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Scientific reports2017; 7(1); 15497; doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15375-9

Evaluating the impact of domestication and captivity on the horse gut microbiome.

Abstract: The mammal gut microbiome, which includes host microbes and their respective genes, is now recognized as an essential second genome that provides critical functions to the host. In humans, studies have revealed that lifestyle strongly influences the composition and diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome. We hypothesized that these trends in humans may be paralleled in mammals subjected to anthropogenic forces such as domestication and captivity, in which diets and natural life histories are often greatly modified. We investigated fecal microbiomes of Przewalski's horse (PH; Equus ferus przewalskii), the only horses alive today not successfully domesticated by humans, and herded, domestic horse (E. f. caballus) living in adjacent natural grasslands. We discovered PH fecal microbiomes hosted a distinct and more diverse community of bacteria compared to domestic horses, which is likely partly explained by different plant diets as revealed by trnL maker data. Within the PH population, four individuals were born in captivity in European zoos and hosted a strikingly low diversity of fecal microbiota compared to individuals born in natural reserves in France and Mongolia. These results suggest that anthropogenic forces can dramatically reshape equid gastrointestinal microbiomes, which has broader implications for the conservation management of endangered mammals.
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Publication Date: 2017-11-14 PubMed ID: 29138485PubMed Central: PMC5686199DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15375-9Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article studies how domestication and captivity affect the diversity and composition of bacteria in the gut of horses. The scientists found a more diverse bacterial community in wild horses compared to domesticated ones, and a drastically reduced variety in captive-born animals.

Effect of Domestication and Captivity on Gut Microbiome

The article investigates the impact of domestication and captivity, which can significantly alter a mammal’s diet and living conditions, on the biodiversity and composition of gut microbes in horses. The gut microbiome refers to the collection of microbes and their respective genes that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, acting as an additional genome. This “second genome” is crucial as it carries out vital functions for the host.

  • The researchers used Przewalski’s horse (PH; Equus ferus przewalskii), the only existing horse species that humans have not successfully domesticated, and the common domestic horse (E. f. caballus) which live in neighboring natural grasslands, as their case study.
  • The scientists performed a comparative study on the fecal microbiomes (indicators of gut microbiomes) of the two types of horses and discovered that the PH horse’s gut hosted a disparate and more diverse bacterial community compared to the domestic ones.

Role of Diet in Gut Microbiome Diversity

The researchers believe the difference in gut microbiome diversity may partly be due to different diets, which was indicated by the trnL marker data.

  • The trnL marker is a tool used in studying plant diversity and diet. In the context of their research, the scientists used it to gauge the variety and types of plants in the horses’ diets.
  • Due to their different living conditions, the wild and domesticated horses have varying diets. While wild horses predominantly eat grass, domestic horses are often provided manufactured feeds.
  • These diet variations, the researchers suggest, may be responsible for the difference in gut microbiome composition and diversity between the wild and domesticated horses.

Impact of Captivity on Gut Microbiome Diversity

The research also found that captivity significantly affects gut microbiome diversity.

  • Within the PH population, the research revealed a stark difference between those born free in natural reserves and those born in captivity in European zoos.
  • The captive-born horses had remarkably less diverse gut microbes compared to those born in the wild. This may be due to the restricted diet and sedentary lifestyle in zoos compared to the diet variety and physical activity in nature.
  • These findings reinforce the hypothesis that anthropogenic forces, such as captivity, can dramatically alter the gut microbiome of mammals.

Implications for Conservation Management

These results have significant implications for the conservation management of endangered mammals.

  • If domestication and captivity can drastically change a mammal’s gut microbiome, then this could have serious consequences for their health and survival.
  • Understanding these changes are vital for conservation management as it could help develop strategies that mitigate these effects and thus aid the preservation and propagation of endangered species.

Cite This Article

APA
Metcalf JL, Song SJ, Morton JT, Weiss S, Seguin-Orlando A, Joly F, Feh C, Taberlet P, Coissac E, Amir A, Willerslev E, Knight R, McKenzie V, Orlando L. (2017). Evaluating the impact of domestication and captivity on the horse gut microbiome. Sci Rep, 7(1), 15497. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15375-9

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 15497
PII: 15497

Researcher Affiliations

Metcalf, Jessica L
  • Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Song, Se Jin
  • Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
Morton, James T
  • Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
  • Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Weiss, Sophie
  • Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, Colorado, USA.
Seguin-Orlando, Andaine
  • National High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Center, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2D entrance E, 1353 K, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldade 5-7, 1350 K, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Joly, Frédéric
  • Association pour le cheval de Przewalski: TAKH, Station biologique de la Tour du Valat, 13200, Arles, France.
Feh, Claudia
  • Association pour le cheval de Przewalski: TAKH, Station biologique de la Tour du Valat, 13200, Arles, France.
Taberlet, Pierre
  • Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.
Coissac, Eric
  • Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.
Amir, Amnon
  • Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Willerslev, Eske
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldade 5-7, 1350 K, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Knight, Rob
  • Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
  • Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
  • Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
McKenzie, Valerie
  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
Orlando, Ludovic
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldade 5-7, 1350 K, Copenhagen, Denmark. ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr.
  • Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France. ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Wild / microbiology
  • Domestication
  • Feces / microbiology
  • Female
  • France
  • Gastrointestinal Microbiome
  • Horses / microbiology
  • Livestock / microbiology
  • Male
  • Mongolia

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

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