Long J, Lin S, Zhang M, Jiang Y, Wu Z. p150(Glued), Dynein, and microtubules are specifically required for activation of MKK3/6 and p38 MAPKs.. J Biol Chem 2004 Oct 29;279(44):45308-11.
          pubmed: 15375157doi: 10.1074/jbc.c400333200google scholar: lookup
        8. Chiang EY, Henson M, Stroynowski I. Correction of defects responsible for impaired Qa-2 class Ib MHC expression on melanoma cells protects mice from tumor growth.. J Immunol 2003 May 1;170(9):4515-23.
          pubmed: 12707328doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4515google scholar: lookup
        9. Crump A, Donaldson WL, Miller J, Kydd JH, Allen WR, Antczak DF. Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on horse trophoblast.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1987;35:379-88.
          pubmed: 3479592
        10. Csellner H, Walker C, Wellington JE, McLure LE, Love DN, Whalley JM. EHV-1 glycoprotein D (EHV-1 gD) is required for virus entry and cell-cell fusion, and an EHV-1 gD deletion mutant induces a protective immune response in mice.. Arch Virol 2000;145(11):2371-85.
          pubmed: 11205124doi: 10.1007/s007050070027google scholar: lookup
        11. Davison AJ. Evolution of the herpesviruses.. Vet Microbiol 2002 Apr 22;86(1-2):69-88.
          pubmed: 11888691doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00492-8google scholar: lookup
        12. Ellis SA, Martin AJ, Holmes EC, Morrison WI. At least four MHC class I genes are transcribed in the horse: phylogenetic analysis suggests an unusual evolutionary history for the MHC in this species.. Eur J Immunogenet 1995 Jun;22(3):249-60.
          pubmed: 8547231doi: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1995.tb00239.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        13. Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ, Halewyck HM, Van Oostveldt P, Mettenleiter TC, Pensaert MB. Antibody-induced endocytosis of viral glycoproteins and major histocompatibility complex class I on pseudorabies virus-infected monocytes.. J Gen Virol 1999 May;80 ( Pt 5):1283-1291.
          pubmed: 10355775doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-5-1283google scholar: lookup
        14. Frampton AR Jr, Goins WF, Cohen JB, von Einem J, Osterrieder N, O'Callaghan DJ, Glorioso JC. Equine herpesvirus 1 utilizes a novel herpesvirus entry receptor.. J Virol 2005 Mar;79(5):3169-73.
          pmc: PMC548480pubmed: 15709036doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3169-3173.2005google scholar: lookup
        15. Frampton AR Jr, Smith PM, Zhang Y, Grafton WD, Matsumura T, Osterrieder N, O'Callaghan DJ. Meningoencephalitis in mice infected with an equine herpesvirus 1 strain KyA recombinant expressing glycoprotein I and glycoprotein E.. Virus Genes 2004 Aug;29(1):9-17.
          pubmed: 15215680doi: 10.1023/b:viru.0000032785.19420.14google scholar: lookup
        16. Frampton AR Jr, Smith PM, Zhang Y, Matsumura T, Osterrieder N, O'Callaghan DJ. Contribution of gene products encoded within the unique short segment of equine herpesvirus 1 to virulence in a murine model.. Virus Res 2002 Dec;90(1-2):287-301.
          pubmed: 12457983doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00245-9google scholar: lookup
        17. Frampton AR Jr, Stolz DB, Uchida H, Goins WF, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Equine herpesvirus 1 enters cells by two different pathways, and infection requires the activation of the cellular kinase ROCK1.. J Virol 2007 Oct;81(20):10879-89.
          pmc: PMC2045510pubmed: 17670830doi: 10.1128/jvi.00504-07google scholar: lookup
        18. Frampton AR Jr, Uchida H, von Einem J, Goins WF, Grandi P, Cohen JB, Osterrieder N, Glorioso JC. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) utilizes microtubules, dynein, and ROCK1 to productively infect cells.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Feb 24;141(1-2):12-21.
          pmc: PMC2819619pubmed: 19713056doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.035google scholar: lookup
        19. Friedman HM. Immune evasion by herpes simplex virus type 1, strategies for virus survival.. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2003;114:103-12.
          pmc: PMC2194497pubmed: 12813914
        20. Gopinath RS, Ambagala AP, Hinkley S, Srikumaran S. Effects of virion host shut-off activity of bovine herpesvirus 1 on MHC class I expression.. Viral Immunol 2002;15(4):595-608.
          pubmed: 12513930doi: 10.1089/088282402320914539google scholar: lookup
        21. Hewitt EW, Duncan L, Mufti D, Baker J, Stevenson PG, Lehner PJ. Ubiquitylation of MHC class I by the K3 viral protein signals internalization and TSG101-dependent degradation.. EMBO J 2002 May 15;21(10):2418-29.
          pmc: PMC125377pubmed: 12006494doi: 10.1093/emboj/21.10.2418google scholar: lookup
        22. Hill A, Jugovic P, York I, Russ G, Bennink J, Yewdell J, Ploegh H, Johnson D. Herpes simplex virus turns off the TAP to evade host immunity.. Nature 1995 Jun 1;375(6530):411-5.
          pubmed: 7760935doi: 10.1038/375411a0google scholar: lookup
        23. Hinkley S, Ambagala AP, Jones CJ, Srikumaran S. A vhs-like activity of bovine herpesvirus-1.. Arch Virol 2000;145(10):2027-46.
          pubmed: 11087090doi: 10.1007/s007050070038google scholar: lookup
        24. Holmes EC, Ellis SA. Evolutionary history of MHC class I genes in the mammalian order Perissodactyla.. J Mol Evol 1999 Sep;49(3):316-24.
          pubmed: 10473772doi: 10.1007/pl00006554google scholar: lookup
        25. Hughes AL, Nei M. Evolution of the major histocompatibility complex: independent origin of nonclassical class I genes in different groups of mammals.. Mol Biol Evol 1989 Nov;6(6):559-79.
          pubmed: 2484936doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040573google scholar: lookup
        26. Hunt HD, Lupiani B, Miller MM, Gimeno I, Lee LF, Parcells MS. Marek's disease virus down-regulates surface expression of MHC (B Complex) Class I (BF) glycoproteins during active but not latent infection of chicken cells.. Virology 2001 Mar 30;282(1):198-205.
          pubmed: 11259202doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0797google scholar: lookup
        27. Johnson JM, Mulloy JC, Ciminale V, Fullen J, Nicot C, Franchini G. The MHC class I heavy chain is a common target of the small proteins encoded by the 3' end of HTLV type 1 and HTLV type 2.. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000 Nov 1;16(16):1777-81.
          pubmed: 11080826doi: 10.1089/08892220050193308google scholar: lookup
        28. Johnstone C, Del Val M. Traffic of proteins and peptides across membranes for immunosurveillance by CD8(+) T lymphocytes: a topological challenge.. Traffic 2007 Nov;8(11):1486-94.
          pubmed: 17822406doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00635.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        29. Koppers-Lalic D, Reits EA, Ressing ME, Lipinska AD, Abele R, Koch J, Marcondes Rezende M, Admiraal P, van Leeuwen D, Bienkowska-Szewczyk K, Mettenleiter TC, Rijsewijk FA, Tampé R, Neefjes J, Wiertz EJ. Varicelloviruses avoid T cell recognition by UL49.5-mediated inactivation of the transporter associated with antigen processing.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Apr 5;102(14):5144-9.
          pmc: PMC555605pubmed: 15793001doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501463102google scholar: lookup
        30. Koppers-Lalic D, Rijsewijk FAM, Verschuren SBE, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Neisig A, Ressing ME, Neefjes J, Wiertz EJHJ. The UL41-encoded virion host shutoff (vhs) protein and vhs-independent mechanisms are responsible for down-regulation of MHC class I molecules by bovine herpesvirus 1.. J Gen Virol 2001 Sep;82(Pt 9):2071-2081.
          pubmed: 11514716doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-9-2071google scholar: lookup
        31. Koppers-Lalic D, Verweij MC, Lipińska AD, Wang Y, Quinten E, Reits EA, Koch J, Loch S, Marcondes Rezende M, Daus F, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Osterrieder N, Mettenleiter TC, Heemskerk MH, Tampé R, Neefjes JJ, Chowdhury SI, Ressing ME, Rijsewijk FA, Wiertz EJ. Varicellovirus UL 49.5 proteins differentially affect the function of the transporter associated with antigen processing, TAP.. PLoS Pathog 2008 May 30;4(5):e1000080.
          pmc: PMC2386557pubmed: 18516302doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000080google scholar: lookup
        32. Lehner PJ, Hoer S, Dodd R, Duncan LM. Downregulation of cell surface receptors by the K3 family of viral and cellular ubiquitin E3 ligases.. Immunol Rev 2005 Oct;207:112-25.
          pubmed: 16181331doi: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00314.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        33. Lollini PL, De Giovanni C, Del Re B, Nicoletti G, Prodi G, Nanni P. Interferon-mediated enhancement of metastasis. Are MHC antigens involved?. Clin Exp Metastasis 1987 Oct-Dec;5(4):277-87.
          pubmed: 3117468doi: 10.1007/bf00120723google scholar: lookup
        34. Milne RS, Nicola AV, Whitbeck JC, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH. Glycoprotein D receptor-dependent, low-pH-independent endocytic entry of herpes simplex virus type 1.. J Virol 2005 Jun;79(11):6655-63.
          pmc: PMC1112142pubmed: 15890903doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6655-6663.2005google scholar: lookup
        35. O'Callaghan DJ, Gentry GA, Randall CC. The equine herpesviruses. p. 215-238. In B. Roizman (ed.), The herpesviruses, comprehensive virology, vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
        36. Osterrieder N. Construction and characterization of an equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein C negative mutant.. Virus Res 1999 Feb;59(2):165-77.
          pubmed: 10082388doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00134-8google scholar: lookup
        37. Rappocciolo G, Birch J, Ellis SA. Down-regulation of MHC class I expression by equine herpesvirus-1.. J Gen Virol 2003 Feb;84(Pt 2):293-300.
          pubmed: 12560560doi: 10.1099/vir.0.18612-0google scholar: lookup
        38. Sanchez DJ, Coscoy L, Ganem D. Functional organization of MIR2, a novel viral regulator of selective endocytosis.. J Biol Chem 2002 Feb 22;277(8):6124-30.
          pubmed: 11751860doi: 10.1074/jbc.m110265200google scholar: lookup
        39. Schwartz O, Maréchal V, Le Gall S, Lemonnier F, Heard JM. Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein.. Nat Med 1996 Mar;2(3):338-42.
          pubmed: 8612235doi: 10.1038/nm0396-338google scholar: lookup
        40. Shawar SM, Vyas JM, Rodgers JR, Rich RR. Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I-B molecules.. Annu Rev Immunol 1994;12:839-80.
          pubmed: 8011299doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.004203google scholar: lookup
        41. Sugahara Y, Matsumura T, Kono Y, Honda E, Kida H, Okazaki K. Adaptation of equine herpesvirus 1 to unnatural host led to mutation of the gC resulting in increased susceptibility of the virus to heparin.. Arch Virol 1997;142(9):1849-56.
          pubmed: 9672642doi: 10.1007/s007050050202google scholar: lookup
        42. Trapp S, von Einem J, Hofmann H, Köstler J, Wild J, Wagner R, Beer M, Osterrieder N. Potential of equine herpesvirus 1 as a vector for immunization.. J Virol 2005 May;79(9):5445-54.
          pmc: PMC1082783pubmed: 15827159doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.9.5445-5454.2005google scholar: lookup
        43. van der Meulen KM, Favoreel HW, Pensaert MB, Nauwynck HJ. Immune escape of equine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses of veterinary importance.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):31-40.
          pubmed: 16472872doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.006google scholar: lookup
        44. van der Meulen KM, Nauwynck HJ, Pensaert MB. Absence of viral antigens on the surface of equine herpesvirus-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a strategy to avoid complement-mediated lysis.. J Gen Virol 2003 Jan;84(Pt 1):93-97.
          pubmed: 12533704doi: 10.1099/vir.0.18864-0google scholar: lookup
        45. Van de Walle GR, Peters ST, VanderVen BC, O'Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesvirus 1 entry via endocytosis is facilitated by alphaV integrins and an RSD motif in glycoprotein D.. J Virol 2008 Dec;82(23):11859-68.
          pmc: PMC2583640pubmed: 18815313doi: 10.1128/jvi.00868-08google scholar: lookup
        46. Wiertz EJ, Jones TR, Sun L, Bogyo M, Geuze HJ, Ploegh HL. The human cytomegalovirus US11 gene product dislocates MHC class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol.. Cell 1996 Mar 8;84(5):769-79.
          pubmed: 8625414doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81054-5google scholar: lookup
        47. Wiertz EJ, Tortorella D, Bogyo M, Yu J, Mothes W, Jones TR, Rapoport TA, Ploegh HL. Sec61-mediated transfer of a membrane protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the proteasome for destruction.. Nature 1996 Dec 5;384(6608):432-8.
          pubmed: 8945469doi: 10.1038/384432a0google scholar: lookup
        48. Zhang B, Jin S, Jin J, Li F, Montelaro RC. A tumor necrosis factor receptor family protein serves as a cellular receptor for the macrophage-tropic equine lentivirus.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Jul 12;102(28):9918-23.
          pmc: PMC1174982pubmed: 15985554doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501560102google scholar: lookup

        Citations

        This article has been cited 18 times.
        1. Kremling V, Loll B, Pach S, Dahmani I, Weise C, Wolber G, Chiantia S, Wahl MC, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Crystal structures of glycoprotein D of equine alphaherpesviruses reveal potential binding sites to the entry receptor MHC-I.. Front Microbiol 2023;14:1197120.
          doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197120pubmed: 37250020google scholar: lookup
        2. Ismail NA, Yong CSY, Sin SYW, Annavi G. Low Diversity of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes in Endangered Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus).. Zool Stud 2023;62:e12.
          doi: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-12pubmed: 37187804google scholar: lookup
        3. Bartak M, Chodkowski M, Słońska A, Grodzik M, Szczepaniak J, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Modulates Actin Cytoskeleton and Inhibits Migration of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Line A172.. Pathogens 2022 Mar 25;11(4).
          doi: 10.3390/pathogens11040400pubmed: 35456075google scholar: lookup
        4. Laval K, Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Zhao J, Vandekerckhove AP, Gryspeerdt AC, Garré B, van der Meulen K, Baghi HB, Dubale HN, Zarak I, Van Crombrugge E, Nauwynck HJ. The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1.. Front Microbiol 2021;12:662686.
          doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662686pubmed: 33746936google scholar: lookup
        5. Kolyvushko O, Kelch MA, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Alphaherpesviruses Require Activation of the Small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 for Intracellular Transport.. Microorganisms 2020 Jul 7;8(7).
          doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8071013pubmed: 32645930google scholar: lookup
        6. Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry.. Front Microbiol 2019;10:2668.
          doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668pubmed: 31849857google scholar: lookup
        7. Cheshenko N, Pierce C, Herold BC. Herpes simplex viruses activate phospholipid scramblase to redistribute phosphatidylserines and Akt to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and promote viral entry.. PLoS Pathog 2018 Jan;14(1):e1006766.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006766pubmed: 29293671google scholar: lookup
        8. Van Cleemput J, Poelaert KCK, Laval K, Maes R, Hussey GS, Van den Broeck W, Nauwynck HJ. Access to a main alphaherpesvirus receptor, located basolaterally in the respiratory epithelium, is masked by intercellular junctions.. Sci Rep 2017 Nov 30;7(1):16656.
          doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16804-5pubmed: 29192251google scholar: lookup
        9. Azab W, Gramatica A, Herrmann A, Osterrieder N. Binding of alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein H to surface α4β1-integrins activates calcium-signaling pathways and induces phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane.. mBio 2015 Oct 20;6(5):e01552-15.
          doi: 10.1128/mBio.01552-15pubmed: 26489864google scholar: lookup
        10. Stokol T, Yeo WM, Burnett D, DeAngelis N, Huang T, Osterrieder N, Catalfamo J. Equid herpesvirus type 1 activates platelets.. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0122640.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122640pubmed: 25905776google scholar: lookup
        11. Azab W, Lehmann MJ, Osterrieder N. Glycoprotein H and α4β1 integrins determine the entry pathway of alphaherpesviruses.. J Virol 2013 May;87(10):5937-48.
          doi: 10.1128/JVI.03522-12pubmed: 23514881google scholar: lookup
        12. Azab W, Zajic L, Osterrieder N. The role of glycoprotein H of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) in cellular host range and integrin binding.. Vet Res 2012 Aug 21;43(1):61.
          doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-61pubmed: 22909178google scholar: lookup
        13. Said A, Azab W, Damiani A, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesvirus type 4 UL56 and UL49.5 proteins downregulate cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I expression independently of each other.. J Virol 2012 Aug;86(15):8059-71.
          doi: 10.1128/JVI.00891-12pubmed: 22623773google scholar: lookup
        14. Courchesne MJ, White MC, Stanfield BA, Frampton AR Jr. Equine herpesvirus type 1-mediated oncolysis of human glioblastoma multiforme cells.. J Virol 2012 Mar;86(5):2882-6.
          doi: 10.1128/JVI.06296-11pubmed: 22205738google scholar: lookup
        15. Azab W, Osterrieder N. Glycoproteins D of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 determine cellular tropism independently of integrins.. J Virol 2012 Feb;86(4):2031-44.
          doi: 10.1128/JVI.06555-11pubmed: 22171258google scholar: lookup
        16. Sasaki M, Kim E, Igarashi M, Ito K, Hasebe R, Fukushi H, Sawa H, Kimura T. Single amino acid residue in the A2 domain of major histocompatibility complex class I is involved in the efficiency of equine herpesvirus-1 entry.. J Biol Chem 2011 Nov 11;286(45):39370-8.
          doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.251751pubmed: 21949188google scholar: lookup
        17. Greene JM, Wiseman RW, Lank SM, Bimber BN, Karl JA, Burwitz BJ, Lhost JJ, Hawkins OE, Kunstman KJ, Broman KW, Wolinsky SM, Hildebrand WH, O'Connor DH. Differential MHC class I expression in distinct leukocyte subsets.. BMC Immunol 2011 Jul 15;12:39.
          doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-39pubmed: 21762519google scholar: lookup
        18. Sasaki M, Hasebe R, Makino Y, Suzuki T, Fukushi H, Okamoto M, Matsuda K, Taniyama H, Sawa H, Kimura T. Equine major histocompatibility complex class I molecules act as entry receptors that bind to equine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D.. Genes Cells 2011 Apr;16(4):343-57.
          doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01491.xpubmed: 21306483google scholar: lookup
        Subscribe to our newsletter
        Join 99,383 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.