FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Reprod Biol / Evaluation of diagnostic methods in equine endometritis.
Reproductive biology2016; 16(3); 189-196; doi: 10.1016/j.repbio.2016.06.002

Evaluation of diagnostic methods in equine endometritis.

Abstract: This review suggests a classification for uterine diseases of mares. Information is presented on the prevalence of endometritis in the past and at present. The review describes uterine sampling techniques for mares: swabbing, cytobrushing, low volume lavage and biopsy. The performance of culture, cytology and histology and threshold values is discussed. Correlations between different diagnostic methods and fertility are presented, as well as specificities, sensitivities and positive and negative predictive values of the diagnostic methods. The necessity for double-guarded techniques is emphasized to prevent sample contamination.
Copyright © 2016 Society for Biology of Reproduction & the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-06-29 PubMed ID: 27692361DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2016.06.002Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article reviews and suggests classifications for uterine diseases in mares, focusing on the techniques for diagnosing endometritis. It also emphasizes the importance of double-guarded techniques to prevent sample contamination.

Classification and Prevalence of Endometritis

  • The article first discusses a proposed classification for different types of endometritis, a common uterine disease in mares.
  • It also presents information on how prevalent endometritis has been in the past and how widespread it is at present.

Uterine Sampling Techniques

  • The study provides an overview of four main uterine sampling techniques used for diagnosis in mares – swabbing, cytobrushing, low volume lavage, and biopsy.
  • Each technique is discussed in terms of its procedure, benefits, and drawbacks, providing comprehensive information for those in the field of equine medicine.

Performance of Diagnostic Methods

  • The study also assesses the performance of culture, cytology, and histology as diagnostic methods for endometritis.
  • It presents the threshold values for these techniques, providing practitioners with a benchmark to refer to during diagnosis.

Correlation Between Diagnostic Methods and Fertility

  • This article examines the correlations between the outlined diagnostic methods and fertility, contributing valuable insight into how these diseases and their detection could affect a mare’s reproductive capabilities.

Evaluation of Diagnostic Methods

  • The specificity, sensitivity, as well as positive and negative predictive values of each diagnostic method are evaluated in the paper.
  • This information provides a quantifiable measure of each technique’s effectiveness and accuracy for diagnosing endometritis.

The Necessity for Double-Guarded Techniques

  • Lastly, the importance of utilizing double-guarded techniques is emphasized.
  • These techniques aid in avoiding contamination of samples, thereby increasing the accuracy and reliability of diagnoses.

Cite This Article

APA
Katila T. (2016). Evaluation of diagnostic methods in equine endometritis. Reprod Biol, 16(3), 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2016.06.002

Publication

Reproductive biology
ISSN: 2300-732X
NlmUniqueID: 101160559
Country: Poland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 189-196
PII: S1642-431X(16)30019-5

Researcher Affiliations

Katila, Terttu
  • University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, Saari, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland. Electronic address: terttu.katila@helsinki.fi.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Endometritis / diagnosis
  • Endometritis / pathology
  • Endometritis / veterinary
  • Endometrium / pathology
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Horses
  • Uterus / pathology

Citations

This article has been cited 22 times.
  1. Ferreira CSC, Pinna AE, Dos Santos IPF, Dias MCR, Dos Santos NSL, Bragueroli SDS, Quintino PM, Almeida GB, Penna BA, da Rocha EMDS, de Souza GN, Barbosa CG, de Jesus VLT, Jacob JCF. Powerflow Doppler Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Mares with and Without Endometritis. Vet Sci 2025 Sep 28;12(10).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12100941pubmed: 41150081google scholar: lookup
  2. Hardefeldt L, Thomas K, Page S, Norris J, Browning G, El Hage C, Stewart A, Gilkerson J, Muscatello G, Verwilghen D, van Galen G, Bauquier J, Cuming R, Reynolds B, Whittaker C, Wilkes E, Clulow J, Burden C, Begg L. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2025 Dec;103(12):781-889.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.70003pubmed: 40903020google scholar: lookup
  3. Fehin B, Scott CJ, Arango-Sabogal JC, de Mestre AM, Mouncey R. Associations between endometrial swab bacteriology and cytology findings and live foal rates in Thoroughbred broodmares in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):348-358.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.70086pubmed: 40888035google scholar: lookup
  4. Guo L, Holyoak GR, DeSilva U. Endometrial microbiome in mares with and without clinical endometritis. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1588432.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1588432pubmed: 40822659google scholar: lookup
  5. Prete CD, Nocera FP, Piegari G, Palumbo V, Martino L, Cocchia N, Paciello O, Montano C, Pasolini MP. Use of cytobrush for bacteriological and cytological diagnosis of endometritis in mares. Vet World 2024 Feb;17(2):398-406.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.398-406pubmed: 38595673google scholar: lookup
  6. Virendra A, Gulavane SU, Ahmed ZA, Reddy R, Chaudhari RJ, Gaikwad SM, Shelar RR, Ingole SD, Thorat VD, Khanam A, Khan FA. Metagenomic analysis unravels novel taxonomic differences in the uterine microbiome between healthy mares and mares with endometritis. Vet Med Sci 2024 Mar;10(2):e1369.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.1369pubmed: 38357732google scholar: lookup
  7. Heil BA, van Heule M, Thompson SK, Kearns TA, Oberhaus EL, King G, Daels P, Dini P, Sones JL. Effect of Sampling Method on Detection of the Equine Uterine Microbiome during Estrus. Vet Sci 2023 Nov 8;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10110644pubmed: 37999467google scholar: lookup
  8. Thomson P, García P, Río CD, Castro R, Núñez A, Miranda C. Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter Isolates from the Uterus of Healthy Mares. Pathogens 2023 Sep 8;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12091145pubmed: 37764953google scholar: lookup
  9. Tukia E, Hallman I, Penttilä M, Hänninen S, Kareskoski M. RNA in situ hybridization of Escherichia coli in equine endometrial biopsies. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1186051.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1186051pubmed: 37360403google scholar: lookup
  10. Köhne M, Hofbauer L, Böttcher D, Tönissen A, Hegger A, Görgens A, Ulrich R, Sieme H. Comparison of systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine treatment and intrauterine ozone application as possible therapies for bacterial endometritis in equine practice. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1102149.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1102149pubmed: 36777673google scholar: lookup
  11. Freccero F, Mislei B, Bucci D, Dondi F, Mari G. Effects of Intra-Uterine Fluid Accumulation after Artificial Insemination on Luteal Function in Mares. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 23;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13010067pubmed: 36611677google scholar: lookup
  12. Boni R, Cecchini Gualandi S. Relationship between Oxidative Stress and Endometritis: Exploiting Knowledge Gained in Mares and Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 13;12(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12182403pubmed: 36139263google scholar: lookup
  13. Li J, Zhu Y, Mi J, Zhao Y, Holyoak GR, Yi Z, Wu R, Wang Z, Zeng S. Endometrial and vaginal microbiome in donkeys with and without clinical endometritis. Front Microbiol 2022;13:884574.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884574pubmed: 35979491google scholar: lookup
  14. Katila T, Ferreira-Dias G. Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 19;12(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12060779pubmed: 35327176google scholar: lookup
  15. Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Liu B, Mi J, Li N, Zhao W, Wu R, Holyoak GR, Li J, Liu D, Zeng S, Wang Y. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Donkey Uterine Infections, 2018-2021. Vet Sci 2022 Feb 5;9(2).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9020067pubmed: 35202320google scholar: lookup
  16. Niikura T, Tsogtgerel M, Niikura C, Wada H, Kanzawa S, Fujiwara T, Nambo Y. Effect of prostaglandin F2(α) administration on uterine polymorphonuclear neutrophil counts in Japanese heavy draft horses. J Equine Sci 2021 Dec;32(4):117-124.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.32.117pubmed: 35023989google scholar: lookup
  17. Köhne M, Kuhlmann M, Tönißen A, Martinsson G, Sieme H. Diagnostic and Treatment Practices of Equine Endometritis-A Questionnaire. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:547.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00547pubmed: 32984410google scholar: lookup
  18. Quartuccio M, Cristarella S, Medica P, Fazio E, Mazzullo G, Rifici C, Liotta L, Satué K. Endometrial Cytology During the Different Phases of the Estrous Cycle in Jennies: New Evidences. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jun 19;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10061062pubmed: 32575538google scholar: lookup
  19. Falomo ME, Del Re B, Rossi M, Giaretta E, Da Dalt L, Gabai G. Relationship between postpartum uterine involution and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in clinically healthy mares (Equus caballus). Heliyon 2020 Apr;6(4):e03691.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03691pubmed: 32258514google scholar: lookup
  20. Canisso IF, Segabinazzi LGTM, Fedorka CE. Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares - a Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Feb 20;21(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21041432pubmed: 32093296google scholar: lookup
  21. Chiba A, Ujiie Y, Aoki T. Relationship between the presence of intrauterine fluid and cervical bacteria in heavy draft mares before and after mating. J Equine Sci 2019;30(4):75-79.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.30.75pubmed: 31871408google scholar: lookup
  22. Zhu H, Li W, Wang Z, Chen J, Ding M, Han L. TREM-1 deficiency attenuates the inflammatory responses in LPS-induced murine endometritis. Microb Biotechnol 2019 Nov;12(6):1337-1345.
    doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13467pubmed: 31365951google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.