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The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne2013; 54(2); 150-156;

Evaluation of acepromazine-induced hemodynamic alterations and reversal with norepinephrine infusion in standing horses.

Abstract: The effects of norepinephrine (NOR) infusion on hemodynamic alterations induced with sedative doses of acepromazine (ACP) were evaluated. Infusion of NOR at 1 μg/kg body weight (BW)/minute for 15 min was administered to 5 standing horses 45 min (T45) after intravenous injection of ACP at 0.1 mg/kg BW. Systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated on the median artery. Parameters were evaluated every 5 min from 45 to 65 min (T65) at 75 (T75), 90 (T90), and 105 (T105) minutes after ACP administration, and the vessel's surface (SURF), diameter (DIAM), circumference (CIRC), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), mean velocity (MV), volumetric flow (VF) and resistivity index (RI) of the flow were calculated. Acepromazine induced hypotension and vasodilation with a significant rise in SURF, DIAM, CIRC, PSV, EDV, MV, and VF and a reduction in RI and SAP, which were significantly counteracted from T50 to T60 for EDV, VF, MV and RI, and to T65 for SAP, from T50 to T90 for CIRC and SURF and to T60 for DIAM. These findings demonstrate that a 1 μg/kg BW/minute NOR infusion can reverse ACP's vasodilatory effects, restoring hemodynamic parameters and blood pressure in horses. Les effets d’une infusion de norépinéphrine (NOR) sur les altérations hémodynamiques induites avec des doses sédatives d’acépromazine (ACP) ont été évalués. Une infusion de NOR à 1 μg/kg poids corporel (PC)/minute pendant 15 minutes a été administrée à 5 chevaux debout 45 minutes (T) après une injection intraveineuse d’ACP à 0,1 mg/kg PC. La tension artérielle systolique (TAS) et les paramètres hémodynamiques ont été évalués sur l’artère médiane. Les paramètres ont été évalués toutes les 5 minutes, de 45 à 65 minutes (T), puis 75 (T), 90 (T) et 105 (T) minutes après l’administration d’ACP et la surface (SURF), le diamètre (DIAM), la circonférence (CIRC), le pic de vélocité systolique (PVS), la vélocité en fin de diastole (VFD), la vélocité moyenne (VM) et l’écoulement volumétrique (EV) du vaisseau ainsi que l’indice de résistivité (IR) du débit ont été calculés. L’hypotension et la vasodilatation induites par l’acépromazine causant une hausse significative de SURF, de DIAM, de CIRC, de PVS, d’EV, de VM et de EV ainsi qu’une réduction d’IR et de TAS ont été significativement compensées de T à T pour EDV, VF, MV et RI, à T pour SAP, de T à T pour CIRC et SURF et à T pour DIAM. Ces constatations démontrent qu’une infusion de 1 μg/kg PC/minute NOR peut inverser les effets vasodilatoires d’ACP, rétablissant les paramètres hémodynamiques et la tension artérielle chez les chevaux.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
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Publication Date: 2013-08-02 PubMed ID: 23904638PubMed Central: PMC3552591
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research analyzed the impact of norepinephrine infusion on blood flow changes caused by sedative doses of acepromazine in horses. Results demonstrated that norepinephrine could counteract acepromazine’s blood-vessel widening effects, restoring normal blood pressure and hemodynamic parameters in horses.

Research Objectives and Methodology

The primary goal of this study was to examine the effects of norepinephrine infusion on hemodynamic changes caused by administering acepromazine, a sedative, in horses. The study was conducted on five standing horses, each of which received an intravenous injection of acepromazine at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. Forty-five minutes later, the horses were administered an infusion of norepinephrine at a rate of 1 μg/kg body weight per minute for fifteen minutes.

Data Collection and Parameters

  • Observations on various parameters were made at regular intervals for up to 105 minutes after the acepromazine administration.
  • These parameters comprised systolic arterial blood pressure, along with diverse hemodynamic factors like the surface area, diameter, and circumference of the vessel, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, mean velocity, volumetric flow, and resistivity index of the flow.
  • All measurements were taken on the median artery of the horses, giving a detailed view of the hemodynamic modulations.

Research Findings

  • Acepromazine induced significant changes, including hypotension (low blood pressure) and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) in the horses. This resulted in a noticeable increase in vessel surface area, diameter, circumference, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, mean velocity, and volumetric flow, along with a decrease in resistivity index and systolic arterial blood pressure.
  • The norepinephrine infusion could effectively counteract these changes. Most noticeably, parameters such as end diastolic velocity, volumetric flow, mean velocity, and resistivity index were corrected between 50 to 60 minutes after the acepromazine injection, and systolic arterial blood pressure was normalized by 65 minutes.
  • The circumference and surface of the vessels were regularized between 50 to 90 minutes while the vessel diameter was restored by 60 minutes of acepromazine administration.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the efficacy of norepinephrine in reversing blood flow changes induced by large doses of the sedative acepromazine in horses. Consequently, it suggests the potential use of norepinephrine infusion as an efficient method for handling sedative-induced hemodynamic alterations in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Pequito M, Amory H, de Moffarts B, Busoni V, Serteyn D, Sandersen C. (2013). Evaluation of acepromazine-induced hemodynamic alterations and reversal with norepinephrine infusion in standing horses. Can Vet J, 54(2), 150-156.

Publication

The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne
ISSN: 0008-5286
NlmUniqueID: 0004653
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 2
Pages: 150-156

Researcher Affiliations

Pequito, Manuel
  • Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Belgium. manuelpequito@ulusofona.pt
Amory, Hélène
    de Moffarts, Brieuc
      Busoni, Valeria
        Serteyn, Didier
          Sandersen, Charlotte

            MeSH Terms

            • Acepromazine / pharmacology
            • Animals
            • Blood Pressure / drug effects
            • Dopamine Antagonists / pharmacology
            • Drug Antagonism
            • Female
            • Horses / physiology
            • Norepinephrine / administration & dosage
            • Norepinephrine / pharmacology

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            Citations

            This article has been cited 3 times.
            1. Kandeel M, Almubarak AI, Hussen J, El-Deeb W, Venugopala KN. Pharmacokinetic, Clinical, and Myeloid Marker Responses to Acepromazine Sedation in Arabian Camels. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:725841.
              doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.725841pubmed: 34568476google scholar: lookup
            2. Kallmyr A, Giving EM, Moen LO, Øverlie M, Holm T, David F. Complete resection of the alar folds in eight standing horses with a bipolar dividing and vessel-sealing device. Vet Surg 2020 Apr;49(3):521-528.
              doi: 10.1111/vsu.13383pubmed: 32027042google scholar: lookup
            3. Conde Ruiz C, Junot S. Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Sevoflurane Anaesthetized Horse That Suffered Cardiac Arrest at Recovery. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:138.
              doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00138pubmed: 29988384google scholar: lookup
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