FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Equine veterinary journal2021; 54(3); 531-540; doi: 10.1111/evj.13482

Evaluation of the combined glucose-insulin and intravenous glucose tolerance tests for insulin dysregulation diagnosis in donkeys.

Abstract: Insulin dysregulation (ID) and donkey metabolic syndrome (DMS) are common in this species. Contrary to horses, diagnostic guidelines compiling insulin cut-offs values and dynamic testing interpretations have not been reported for this species. Objective: To evaluate resting serum insulin concentrations, the combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) and the glucose intravenous tolerance test (IVGTT) for the diagnosis of DMS with ID suspicion. Methods: Diagnostic test comparison. Methods: Six of 80 mix-breed adult donkeys fulfilled the inclusion criteria for DMS based on history or clinical evidence of recurrent laminitis, body condition >6 and neck score >2 or baseline insulin and leptin concentrations >20 µIU/mL and >12 ng/mL respectively. CGIT and IVGTT were performed in all donkeys within a week and interpreted following guidelines reported for equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Insulin and glucose curves were analysed, proxies calculated and correlations and multivariate analysis assessed. Results: Following EMS guidelines, CGIT classified 2 (using glucose-positive phase duration) or 3 (using insulin concentration) and IVGTT classified 5 donkeys as ID. ID donkeys showed a lower glucose/insulin ratio, QUICKI and RISQI, and a higher insulin/glucose ratio, MIRG and HOMA-B%. Conclusions: Comparison of these tests with additional dynamic testing including a larger number of ID donkeys is necessary. Conclusions: This is the first study evaluating dynamic tests to assess ID/DMS in DMS-suspected donkeys. IVGTT detected more ID donkeys than CGIT. EMS recommendations could also be used for DMS diagnosis, although a baseline insulin cut-off value is needed.
© 2021 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-07-12 PubMed ID: 34109681DOI: 10.1111/evj.13482Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study aims to assess the efficiency of two diagnostic tests, the combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) and the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), in detecting insulin dysregulation and donkey metabolic syndrome (DMS) in donkeys. The study indicates that the IVGTT was more effective in identifying donkeys with insulin dysregulation, but further testing with a larger sample size is needed.

Objective of the Research

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) and the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in diagnosing donkey metabolic syndrome (DMS) with suspected insulin dysregulation (ID). This is important because guidelines for diagnosing such conditions in donkeys are not well established, unlike in horses.

Methodology

  • Diagnostic test comparison was the method used for this study. 80 mix breed adult donkeys were initially examined, but only six met the criteria for DMS.
  • The criteria for DMS included history or clinical evidence of recurrent laminitis, body condition, neck score, and baseline insulin and leptin concentrations.
  • Both CGIT and IVGTT were performed on these six donkeys within a week. The interpretation of the results followed guidelines reported for equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).
  • Insulin and glucose curves were analyzed along with several proxies, with correlations and multivariate analysis applied.

Results

  • The CGIT and IVGTT had differing results. Following EMS guidelines, CGIT diagnosed 2-3 donkeys with ID, whereas IVGTT diagnosed 5.
  • Donkeys diagnosed with ID showed varying insulin/glucose ratios and several proxies, indicating insulin dysregulation.

Conclusions

  • The research concluded that the IVGTT was able to detect more donkeys with insulin dysregulation than CGIT.
  • Before drawing solid conclusions, the study recommends further dynamic testing with a larger number of ID donkeys.
  • The study also suggests that EMS recommendations could potentially be used for DMS diagnosis in donkeys, although a specific baseline insulin cut-off value is yet to be determined for the donkey population.
  • This research represents the first study evaluating dynamic tests to assess insulin dysregulation and metabolic syndrome in donkeys suspecting of having these conditions.

Cite This Article

APA
Mendoza FJ, Mejia-Moreira S, Buchanan BR, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. (2021). Evaluation of the combined glucose-insulin and intravenous glucose tolerance tests for insulin dysregulation diagnosis in donkeys. Equine Vet J, 54(3), 531-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13482

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 3
Pages: 531-540

Researcher Affiliations

Mendoza, Francisco Javier
  • Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
Mejia-Moreira, Sebastian
  • Equimed Ambulatory Practice, Quito, Ecuador.
Buchanan, Ben R
  • Brazos Valley Equine Hospital, Navasota, TX, USA.
Toribio, Ramiro E
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Perez-Ecija, Alejandro
  • Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Blood Glucose / metabolism
  • Equidae
  • Glucose
  • Glucose Tolerance Test / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horses
  • Insulin
  • Metabolic Syndrome / veterinary

Grant Funding

  • Programa Operativo de Fondos FEDER Andalucu00eda (Spain)
  • Plan Propio de Investigacion from the University of Cordoba (Spain)

References

This article includes 42 references
  1. Burden F, Thiemann A. Donkeys are different.. J Equine Vet Sci 2015;35(5):376-82.
  2. Mendoza FJ, Perez-Ecija RA, Toribio RE, Estepa JC. Thyroid hormone concentrations differ between donkeys and horses.. Equine Vet J 2013;45:214-8.
  3. Mendoza FJ, Estepa JC, Gonzalez-De Cara CA, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Energy-related parameters and their association with age, gender, and morphometric measurements in healthy donkeys.. Vet J 2015;204:201-7.
  4. Perez-Ecija A, Mendoza FJ. Characterisation of clotting factors, anticoagulant protein activities and viscoelastic analysis in healthy donkeys.. Equine Vet J 2017;49:734-8.
  5. Twickel S, Bartmann CP, Gehlen H. PPID and EMS in donkeys and mules - are there differences to horses?. Pferdeheilkunde 2017;33(6):573-84.
  6. Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey internal medicine - Part I: metabolic, endocrine, and alimentary tract disturbances.. J Equine Vet Sci 2018;65:66-74.
  7. Mejia-Pereira S, Perez-Ecija RA, Buchanan BR, Toribio RE, Mendoza FJ. Evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys.. Equine Vet J 2019;51(4):481-8.
  8. Pritchard A, Nielsen B, McLean A, Robison C, Yokoyama M, Hengemuehle S. Insulin resistance as a result of body condition categorized as thin, moderate, and obese in domesticated U.S. donkeys (Equus asinus).. J Equine Vet Sci 2019;77:31-5.
  9. Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33(2):335-49.
  10. McFarlane D. Diagnostic testing for equine endocrine diseases: confirmation versus confusion.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019;35(2):327-38.
  11. Mendoza FJ, Gonzalez-Cara CA, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija RA. Effect of intravenous glucose and combined glucose-insulin challenges on energy-regulating hormones concentrations in donkeys.. Vet J 2018;240:40-6.
  12. Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija RA. Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019;35(3):399-417.
  13. Frank N, Bailey S, Durham AE, Kritchevsky J, Menzies-Gow NJ, Tadros EM. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine metabolic syndrome.. Equine Endocrinology Group 2016.
  14. Frank N, Bailey S, Bertin FR, Burns T, De Laat MA, Durham AE, Kritchevsky J, Menzies-Gow NJ, Tadros EM. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).. Equine Endocrinology Group 2018.
  15. Frank N, Bailey S, Bertin FR, De Laat MA, Durham AE, Kritchevsky J. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).. Equine Endocrinology Group 2020.
  16. Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durhan AE, Johnson PJ. Equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2010;24(3):467-75.
  17. Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011;27(1):73-92.
  18. McLean AK, Nielsen BD, Yokoyama M, O’Connor-Robison CI, Hengemuehle S, Wang W. Insulin resistance in standard donkeys (Equus asinus) of three body conditions-thin, moderate, and obese.. J Equine Vet Sci 2009;29(5):406-7.
  19. Mendoza FJ, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Gonzalez-De Cara CA, Toribio RE, Estepa JC, Perez-Ecija A. Characterization of the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined glucose-insulin test in donkeys.. Vet J 2015;206:371-6.
  20. Carter RA, Geor RJ, Staniar WB, Cubitt TA, Harris PA. Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies.. Vet J 2009;179(2):204-10.
  21. Caltabilota TJ, Earl LR, Thompson DL Jr, Clavier SE, Mitcham PB. Hyperleptinemia in mares and geldings: assessment of insulin sensitivity from glucose responses to insulin injection.. J Anim Sci 2010;88(9):2940-9.
  22. Pearson RA, Ouassat M. Estimation of live weight.. A Guide to Live Weight Estimaton and Body Condition Scoring of Donkeys 2000;1st edition. Glasgow: Thomson Colour Printers; pp. 17-20.
  23. Pleasant RS, Suagee JK, Thatcher CD, Elvinger F, Geor RJ. Adiposity, plasma insulin, leptin, lipids, and oxidative stress in mature light breed horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2013;27(3):576-82.
  24. Ralston SL. Insulin and glucose regulation.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002;18(2):295-304.
  25. Firshman AM, Valberg SJ. Factors affecting clinical assessment of insulin sensitivity in horses.. Equine Vet J 2007;39(6):567-75.
  26. Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome.. J Equine Vet Sci 2009;29(5):259-67.
  27. Tiley HA, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of dexamethasone on glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in healthy houses.. Am J Vet Res 2007;68(7):753-9.
  28. Borer KE, Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Elliott J. Use of proxy measurements of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretory response to distinguish between normal and previously laminitic ponies.. Equine Vet J 2012;44(4):444-8.
  29. Eiler H, Frank N, Andrews FM, Oliver JW, Fecteau KA. Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005;66(9):1598-604.
  30. Funk RA, Wooldridge AA, Stewart AJ, Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ, Zhong Q. Seasonal changes in the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test in normal aged horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26(4):1035-41.
  31. Zinkl JG, Mae D, Guzman-Merida P, Farver TB, Humble JA. Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on hematologic and serum biochemical values in donkeys (Equus asinus).. Am J Vet Res 1990;51(3):408-13.
  32. June V, Soderholm V, Hintz HF, Butler WR. Glucose-tolerance in the horse, pony and donkey.. J Equine Vet Sci 1992;12(2):103-5.
  33. Frank N. Insulin resistance and equine metabolic syndrome.. Current therapy in equine medicine 2009;6th edition. Saunders Elsevier; pp 159-60.
  34. De Laat MA, McGree JM, Sillence MN. Equine hyperinsulinemia: investigation of the enteroinsular axis during insulin dysregulation.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016;310(1):E61-72.
  35. Brojer J, Lindase S, Hedenskog J, Alvarsson K, Nostell K. Repeatability of the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test and the effect of a stressor before testing in horses of 2 breeds.. J Vet Intern Med 2013;27(6):1543-50.
  36. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, Boston RC, Harris PA. Use of proxies and reference quintiles obtained from minimal model analysis for determination of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell responsiveness in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005;66(12):2114-21.
  37. Dunbar LK, Mielnicki KA, Dembek KA, Toribio RE, Burns TA. Evaluation of four diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation in adult light-breed horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2016;30(3):885-91.
  38. Olley RB, Carslake HB, Ireland JL, Mcgowan CM. Comparison of fasted basal insulin with the combined glucose-insulin test in horses and ponies with suspected insulin dysregulation.. Vet J 2019;252:105351.
  39. Perez-Ecija A, Gonzalez-Cara C, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Toribio RE, Mendoza FJ. Energy hormone response to fasting-induced dyslipidemia in obese and non-obese donkeys.. Vet J 2021;271:105652.
  40. Gentry LR, Thompson DL Jr, Gentry GT Jr, Davis KA, Godke RA, Cartmill JA. The relationship between body condition, leptin, and reproductive and hormonal characteristics of mares during the seasonal anovulatory period.. J Anim Sci 2002;80(10):2695-703.
  41. Beythien E, Wulf M, Ille N, Aurich J, Aurich C. Effects of sex, pregnancy and season on insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism in horses.. Anim Reprod Sci 2017;184:86-93.
  42. Kritchevsky JE, Muir GS, Leschke DHZ, Hodgson JK, Hess EK, Bertin F-R. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations after alpha-2-agonists administration in horses with and without insulin dysregulation.. J Vet Intern Med 2020;34(2):902-8.

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Metabolic and Endocrine Insights in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 10;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14040590pubmed: 38396558google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.