Evaluation of digital radiographic measurements for the diagnosis of acute laminitis.
Abstract: Traditional radiographic measurements of distal phalanx (Pd) displacement based on the outer hoof wall are not useful for diagnosis of acute laminitis. Objective: We hypothesised that the distance between the inner hoof wall and Pd ('lamellar lucent zone'; LLZ) measured on lateromedial digital radiographs would be increased in horses with acute and subacute laminitis compared with healthy horses. Methods: Retrospective cohort study and in vivo experimental study. Methods: Forelimb radiographs from 32 healthy and 18 laminitic mixed-breed horses were analysed retrospectively. Laminitis was defined by at least two clinical signs (acute multi-limb lameness, increased digital pulse amplitude and/or persistently warm hooves) for ≤3 days (acute), or >3 and ≤14 days (subacute) duration, without overt palmar rotation (≥3°), remodelling, or distal displacement of the Pd. Some laminitic limbs initially classified as acute were subsequently radiographed later in hospitalisation and also included as subacute. Twelve measurements including LLZ at proximal, middle, and distal locations were performed on 126 forelimb radiographs that met the criteria for acute laminitis (n = 39), subacute laminitis (n = 23) or healthy control (n = 64). A mixed effects linear regression model was used for comparisons and a receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was created for select measurements. Three horses were serially radiographed to study the impact of magnification and obliquity. Results: The mean [95% confidence interval] LLZ (mm) was increased in acute and subacute laminitis compared with control in the proximal (acute = 8.8 [8.4-9.2]; subacute = 9 [8-9.9]; control = 7.3 [7-7.7]), middle (acute = 8.9 [8.5-9.3]; subacute = 9.1 [8.2-10]; control = 6.9 [6.5-7.2]), and distal (acute = 9.1 [8.5-9.7]; subacute = 10.2 [9.1-11.3]; control = 7.5 [7.2-7.8]) dorsal lamellar regions (p < 0.001). At a cut-off of >7.5 mm for middle LLZ, sensitivity was 87% [73%-94%] and specificity 91% [81%-96%] for diagnosis of acute laminitis. Using the ratio of middle LLZ to distal phalanx cortical length, sensitivity was 95% [81%-99%] and specificity was 95% [87%-99%] (cut-off >0.11). Magnification and obliquity affected absolute LLZ measurements but did not alter LLZ ratios. Conclusions: No histological confirmation of laminitis. Conclusions: LLZ measurements are potentially useful for radiographic diagnosis of acute and subacute laminitis. Background: Les mesures radiographiques traditionnelles du déplacement de la troisième phalange (Pd) basée sur la portion externe de la muraille dorsale du sabot ne sont pas utiles au diagnostic de fourbure aiguë. Objective: Nous avons émis l'hypothèse selon laquelle la distance entre la portion interne de la muraille dorsale et Pd (zone lamellaire radiotransparente; LLZ), mesurée sur radiographies digitales latéromédiales seraient augmentées chez les chevaux avec fourbure aiguë et subaiguë comparativement aux chevaux sains. TYPE D'ÉTUDE: Étude de cohorte rétrospective et étude in vivo expérimentale. MÉTHODES: Des radiographies de membres thoraciques provenant de 32 chevaux sains et 18 chevaux fourbés de race multiples ont été analysées de façon rétrospective. La fourbure était définie par au moins deux signes cliniques (boiterie aiguë sur plusieurs membres, augmentation de l'amplitude des pouls digités et/ou persistance de chaleur des sabots) pour ≤3 jours (aiguë), ou >3 et ≤14 jours (subaiguë) de durée, sans rotation palmaire flagrante (≥3°), remodellage, ou déplacement distal de Pd. Certains membres fourbés classifiés comme aiguë ont été radiographié par la suite et subséquemment classifiés comme subaiguë. Douze mesures, incluant LLZ au niveau proximal, moyen et distal ont été prises sur 126 radiographies thoraciques rencontrant les critères de fourbure aiguë (n = 39), subaiguë (n = 23) ou chevaux sains (n = 64). Une régression linéaire à effet mixte a été utilisée pour comparaisons et une courbe récepteur opérateur (CRO) créées avec certaines mesures sélectionnées. Trois chevaux ont été radiographié en série afin d'étudier l'impact de la magnification et de l'obliquité. RÉSULTATS: La moyenne [intervalle de confiance à 95%] de la zone lamellaire radiotransparente (mm) était augmentée en cas de fourbure aiguë et subaiguë, comparativement aux contrôles aux aspects proximal (aiguë = 8.8 [8.4–9.2]; subaiguë = 9 [8–9.9]; contrôle = 7.3 [7–7.7]), moyen (aiguë = 8.9 [8.5–9.3]; subaiguë = 9.1 [8.2–10]; contrôle = 6.9 [6.5–7.2]), et distal (aiguë = 9.1 [8.5–9.7]; subaiguë = 10.2 [9.1–11.3]; contrôle = 7.5 [7.2–7.8]) des régions lamellaires dorsales (p < 0.001). Avec un seuil de >7.5 mm à l'aspect moyen de LLZ, la sensibilité était de 87% [73–94%] et spécificité de 91% [81–96%] pour le diagnostic de fourbure aiguë. En utilisant le ratio à l'aspect moyen de la LLZ par rapport à la longueur corticale de la phalange distale, la sensibilité était de 95% [81–99%] et la spécificité, de 95% [87–99%] (seuil à >0.11). La magnification et l'obliquité ont affecté les mesures de LLZ absolue mais n'ont pas affecté les ratios LLZ. Unassigned: Aucune confirmation histologique de fourbure. Conclusions: Les mesures de la LLZ sont potentiellement utiles pour le diagnostic radiographique de fourbure aiguë et subaiguë.
© 2024 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Publication Date: 2024-11-20 PubMed ID: 39568299PubMed Central: PMC12135759DOI: 10.1111/evj.14436Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research article focuses on improving the diagnosis of acute and subacute laminitis in horses through the use of digital radiographic measurements. It tests the hypothesis that the distance between the inner hoof wall and distal phalanx, known as the ‘lamellar lucent zone’ (LLZ), measured through digital radiography, would be increased in horses with acute and subacute laminitis in comparison with healthy horses.
Methodology
- The study is divided into a retrospective cohort study and an in vivo experimental study on a combination of healthy horses and horses diagnosed with laminitis.
- Retrospective data was collected from the forelimb radiographs of 32 healthy and 18 laminitic mixed-breed horses.
- The laminitis in the horses was identified by at least two clinical signs, such as acute multi-limb lameness, increased digital pulse amplitude, or persistently warm hooves, for up to 3 days for acute laminitis, and more than 3 but less than or equal to 14 days for subacute laminitis.
- To carry out the measurements, 12 parameters, including the LLZ at proximal, middle, and distal locations, were evaluated from 126 forelimb radiographs that met the criteria for acute laminitis, subacute laminitis, or healthy controls.
- A mixed effects linear regression model was used for comparisons, and a receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was created for selected measurements.
- The effect of magnification and obliquity on the measurements was also examined through serial radiographs of three horses.
Findings
- The research concluded that the mean LLZ was indeed increased in case of horses with acute and subacute laminitis compared to the control group.
- For diagnosis of acute laminitis, with a cut-off of >7.5mm for middle LLZ, the sensitivity was around 87% and specificity was 91%.
- In addition, using the ratio of the middle LLZ to distal phalanx cortical length, the sensitivity increased to 95% along with the specificity at the same rate.
- It was also observed that the magnification and obliquity affected the absolute LLZ measurements but didn’t alter the LLZ ratios.
Conclusions
- The study concludes that there was no histological confirmation of laminitis, as it was diagnosed based on clinical observation and radiography.
- The LLZ measurement can potentially be useful for the radiographic diagnosis of acute and subacute laminitis in horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Skelton G, Acutt E, Stefanovski D, van Eps A.
(2024).
Evaluation of digital radiographic measurements for the diagnosis of acute laminitis.
Equine Vet J, 57(4), 931-942.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14436 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Horses
- Horse Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Foot Diseases / veterinary
- Foot Diseases / diagnostic imaging
- Foot Diseases / pathology
- Hoof and Claw / diagnostic imaging
- Hoof and Claw / pathology
- Retrospective Studies
- Radiography / veterinary
- Radiography / methods
- Inflammation / veterinary
- Inflammation / diagnostic imaging
- Inflammation / diagnosis
- Female
- Male
- Forelimb / diagnostic imaging
- Lameness, Animal / diagnostic imaging
- Acute Disease
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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