FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary research2021; 65(2); 245-252; doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0025

Evaluation of Serum and Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin and Cystatin C as Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in Horses.

Abstract: Diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses is difficult at the subclinical stage, due to nonspecific clinical signs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected serum and urinary biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI, and those with clinical AKI. Methods: Thirty healthy horses, 30 horses at risk of AKI and 11 horses with clinical AKI and azotaemia were included in the study. Serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay tests. Results: The median and (in parentheses) first and third quartile concentrations of selected biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI and horses with AKI were respectively as follows: serum cystatin C - 0.25 (0.19-0.37), 0.23 (0.15-0.37) and 0.61 (0.37-1.13) mg/L; serum NGAL - 50.5 (38.8-58.8), 51.1 (40.4-66.9) and 98.1 (59.4-128.2) ng/mL; urinary NGAL - 20.7 (17.9-24.5), 32.3 (32.7-55.8) and 36.6 (26.8-89.9) ng/mL; and urinary cystatin C - 0.1 (0.07-0.13), 0.13 (0.1-0.2) and 0.34 (0.22-0.37) mg/L. There were significant differences in the concentration of all biomarkers between the healthy and AKI-affected horses. Conclusions: Horses with AKI all had biomarker concentrations higher than the healthy horses. None of the biomarkers made azotaemia recognisable in all affected horses. The obtained results indicate the need to create a serum and urinary biomarker panel to detect AKI.
© 2021 N. Siwińska et al. published by Sciendo.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-05-16 PubMed ID: 34250311PubMed Central: PMC8256477DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0025Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article focuses on the comparison of selected biomarker levels in healthy horses, horses at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), and horses already diagnosed with clinical AKI. The biomarkers in focus are serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C, which were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay tests. An observable increase in these biomarker concentrations in horses with AKI, compared to healthy horses, points to the potential utility of these biomarkers in detection of AKI.

Research Objectives and Methods

  • The primary aim of the study was to assess the value of certain biomarkers (serum and urinary NGAL and cystatin C) in early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses.
  • The research involves three groups: healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI, and horses with clinical AKI. These categories encompass 30, 30, and 11 horses respectively.
  • The serum and urinary NGAL and cystatin concentrations were evaluated using enzyme immunoassay tests, a commercially available method for this type of study.

Findings

  • Significant differences were found in the concentration of all biomarkers between the healthy horses and those suffering from AKI.
  • In all cases, horses with AKI had higher biomarker concentrations than their healthy counterparts.
  • Findings indicate that none of the biomarkers alone was fully effective in pointing out all cases of AKI.

Conclusions

  • The study concluded that a rise in the specific biomarker levels could indicate kidney injury in horses.
  • However, none of the tested biomarkers alone are fully indicative of AKI in all cases.
  • This implies that future efforts should be directed towards creating a panel of serum and urinary biomarkers for more accurate and comprehensive detection of AKI.

Cite This Article

APA
Siwińska N, Żak A, Pasławska U. (2021). Evaluation of Serum and Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin and Cystatin C as Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in Horses. J Vet Res, 65(2), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0025

Publication

Journal of veterinary research
ISSN: 2450-7393
NlmUniqueID: 101696630
Country: Poland
Language: English
Volume: 65
Issue: 2
Pages: 245-252

Researcher Affiliations

Siwińska, Natalia
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
Żak, Agnieszka
  • Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
Pasławska, Urszula
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
  • Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interests Statement: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

References

This article includes 30 references
  1. Arosalo BM, Raekallio M, Rajamäki M, Holopainen E, Kastevaara T, Salonen H, Sankari S. Detecting early kidney damage in horses with colic by measuring matrix metalloproteinase -9 and -2, other enzymes, urinary glucose and total proteins.. Acta Vet Scand 2007 Jan 23;49(1):4.
    doi: 10.1186/17510147-49-4pmc: PMC1784101pubmed: 17244354google scholar: lookup
  2. Braun JP, Perxachs A, Péchereau D, de la Farge F. Plasma cystatin C in the dog: Reference values and variations with renal failure.. Comp Clin Pathol 2002;11:44–49.
    doi: 10.1007/s580-002-8081-2google scholar: lookup
  3. Bundgaard L, Jacobsen S, Sørensen MA, Sun Z, Deutsch EW, Moritz RL, Bendixen E. The Equine PeptideAtlas: a resource for developing proteomics-based veterinary research.. Proteomics 2014 Mar;14(6):763-73.
    doi: 10.1002/pmic.201300398pmc: PMC4340707pubmed: 24436130google scholar: lookup
  4. Cimerman N, Brguljan PM, Krasovec M, Suskovic S, Kos J. Twenty-four hour variations of cystatin C and total cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity in sera from healthy subjects.. Clin Chim Acta 2000 Jan 20;291(1):89-95.
    doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(99)00196-5pubmed: 10612720google scholar: lookup
  5. Gronwall R, Brown MP, Hobbs S. Serum gentamicin concentrations and pharmacokinetics in 2-week-old pony foals after intramuscular administration.. J Equine Vet Sci 1988;8:205–207.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(88)80003-0google scholar: lookup
  6. Groover ES, Woolums AR, Cole DJ, LeRoy BE. Risk factors associated with renal insufficiency in horses with primary gastrointestinal disease: 26 cases (2000-2003).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 Feb 15;228(4):572-7.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.228.4.572pubmed: 16478436google scholar: lookup
  7. Halacova M, Kotaska K, Kukacka J, Vavrova V, Kuzelova M, Ticha J, Prusa R. Serum cystatin C level for better assessment of glomerular filtration rate in cystic fibrosis patients treated by amikacin.. J Clin Pharm Ther 2008 Aug;33(4):409-17.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00932.xpubmed: 18613859google scholar: lookup
  8. Herget-Rosenthal S, Poppen D, Hüsing J, Marggraf G, Pietruck F, Jakob HG, Philipp T, Kribben A. Prognostic value of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis.. Clin Chem 2004 Mar;50(3):552-8.
    doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.027763pubmed: 14709451google scholar: lookup
  9. Jacobsen S, Berg LC, Tvermose E, Laurberg MB, van Galen G. Validation of an ELISA for detection of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in equine serum.. Vet Clin Pathol 2018 Dec;47(4):603-607.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12670pubmed: 30403420google scholar: lookup
  10. Laskoski LM, Valadão C, Vasconcelos RO, Faleiros RR, Mendes HMF, Ferrucci D, Silva JAF, Machado DDRS. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and calprotectin in equine laminar tissue after jejunal obstruction, treated or not with hydrocortisone [in Portuguese]. Pesqui Vet Bras 2012;32:817–823.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2012000900001google scholar: lookup
  11. MacAllister CG, Morgan SJ, Borne AT, Pollet RA. Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993 Jan 1;202(1):71-7.
    pubmed: 8420909
  12. Makris K, Spanou L. Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Pathophysiology and Clinical Phenotypes.. Clin Biochem Rev 2016 May;37(2):85-98.
    pmc: PMC5198510pubmed: 28303073
  13. Marchewka Z. Low molecular weight biomarkers in the nephrotoxicity.. Adv Clin Exp Med 2006;15:1129–1138.
  14. Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, Ma Q, Kelly C, Ruff SM, Zahedi K, Shao M, Bean J, Mori K, Barasch J, Devarajan P. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery.. Lancet 2005 Apr 2-8;365(9466):1231-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74811-Xpubmed: 15811456google scholar: lookup
  15. Park MY, Choi SJ, Kim JK, Hwang SD, Lee YW. Urinary cystatin C levels as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in patients with acute kidney injury.. Nephrology (Carlton) 2013 Apr;18(4):256-62.
    doi: 10.1111/nep.12037pubmed: 23414098google scholar: lookup
  16. Pelander L, Häggström J, Larsson A, Syme H, Elliott J, Heiene R, Ljungvall I. Comparison of the diagnostic value of symmetric dimethylarginine, cystatin C, and creatinine for detection of decreased glomerular filtration rate in dogs.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Mar;33(2):630-639.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15445pmc: PMC6430914pubmed: 30791142google scholar: lookup
  17. Poświatowska‐Kaszczyszyn I. Usefulness of serum cystatin C measurement for assessing renal function in cats.. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2012;56:235–239.
    doi: 10.2478/v10213-012-0042-0google scholar: lookup
  18. R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna: 2019. http://www.R-project.org
  19. Savage VL, Marr CM, Bailey M, Smith S. Prevalence of acute kidney injury in a population of hospitalized horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Sep;33(5):2294-2301.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim/15569pmc: PMC6766563pubmed: 31436910google scholar: lookup
  20. Schinstock CA, Semret MH, Wagner SJ, Borland TM, Bryant SC, Kashani KB, Larson TS, Lieske JC. Urinalysis is more specific and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is more sensitive for early detection of acute kidney injury.. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013 May;28(5):1175-85.
    doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs127pubmed: 22529161google scholar: lookup
  21. Schmidt-Ott KM, Mori K, Li JY, Kalandadze A, Cohen DJ, Devarajan P, Barasch J. Dual action of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 Feb;18(2):407-13.
    doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006080882pubmed: 17229907google scholar: lookup
  22. Schott HC 2nd, Esser MM. The Sick Adult Horse: Renal Clinical Pathologic Testing and Urinalysis.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):121-134.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.003pubmed: 32037140google scholar: lookup
  23. Siwińska N, Pasławska U, Bąchor R, Szczepankiewicz B, Żak A, Grocholska P, Szewczuk Z. Evaluation of podocin in urine in horses using qualitative and quantitative methods.. PLoS One 2020;15(10):e0240586.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240586pmc: PMC7561189pubmed: 33057359google scholar: lookup
  24. Srisawat N, Murugan R, Lee M, Kong L, Carter M, Angus DC, Kellum JA. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts recovery from acute kidney injury following community-acquired pneumonia.. Kidney Int 2011 Sep;80(5):545-52.
    doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.160pmc: PMC3257035pubmed: 21677634google scholar: lookup
  25. Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Greene T, Li L, Beck GJ, Joffe MM, Froissart M, Kusek JW, Zhang YL, Coresh J, Levey AS. Factors other than glomerular filtration rate affect serum cystatin C levels.. Kidney Int 2009 Mar;75(6):652-60.
    doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.638pmc: PMC4557800pubmed: 19119287google scholar: lookup
  26. van der Harst MR, Bull S, Laffont CM, Klein WR. Gentamicin nephrotoxicity--a comparison of in vitro findings with in vivo experiments in equines.. Vet Res Commun 2005 Apr;29(3):247-61.
    doi: 10.1023/B:VERC.0000047492.05882.bbpubmed: 15736857google scholar: lookup
  27. van Galen G, Jacobsen SVAM, Breinholt Laurberg M, Tvermose E, Broe‐Brøndum R, Prior Theisen L, Berg LC. NGAL: a new biomarker in the horse for renal injury and inflammation.. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:1547–1560.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15447google scholar: lookup
  28. Wing DA, Yamada T, Hawley HB, Pettit GW. Model for disseminated intravascular coagulation: bacterial sepsis in rhesus monkeys.. J Lab Clin Med 1978 Aug;92(2):239-51.
    pubmed: 98603
  29. Xu SY, Pauksen K, Venge P. Serum measurements of human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) discriminate between acute bacterial and viral infections.. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995 Apr;55(2):125-31.
    doi: 10.3109/00365519509089604pubmed: 7667605google scholar: lookup
  30. Zhang WR, Parikh CR. Biomarkers of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease.. Annu Rev Physiol 2019 Feb 10;81:309-333.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114605pmc: PMC7879424pubmed: 30742783google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Laurberg M, Saegerman C, Jacobsen S, Berg LC, Laursen SH, Hoeberg E, Sånge EA, van Galen G. Use of admission serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations as a marker of sepsis and outcome in neonatal foals. PLoS One 2023;18(5):e0285819.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285819pubmed: 37200285google scholar: lookup
  2. Jacobsen S, Mortensen CD, Høj EA, Vinther AM, Berg LC, Adler DMT, Verwilghen D, van Galen G. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Synovial Fluid from Horses with and without Septic Arthritis. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 21;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13010029pubmed: 36611638google scholar: lookup
  3. Galen GV, Olsen E, Siwinska N. Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 5;12(19).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12192678pubmed: 36230418google scholar: lookup
  4. Eskandari G, Ahmadi Sheikhsarmast S, Ghasemi S, Mohri M. Establishing Reference Values for Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Turkmen Horses: Effects of Gender, Age, Pregnancy and Physical Activity. Vet Med Sci 2026 Jan;12(1):e70755.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70755pubmed: 41456952google scholar: lookup
  5. van Galen G, Divers TJ, Savage V, Schott HC 2nd, Siwinska N. ECEIM consensus statement on equine kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Jul-Aug;38(4):2008-2025.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17101pubmed: 38801172google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.