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Influenza and other respiratory viruses2016; 10(2); 127-133; doi: 10.1111/irv.12358

Evaluation of twenty-two rapid antigen detection tests in the diagnosis of Equine Influenza caused by viruses of H3N8 subtype.

Abstract: Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious disease caused by viruses of the H3N8 subtype. The rapid diagnosis of EI is essential to reduce the disease spread. Many rapid antigen detection (RAD) tests for diagnosing human influenza are available, but their ability to diagnose EI has not been systematically evaluated. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the performance of 22 RAD tests in the diagnosis of EI. Methods: The 22 RAD tests were performed on fivefold serial dilutions of EI virus to determine their detection limits. The four most sensitive RAD tests (ImmunoAce Flu, BD Flu examan, Quick chaser Flu A, B and ESPLINE Influenza A&B-N) were further evaluated using nasopharyngeal samples collected from experimentally infected and naturally infected horses. The results were compared to those obtained using molecular tests. Results: The detection limits of the 22 RAD tests varied hugely. Even the four RAD tests showing the best sensitivity were 125-fold less sensitive than the molecular techniques. The duration of virus detection in the experimentally infected horses was shorter using the RAD tests than using the molecular techniques. The RAD tests detected between 27% and 73% of real-time RT-PCR-positive samples from naturally infected horses. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the importance of choosing the right RAD tests as only three of 22 were fit for diagnosing EI. It was also indicated that even RAD tests with the highest sensitivity serve only as an adjunct to molecular tests because of the potential for false-negative results.
© 2015 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2016-02-01 PubMed ID: 26568369PubMed Central: PMC4746556DOI: 10.1111/irv.12358Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Evaluation Study
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper sought to determine the reliability of 22 rapid antigen detection (RAD) tests in diagnosing Equine Influenza (EI), a communicable ailment incited by H3N8 subtype viruses. Accuracy was evaluated against the standard of molecular testing techniques, with results indicating even the most sensitive RAD test was significantly less reliable.

Research Objective and Methods

  • The study aimed to gauge the dependability of 22 RAD tests for diagnosing EI compared to molecular tests. This was done to help curtail the spread of EI with quick, accurate diagnoses.
  • The 22 RAD tests were executed on progressively diluted EI virus to establish their detection thresholds.
  • Following that, they specifically studied the four most sensitive RAD tests (ImmunoAce Flu, BD Flu examan, Quick chaser Flu A, B and ESPLINE Influenza A&B-N) on nasopharyngeal samples harvested from both experimentally and naturally infected equines.
  • The results of these tests were then scrutinized in relation to those procured through molecular examinations.

Research Results

  • Data indicated a wide disparity in the detection limits of the 22 RAD tests. Even the four RAD tests with the best sensitivity proved to be 125-fold less reliable than the molecular techniques.
  • The RAD tests demonstrated a shorter virus detection duration in experimentally infected horses compared to molecular methods, signifying a high likelihood of false negatives.
  • The RADs detection performance with naturally infected horses varied substantially too, picking up between 27% and 73% of samples rendered positive through real-time RT-PCR.

Conclusion of the Study

  • The examination underscored the necessity of selecting an appropriate RAD test for diagnosing EI, as only three out of the 22 evaluated tests were deemed fit for purpose.
  • The findings also suggested that despite their expedience, RAD test results should only support, but not supplant molecular test results due to the potential for yielding false-negative outcomes.

Cite This Article

APA
Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Gildea S, Cullinane A. (2016). Evaluation of twenty-two rapid antigen detection tests in the diagnosis of Equine Influenza caused by viruses of H3N8 subtype. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 10(2), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12358

Publication

Influenza and other respiratory viruses
ISSN: 1750-2659
NlmUniqueID: 101304007
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-133

Researcher Affiliations

Yamanaka, Takashi
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
Nemoto, Manabu
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
Bannai, Hiroshi
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
Tsujimura, Koji
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
Kondo, Takashi
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
Matsumura, Tomio
  • Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
Gildea, Sarah
  • Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
Cullinane, Ann
  • Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Antigens, Viral / analysis
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / isolation & purification
  • Influenza, Human / diagnosis
  • Influenza, Human / virology
  • Japan
  • Nasopharynx / virology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / diagnosis
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
  • RNA, Viral
  • Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / standards
  • Sensitivity and Specificity

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Chiba S. Effect of early oseltamivir on outpatients without hypoxia with suspected COVID-19. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021 Apr;133(7-8):292-297.
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  2. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
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  3. Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Fu TQH, Fernandez CJ, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by highly sensitive silver amplification immunochromatography system. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Jun 16;79(6):1061-1063.
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  4. Sandybayev N, Strochkov V, Beloussov V, Orkara S, Kydyrmanov A, Khan Y, Batanova Z, Kassenov M. Evaluation of a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identifying H3 equine influenza virus in Kazakhstan. Vet World 2023 Aug;16(8):1682-1689.
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