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Virology2014; 462-463; 388-403; doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.029

Experiences with infectious cDNA clones of equine arteritis virus: lessons learned and insights gained.

Abstract: The advent of recombinant DNA technology, development of infectious cDNA clones of RNA viruses, and reverse genetic technologies have revolutionized how viruses are studied. Genetic manipulation of full-length cDNA clones has become an especially important and widely used tool to study the biology, pathogenesis, and virulence determinants of both positive and negative stranded RNA viruses. The first full-length infectious cDNA clone of equine arteritis virus (EAV) was developed in 1996 and was also the first full-length infectious cDNA clone constructed from a member of the order Nidovirales. This clone was extensively used to characterize the molecular biology of EAV and other Nidoviruses. The objective of this review is to summarize the characterization of the virulence (or attenuation) phenotype of the recombinant viruses derived from several infectious cDNA clones of EAV in horses, as well as their application for characterization of the molecular basis of viral neutralization, persistence, and cellular tropism.
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Publication Date: 2014-06-07 PubMed ID: 24913633PubMed Central: PMC7172799DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.029Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This research article presents a comprehensive review of the various studies conducted on equine arteritis virus (EAV) using infectious cDNA clone technology. The study includes the applications of this technology in checking viral neutralization, persistence, and cellular tropism, along with examining the virulence of recombinant viruses derived from EAV clones.

Understanding Infectious cDNA Clones of RNA Viruses

  • The article focuses on the utilization of recombinant DNA technology, infectious cDNA clones (clones containing the entire genetic material of a virus) of RNA viruses, and reverse genetic technologies. These advanced methodologies have significantly transformed the way viruses are investigated.
  • Genetic manipulation of full-length cDNA clones has emerged as a crucially important tool in studying the biology, pathogenesis, and factors determining the virulence of both positive and negative stranded RNA viruses.

The First Infectious cDNA Clone of Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)

  • The first full-length infectious cDNA clone of equine arteritis virus (EAV) was developed in 1996. This clone was unique as it was the first full-length infectious cDNA clone developed from a member of the order Nidovirales.
  • This clone was widely used to explore the molecular biology of EAV and other Nidoviruses. Understanding the virus at a molecular level aids in crafting efficient treatment strategies.

Characterizing Virulence and Attenuation Phenotypes of EAV

  • The review summarizes the characterization of the virulence (or attenuation) phenotype of the recombinant viruses derived from several infectious cDNA clones of EAV in horses.
  • These findings are essential to understand how the virus behaves and how its virulence changes when it infects a host organism. This knowledge could be crucial in predicting the severity of outbreaks and in developing effective vaccinations or treatments.

Molecular Basis of Viral Neutralization, Persistence, and Cellular Tropism

  • Besides the study of virulence, the infectious cDNA clones of EAV were also used to explore the molecular basis of viral neutralization, persistence, and cellular tropism.
  • Viral neutralization is the mechanism by which a virus is rendered non-infectious. Persistence refers to the ability of a virus to remain in a host for long periods, while cellular tropism concerns the preference of a virus to infect specific cell types.
  • The understanding of these aspects is critical for research into virus-host interactions, as well as for designing appropriate therapeutic interventions.

Cite This Article

APA
Balasuriya UB, Zhang J, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. (2014). Experiences with infectious cDNA clones of equine arteritis virus: lessons learned and insights gained. Virology, 462-463, 388-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.029

Publication

Virology
ISSN: 1096-0341
NlmUniqueID: 0110674
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 462-463
Pages: 388-403

Researcher Affiliations

Balasuriya, Udeni B R
  • 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA. Electronic address: ubalasuriya@uky.edu.
Zhang, Jianqiang
  • Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Go, Yun Young
  • Virus Research and Testing Group, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea.
MacLachlan, N James
  • Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cloning, Molecular
  • DNA, Complementary / genetics
  • Equartevirus / genetics
  • Equartevirus / pathogenicity
  • Equartevirus / physiology
  • Horses
  • Reverse Genetics
  • Virulence

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Moyo NA, Westcott D, Simmonds R, Steinbach F. Equine Arteritis Virus in Monocytic Cells Suppresses Differentiation and Function of Dendritic Cells. Viruses 2023 Jan 16;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/v15010255pubmed: 36680295google scholar: lookup
  2. Mashin VV, Sergeev AN, Martynova NN, Sergeev AA, Lys'ko KA, Raikov AO, Kataeva VV, Zagidullin NV. Viral Safety Issues in the Production and Manufacturing of Human Immunoglobulin Preparations from Equine Plasma/Serum. Pharm Chem J 2022;56(4):532-537.
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  3. Steinbach F, Westcott DG, McGowan SL, Grierson SS, Frossard JP, Choudhury B. Re-emergence of a genetic outlier strain of equine arteritis virus: Impact on phylogeny. Virus Res 2015 Apr 16;202:144-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.009pubmed: 25527462google scholar: lookup
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