Evaluation of Serum and Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin and Cystatin C as Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in Horses.
Abstract: Diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses is difficult at the subclinical stage, due to nonspecific clinical signs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected serum and urinary biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI, and those with clinical AKI. Methods: Thirty healthy horses, 30 horses at risk of AKI and 11 horses with clinical AKI and azotaemia were included in the study. Serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay tests. Results: The median and (in parentheses) first and third quartile concentrations of selected biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI and horses with AKI were respectively as follows: serum cystatin C - 0.25 (0.19-0.37), 0.23 (0.15-0.37) and 0.61 (0.37-1.13) mg/L; serum NGAL - 50.5 (38.8-58.8), 51.1 (40.4-66.9) and 98.1 (59.4-128.2) ng/mL; urinary NGAL - 20.7 (17.9-24.5), 32.3 (32.7-55.8) and 36.6 (26.8-89.9) ng/mL; and urinary cystatin C - 0.1 (0.07-0.13), 0.13 (0.1-0.2) and 0.34 (0.22-0.37) mg/L. There were significant differences in the concentration of all biomarkers between the healthy and AKI-affected horses. Conclusions: Horses with AKI all had biomarker concentrations higher than the healthy horses. None of the biomarkers made azotaemia recognisable in all affected horses. The obtained results indicate the need to create a serum and urinary biomarker panel to detect AKI.
© 2021 N. Siwińska et al. published by Sciendo.
Publication Date: 2021-05-16 PubMed ID: 34250311PubMed Central: PMC8256477DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0025Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research article focuses on the comparison of selected biomarker levels in healthy horses, horses at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), and horses already diagnosed with clinical AKI. The biomarkers in focus are serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C, which were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay tests. An observable increase in these biomarker concentrations in horses with AKI, compared to healthy horses, points to the potential utility of these biomarkers in detection of AKI.
Research Objectives and Methods
- The primary aim of the study was to assess the value of certain biomarkers (serum and urinary NGAL and cystatin C) in early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses.
- The research involves three groups: healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI, and horses with clinical AKI. These categories encompass 30, 30, and 11 horses respectively.
- The serum and urinary NGAL and cystatin concentrations were evaluated using enzyme immunoassay tests, a commercially available method for this type of study.
Findings
- Significant differences were found in the concentration of all biomarkers between the healthy horses and those suffering from AKI.
- In all cases, horses with AKI had higher biomarker concentrations than their healthy counterparts.
- Findings indicate that none of the biomarkers alone was fully effective in pointing out all cases of AKI.
Conclusions
- The study concluded that a rise in the specific biomarker levels could indicate kidney injury in horses.
- However, none of the tested biomarkers alone are fully indicative of AKI in all cases.
- This implies that future efforts should be directed towards creating a panel of serum and urinary biomarkers for more accurate and comprehensive detection of AKI.
Cite This Article
APA
Siwińska N, Żak A, Pasławska U.
(2021).
Evaluation of Serum and Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin and Cystatin C as Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in Horses.
J Vet Res, 65(2), 245-252.
https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0025 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
Conflict of Interest Statement
Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interests Statement: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.
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