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Current biology : CB2015; 25(19); 2577-2583; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032

Evolutionary Genomics and Conservation of the Endangered Przewalski’s Horse.

Abstract: Przewalski's horses (PHs, Equus ferus ssp. przewalskii) were discovered in the Asian steppes in the 1870s and represent the last remaining true wild horses. PHs became extinct in the wild in the 1960s but survived in captivity, thanks to major conservation efforts. The current population is still endangered, with just 2,109 individuals, one-quarter of which are in Chinese and Mongolian reintroduction reserves [1]. These horses descend from a founding population of 12 wild-caught PHs and possibly up to four domesticated individuals [2-4]. With a stocky build, an erect mane, and stripped and short legs, they are phenotypically and behaviorally distinct from domesticated horses (DHs, Equus caballus). Here, we sequenced the complete genomes of 11 PHs, representing all founding lineages, and five historical specimens dated to 1878-1929 CE, including the Holotype. These were compared to the hitherto-most-extensive genome dataset characterized for horses, comprising 21 new genomes. We found that loci showing the most genetic differentiation with DHs were enriched in genes involved in metabolism, cardiac disorders, muscle contraction, reproduction, behavior, and signaling pathways. We also show that DH and PH populations split ∼45,000 years ago and have remained connected by gene-flow thereafter. Finally, we monitor the genomic impact of ∼110 years of captivity, revealing reduced heterozygosity, increased inbreeding, and variable introgression of domestic alleles, ranging from non-detectable to as much as 31.1%. This, together with the identification of ancestry informative markers and corrections to the International Studbook, establishes a framework for evaluating the persistence of genetic variation in future reintroduced populations.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2015-09-24 PubMed ID: 26412128PubMed Central: PMC5104162DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study was conducted to understand the genetic traits, evolution, and conservation challenges of Przewalski’s Horses, an endangered horse species. It used genomic sequencing to research the horse’s genetic differentiation from domesticated horses and highlighted the effects of inbreeding and captivity on their genetic variety.

Introduction and Background

  • Przewalski’s Horses (PHs), found in the Asian steppes, are the last known true wild horses, discovered in the 1870s.
  • These horses went extinct in the wild during the 1960s, but due to substantial conservation efforts, they survived in captivity.
  • The present population, still classified as endangered, consists of just 2,109 individuals, one-fourth of which reside in reintroduction reserves in China and Mongolia.
  • The unique physical and behavioral characteristics differentiate PHs from domesticated horses (DHs).

Methodology and Genome Sequencing

  • The researchers sequenced the full genomes of 11 current PHs, covering every founding lineage, and five historical specimens from 1878 to 1929 CE.
  • These sequences were compared to the most extensive existing genome dataset for horses, which includes 21 new genomes.

Findings on Genetic Differentiation

  • Regions in the PH genome that exhibited the most noticeable genetic differentiation from DHs were found to be enriched with genes related to metabolism, cardiac disorders, muscle contraction, reproduction, behavior, and signaling pathways.
  • The study discovered that the PH and DH populations separated approximately 45,000 years ago, but have remained connected by gene-flow since then.

Impact of Captivity and Inbreeding

  • Approximately 110 years of captivity have had a noticeable impact on the PH’s genome, shown by reduced heterozygosity, increased inbreeding, and variable introgression (incorporation of a gene from one species into the gene pool of another) of domestic alleles ranging from non-detectable to as much as 31.1%.

Conservation and Future Research

  • The identification of ancestry informative markers and corrections to the International Studbook create a framework for assessing the maintenance of genetic variation in reintroduced populations in the future.

Cite This Article

APA
(2015). Evolutionary Genomics and Conservation of the Endangered Przewalski’s Horse. Curr Biol, 25(19), 2577-2583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032

Publication

Current biology : CB
ISSN: 1879-0445
NlmUniqueID: 9107782
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 25
Issue: 19
Pages: 2577-2583
PII: S0960-9822(15)01003-9

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Wild / genetics
  • Biological Evolution
  • Biomarkers / blood
  • Breeding
  • Conservation of Natural Resources
  • Endangered Species
  • Genetic Variation
  • Genomics
  • Horses / genetics
  • Phylogeny
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA

Grant Funding

  • R01 GM040282 / NIGMS NIH HHS
  • R01-GM40282 / NIGMS NIH HHS

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