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Applied and environmental microbiology2020; 86(8); e02590-19; doi: 10.1128/AEM.02590-19

Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Horses.

Abstract: A nationwide study on the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC in nonhospitalized horses in the Netherlands was performed. Molecular characterization was done, and questionnaires were analyzed to identify factors associated with carriage. In total, 796 horse owners were approached; 281 of these submitted a fecal sample from their horse(s), resulting in 362 samples. All samples were cultured qualitatively in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and subsequently on MacConkey agar, both supplemented with 1 mg/liter cefotaxime (LB+ and MC+). Positive samples were subsequently cultured quantitatively on MC+. Initial extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC screening was performed by PCR, followed by whole-genome sequencing on selected strains. Associations between ESBL/AmpC carriage and questionnaire items were analyzed using a univariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression analysis, followed by a multiple GEE model for relevant factors. In total, 39 of 362 samples (11%) were determined to be positive for ESBL/AmpC. -carrying isolates were obtained from 77% of positive samples ( = 30). Other ESBL/AmpC genes observed included , , , , , , and A high association between the presence of and IncHI1 plasmids was observed (46% of samples;  = 18). Based on core genome analysis ( = 48 isolates), six clusters were identified, three of which represented 80% of the isolates. A negative association between ESBL/AmpC carriage and horses being in contact with other horses at a different site was observed. The presence of a dog on the premises and housing in a more densely human-populated region were positively associated. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are widespread in human and animal populations and in the environment. Many different ESBL variants exist. The dissemination of ESBLs within and between populations and the environment is also largely influenced by genetic mobile elements (e.g., plasmids) that facilitate spread of these ESBLs. In order to identify potential attributable ESBL sources for, e.g., the human population, it is important to identify the different ESBL variants, the bacteria carrying them, and the potential risk factors for ESBL carriage from other potential sources. This nationwide study focuses on ESBL carriage in the open horse population and investigated the molecular characteristics, geographical distribution throughout the Netherlands, and potential risk factors for fecal ESBL carriage in horses. These data can be used for future attribution studies in order to reduce potential transmission of ESBL-producing bacteria between sources.
Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.
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Publication Date: 2020-04-01 PubMed ID: 32033947PubMed Central: PMC7117932DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02590-19Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper discusses a study conducted across the Netherlands to examine the occurrence of ESBL/AmpC, bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics, in the feces of non-hospitalized horses. It further investigates factors associated with the carriage of these bacteria and their molecular characterization.

Study Design and Methodology

  • The researchers reached out to 796 horse owners and obtained 362 fecal samples from 281 owners.
  • All samples were cultured and qualitatively grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and then on MacConkey agar, supplemented with a cefotaxime concentrate.
  • Positive samples were further cultured quantitatively on MacConkey agar with cefotaxime.
  • ESBL/AmpC screening was done via PCR, and whole-genome sequencing was carried out on a select few strains.
  • They also went through questionnaires and examined potential associations between ESBL/AmpC carriage factors using regression analysis.

Research Findings

  • Out of the 362 samples, 39 (or 11%) were found to be positive for ESBL/AmpC.
  • A variety of ESBL/AmpC genes, including blaCTX-M-1, were identified. These genes were obtained from 77% of the positive samples.
  • Analysis showed a high correlation between the presence of the blaCTX-M-1 gene and the occurrence of IncHI1 plasmids.
  • Based on core genome analysis, six clusters of the blaCTX-M-1 gene were determined, three of which represented 80% of the isolates.
  • Negative association was observed between ESBL/AmpC carriage and horses interacting with other horses from differing sites.
  • Positive associations were found with the presence of dogs on the premises and the horses’ housing in regions densely populated by humans.

Implications of the Study

  • Extended-spectrum β-lactamases, or ESBLs, are widespread among human, animal populations, and the environment, with many variants in existence.
  • The study contributes significant information towards understanding the multiple variants of ESBL, the bacteria carrying them, and various factors that could influence ESBL carriage.
  • The collected data is crucial for future research aimed at minimizing potential transmission of ESBL-producing bacteria among different sources.

Cite This Article

APA
Hordijk J, Farmakioti E, Smit LAM, Duim B, Graveland H, Theelen MJP, Wagenaar JA. (2020). Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Horses. Appl Environ Microbiol, 86(8), e02590-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02590-19

Publication

Applied and environmental microbiology
ISSN: 1098-5336
NlmUniqueID: 7605801
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 86
Issue: 8
PII: e02590-19

Researcher Affiliations

Hordijk, Joost
  • Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, the Netherlands joost.hordijk@rivm.nl.
Farmakioti, Evangelia
  • Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Smit, Lidwien A M
  • Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Duim, Birgitta
  • Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Graveland, Haitske
  • Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Theelen, Mathijs J P
  • Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
  • Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Wagenaar, Jaap A
  • Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
  • Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bacterial Proteins / metabolism
  • Escherichia coli Infections / epidemiology
  • Escherichia coli Infections / microbiology
  • Escherichia coli Infections / veterinary
  • Escherichia coli Proteins / metabolism
  • Feces / microbiology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horses
  • Netherlands / epidemiology
  • beta-Lactamases / metabolism

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Citations

This article has been cited 11 times.
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