FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Evolution of the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance to Stap...
Veterinary sciences2023; 10(2); doi: 10.3390/vetsci10020071

Evolution of the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance to Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Horses in Florida over a 10-Year Period.

Abstract: Previous studies documented antibiotic resistance in horses but did not focus on skin specifically. We investigated antibiotic resistance and correlations between resistance patterns in skin infections. Records from 2009 to 2019 were searched for Staphylococcal infection and susceptibility results. Seventy-seven cases were included. Organisms identified were S. aureus (48/77), S. pseudintermedius (7/77), non-hemolytic Staphylococcus (8/77), beta-hemolytic Staphylococcus (6/77), and other species (8/77). Samples included pyoderma (36/77), wounds (10/77), abscesses (15/77), incision sites (5/77), nose (8/77), and foot (3/77). A trend analysis using non-parametric Spearman's test showed significant upward trend of resistance (p < 0.05) for 3/15 antibiotics (ampicillin, cefazolin, penicillin). Susceptibility was significantly different by Staphylococcal species for 8/15 antibiotics. Gentamicin showed significant susceptibility differences based on source (all abscesses were susceptible to gentamicin). Steel-Dwass test showed statistically significant (p = 0.003) difference between incision sites and abscesses. A non-parametric Kendall's T-test found significantly negative correlation between cefazolin and amikacin sensitivity (p = 0.0108) and multiple positive correlations of resistance (p < 0.05). This study confirms increasing resistance in dermatologic samples. It is unlikely that the sample source affects resistance, but Staphylococcus species may affect it. Study limitations include lack of information about previous antibiotic use and small sample size.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-01-18 PubMed ID: 36851375PubMed Central: PMC9959586DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020071Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates antibiotic resistance in skin infections in horses over a ten-year period, finding that certain resistance patterns are emerging and that the type of infection could potentially influence antibiotic susceptibility.

Research Objective

  • This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and trends of antibiotic resistance in various species of the bacteria Staphylococcus found in different types of skin infection in horses over a decade period, from 2009 to 2019 in Florida.

Methodology

  • The researchers reviewed medical records from the specified period, pulling data on bacterial infections and antibiotic susceptibility test results.
  • A total of 77 cases were included in the study and were divided by the specific type of bacterial species identified and the kind of skin condition the horse was experiencing, including pyoderma, wound infections, abscesses, and incision sites.
  • Statistical analysis was conducted using non-parametric Spearman’s test, Steel-Dwass test, and Kendall’s T-test to identify trends, compare different antibiotics’ effectiveness, and discover correlations.

Findings

  • The study found a significant increase in resistance to three out of fifteen antibiotics tested: ampicillin, cefazolin, and penicillin. This finding reviews that there is a growing issue of antibiotic resistance in dermatologic conditions in horses.
  • The resistance to different antibiotics varied significantly depending on the species of Staphylococcus bacteria present.
  • An interesting finding was that all abscess samples were found to be susceptible to gentamicin, implying the infection source could possibly impact antibiotic susceptibility.
  • The study identified a significant negative correlation between the sensitivity to the antibiotics cefazolin and amikacin, but other antibiotics showed multiple positive correlations of resistance.

Limitations and Conclusion

  • The researchers acknowledge some limitations to their study, mentioning the absence of data related to previous antibiotic use could potentially influence results, and a relatively small sample size.
  • They concluded that while sample source may not significantly affect resistance, the specific bacterial species may influence it.

Cite This Article

APA
Marshall K, Marsella R. (2023). Evolution of the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance to Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Horses in Florida over a 10-Year Period. Vet Sci, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020071

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 2

Researcher Affiliations

Marshall, Kalie
  • Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
Marsella, Rosanna
  • Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 42 references
  1. Dallap Schaer B.L., Linton J.K., Aceto H.. Antimicrobial use in horses undergoing colic surgery. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2012;26:1449–1456.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01024.xpubmed: 23167747google scholar: lookup
  2. Loeffler A., Lloyd D.H.. What has changed in canine pyoderma? A narrative review. Vet. J. 2018;235:73–82.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.002pubmed: 29704943google scholar: lookup
  3. Murayama N., Nagata M., Terada Y., Shibata S., Fukata T.. Efficacy of a surgical scrub including 2% chlorhexidine acetate for canine superficial pyoderma. Vet. Dermatol. 2010;21:586–592.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00898.xpubmed: 20529012google scholar: lookup
  4. Normark B.H., Normark S.. Evolution and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance. J. Intern. Med. 2002;252:91–106.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01026.xpubmed: 12190884google scholar: lookup
  5. Peyrou M., Higgins R., Lavoie J.P.. Evolution of bacterial resistance to certain antibacterial agents in a veterinary hospital. Can. Vet. J. 2003;44:978–981.
    pmc: PMC2831622pubmed: 14703083
  6. Malo A., Cluzel C., Labrecque O., Beauchamp G., Lavoie J., Leclere M.. Evolution of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in an equine hospital over 3 decades. Can. Vet. J. 2016;57:747–751.
    pmc: PMC4904812pubmed: 27429463
  7. Melzer M., Eykyn S.J., Graunsden W.R., Chinn S.. Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus more virulent than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus? A comparative cohort study of British patients with nosocomial infection and bacteremia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003;37:1453–1460.
    doi: 10.1086/379321pubmed: 14614667google scholar: lookup
  8. Blot S.I., Vandewoude K.H., Hoste E.A., Colardyn F.A.. Outcome and attributable mortality in critically ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002;162:2229–2235.
    doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.19.2229pubmed: 12390067google scholar: lookup
  9. Engemann J.J., Carmeli Y., Cosgrove S.E., Fowler V.G., Bronstein M.Z., Trivette S.L., Briggs J.P., Sexton D.J., Kaye K.S.. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003;36:592–598.
    doi: 10.1086/367653pubmed: 12594640google scholar: lookup
  10. Jones R.D., Kania S.A., Rohrbach B.W., Frank L.A., Bemis D.A.. Prevalence of oxacillin- and multidrug-resistant staphylococci in clinical samples from dogs: 1772 samples (2001–2005). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2007;230:221–227.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.230.2.221pubmed: 17223755google scholar: lookup
  11. Yoon J.W., Lee K.J., Lee S.Y., Chae M.J., Park J.K., Yoo J.H., Park H.M.. Antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from canine patients in Korea. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010;20:1764–1768.
    pubmed: 21193835
  12. Penna B., Varges R., Medeiros L., Martins G.M., Martins R.R., Lilenbaum W.. Species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from canine otitis externa. Vet. Dermatol. 2009;21:292–296.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00842.xpubmed: 20042036google scholar: lookup
  13. Weese J.S., Yu A.A.. Infectious folliculitis and dermatophytosis. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2013;29:559–575.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.09.004pubmed: 24267675google scholar: lookup
  14. Schnellmann C., Gerber V., Rossano A., Jaquier V., Panchaud Y., Doherr M.G., Thomann A., Straub R., Perreten V.. Presence of new mecA and mph(C) variants conferring antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the skin of horses before and after clinic admission. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006;44:4444–4454.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00868-06pmc: PMC1698435pubmed: 17005735google scholar: lookup
  15. Miragaia M.. Factors Contributing to the Evolution of mecA-Mediated β-lactam Resistance in Staphylococci: Update and New Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Front. Microbiol. 2018;9:2723.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02723pmc: PMC6243372pubmed: 30483235google scholar: lookup
  16. Deurenberg R.H., Stobberingh E.E.. The molecular evolution of hospital- and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Curr. Mol. Med. 2009;9:100–115.
    doi: 10.2174/156652409787581637pubmed: 19275621google scholar: lookup
  17. Foster T.. Staphylococcus . .
  18. Rich M.. Staphylococci in animals: Prevalence, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility, with an emphasis on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 2005;62:98–105.
    doi: 10.1080/09674845.2005.11732694pubmed: 15997888google scholar: lookup
  19. Panchaud Y., Gerber V., Rossano A., Perreten V.. Bacterial infections in horses: A retrospective study at the University Equine Clinic of Bern. Schweizer Arch. Tierheilkd. 2010;152:176–182.
    doi: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000040pubmed: 20361396google scholar: lookup
  20. Sangiorgio D.B., Hilty M., Kaiser-Thom S., Epper P.G., Ramseyer A.A., Overesch G., Gerber V.M.. The influence of clinical severity and topical antimicrobial treatment on bacteriological culture and the microbiota of equine pastern dermatitis. Vet. Dermatol. 2021;32:173-e141.
    doi: 10.1111/vde.12912pmc: PMC8048527pubmed: 33417744google scholar: lookup
  21. de Martino L., Lucido M., Mallardo K., Facello B., Mallardo M., Iovane G., Pagnini U., Tufano M.A., Catalanotti P.. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy horses and horse personnel in Italy. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2010;22:77–82.
    doi: 10.1177/104063871002200114pubmed: 20093688google scholar: lookup
  22. Huber H., Ziegler D., Pflüger V., Vogel G., Zweifel C., Stephan R.. Prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from livestock, chicken carcasses, bulk tank milk, minced meat, and contact persons. BMC Vet. Res. 2011;7:6.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-6pmc: PMC3042402pubmed: 21272304google scholar: lookup
  23. Prestinaci F., Pezzotti P., Pantosti A.. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog. Glob. Health. 2015;109:309–318.
    doi: 10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030pmc: PMC4768623pubmed: 26343252google scholar: lookup
  24. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals. 1st ed. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; Wayne, PA, USA: 2004. CLSI Supplement VET01S.
  25. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals. 1st ed. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; Wayne, PA, USA: 2013. CLSI Supplement VET01S.
  26. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals. 1st ed. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; Wayne, PA, USA: 2015. CLSI Supplement VET01S.
  27. The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine. OSU VMC Antimicrobial Use Guidelines. The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA: 2018.
  28. Riviere J.E., Papich M.G.. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 10th ed. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2018.
  29. Marsella R.. Manual of Equine Dermatology. CABI International; Oxfordshire, UK: 2019. pp. 108–147.
  30. Scott D.W., Miller W.H.. Equine Dermatology. 2nd ed. Elsevier Saunders; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2011. pp. 130–170. Bacterial skin diseases.
  31. Bourély C., Cazeau G., Jarrige N., Haenni M., Gay E., Leblond A.. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France. Equine Vet. J. 2020;52:112–119.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13133pubmed: 31033041google scholar: lookup
  32. Frank L.A., Loeffler A.. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: Clinical challenge and treatment options. Vet. Dermatol. 2012;23:283–291.e56.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01047.xpubmed: 22486942google scholar: lookup
  33. Cain C.L., Morris D.O., Rankin S.C.. Clinical characterization of Staphylococcus schleiferi infections and identification of risk factors for acquisition of oxacillin-resistant strains in dogs: 225 cases (2003–2009). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2011;239:1566–1573.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.239.12.1566pubmed: 22129120google scholar: lookup
  34. Griffeth G.C., Morris D.O., Abraham J.L., Shofer F.S., Rankin S.C.. Screening for skin carriage of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci and Staphylococcus schleiferi in dogs with healthy and inflamed skin. Vet. Dermatol. 2008;19:142–149.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00663.xpubmed: 18477330google scholar: lookup
  35. Khanal S., Boonyayatra S., Awaiwanont N.. Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Farms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022;9:947154.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.947154pmc: PMC9763730pubmed: 36561392google scholar: lookup
  36. Dorado-García A., Dohmen W., Bos M.E., Verstappen K.M., Houben M., Wagenaar J.A., Heederik D.J.. Dose-response relationship between antimicrobial drugs and livestock-associated MRSA in pig farming. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015;21:950–959.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2106.140706pmc: PMC4451891pubmed: 25989456google scholar: lookup
  37. Fishovitz J., Hermoso J.A., Chang M., Mobashery S.. Penicillin-binding protein 2a of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. IUBMB Life. 2014;66:572–577.
    doi: 10.1002/iub.1289pmc: PMC4236225pubmed: 25044998google scholar: lookup
  38. Schnepf A., Bienert-Zeit A., Ertugrul H., Wagels R., Werner N., Hartmann M., Feige K., Kreienbrock L.. Antimicrobial Usage in Horses: The Use of Electronic Data, Data Curation, and First Results. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020;7:216.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00216pmc: PMC7200993pubmed: 32411737google scholar: lookup
  39. Zur G., Gurevich B., Elad D.. Prior antimicrobial use as a risk factor for resistance in selected Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from the skin and ears of dogs. Vet. Dermatol. 2016;27:468-e125.
    doi: 10.1111/vde.12382pubmed: 27870236google scholar: lookup
  40. Weber S.G., Gold H.S., Hooper D.C., Karchmer A.W., Carmeli Y.. Fluoroquinolones and the risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003;9:1415–1422.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0911.030284pmc: PMC3035560pubmed: 14718085google scholar: lookup
  41. LeBlanc L., Pépin J., Toulouse K., Ouellette M.F., Coulombe M.A., Corriveau M.P., Alary M.E.. Fluoroquinolones and risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006;12:1398–1405.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1209.060397pmc: PMC3294753pubmed: 17073089google scholar: lookup
  42. John J.F., Harvin A.M.. History and evolution of antibiotic resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci: Susceptibility profiles of new anti-staphylococcal agents. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2007;3:1143–1152.
    pmc: PMC2387300pubmed: 18516271
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.