FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Am J Trop Med Hyg / Field investigations of winter transmission of eastern equin...
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2014; 91(4); 685-693; doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0081

Field investigations of winter transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus in Florida.

Abstract: Studies investigating winter transmission of Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) were conducted in Hillsborough County, Florida. The virus was detected in Culiseta melanura and Anopheles quadrimaculatus in February 2012 and 2013, respectively. During the winter months, herons were the most important avian hosts for all mosquito species encountered. In collections carried out in the summer of 2011, blood meals taken from herons were still common, but less frequently encountered than in winter, with an increased frequency of mammalian- and reptile-derived meals observed in the summer. Four wading bird species (Black-crowned Night Heron [Nycticorax nycticorax], Yellow-crowned Night Heron [Nyctanassa violacea], Anhinga [Anhinga anhinga], and Great Blue Heron [Ardea herodias]) were most frequently fed upon by Cs. melanura and Culex erraticus, suggesting that these species may participate in maintaining EEEV during the winter in Florida.
© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2014-07-28 PubMed ID: 25070997PubMed Central: PMC4183388DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0081Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on the study of the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) transmission during winter, particularly in Hillsborough County, Florida. The virus was located in two types of mosquitoes and observed to be prevalent in herons, indicating the significant role of these birds in the winter transmission of EEEV.

Contex and Objective Of The Research

  • The study was centered on understanding how the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is transmitted during winter, specifically in Florida’s Hillsborough County.
  • EEEV is a virus that primarily affects horses, but it can also cause severe diseases in humans. Therefore, understanding its transmission trends is vital for public health measures.
  • The primary objective of the research was to identify the vector species (mosquitoes in this case) and hosts (herons) involved in the winter transmission of EEEV.

Methodology

  • In order to investigate how the virus is transmitted, researchers identified the virus in two mosquito species, Culiseta melanura and Anopheles quadrimaculatus, in February 2012 and 2013, respectively.
  • Researchers observed the feeding habits of mosquitoes during the winter and summer months. They took particular note of which animals’ blood meals were taken by the mosquitoes.

Key Findings

  • It was found that herons were the most important avian hosts for all mosquito species found during the winter months.
  • Even in the summer of 2011, herons continued to be a common blood meal for the mosquitoes, although to a lesser extent compared to winter. However, mosquitoes also had an increased frequency of blood meals derived from mammals and reptiles during the summer months.
  • Specifically, Black-crowned Night Heron, Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Anhinga, and Great Blue Heron were most frequently fed upon by the mosquitoes Cs. melanura and Culex erraticus.

Conclusion and Implication

  • The detection of EEEV in mosquitoes as well as the high incidence of herons in mosquito blood meals suggests that these birds may play a significant role in maintaining and transmitting EEEV during winter in Florida.
  • This finding is crucial as it provides valuable insights that could aid in combating this disease by informing appropriate pest and disease management strategies targeted at these potential carriers.

Cite This Article

APA
Bingham AM, Burkett-Cadena ND, Hassan HK, McClure CJ, Unnasch TR. (2014). Field investigations of winter transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus in Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 91(4), 685-693. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0081

Publication

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
ISSN: 1476-1645
NlmUniqueID: 0370507
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 91
Issue: 4
Pages: 685-693

Researcher Affiliations

Bingham, Andrea M
  • Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida; The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Indiana.
Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D
  • Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida; The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Indiana.
Hassan, Hassan K
  • Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida; The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Indiana.
McClure, Christopher J W
  • Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida; The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Indiana.
Unnasch, Thomas R
  • Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida; The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Indiana tunnasch@health.usf.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Amphibians / virology
  • Animals
  • Anopheles / virology
  • Bird Diseases / epidemiology
  • Bird Diseases / transmission
  • Bird Diseases / virology
  • Birds / virology
  • Blood / virology
  • Cattle
  • Culex / virology
  • Culicidae / virology
  • Disease Reservoirs / virology
  • Dogs
  • Ecology
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / isolation & purification
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / transmission
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / veterinary
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / virology
  • Female
  • Florida / epidemiology
  • Humans
  • Mammals / virology
  • Reptiles / virology
  • Seasons

Grant Funding

  • R01 AI049724 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • R56AI01372 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • R01AI49724 / NIAID NIH HHS

References

This article includes 50 references
  1. Scott TW, Weaver SC. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 1989;37:277–328.
    pubmed: 2574935
  2. Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, McDowell M, Timperi RJ. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;52:8–13.
    pubmed: 7856830
  3. US Geological Service ArboNET. 2014. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbonet/ Available at. Accessed January 5, 2014.
  4. Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 1994;31:711–728.
    pubmed: 7966175
  5. Chamberlain RW, Sikes RK, Nelson DB, Sudia WD. Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides. VI. Quantitative determinations of virus-vector relationships. Am J Hyg 1954;60:278–285.
    pubmed: 13207099
  6. Burkett-Cadena ND, McClure CJ, Ligon RA, Graham SP, Guyer C, Hill GE, Ditchkoff SS, Eubanks MD, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR. Host reproductive phenology drives seasonal patterns of host use in mosquitoes. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e17681.
    pmc: PMC3049777pubmed: 21408172
  7. Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Daszak P. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol 2006;4:e82.
    pmc: PMC1382011pubmed: 16494532
  8. Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:468–474.
    pmc: PMC3291451pubmed: 16704786
  9. Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;68:495–500.
    pmc: PMC2575747pubmed: 12875303
  10. Cohen SB, Lewoczko K, Huddleston DB, Moody E, Mukherjee S, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Wilson R, Moncayo AC. Host feeding patterns of potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus at an epizootic focus in Tennessee. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;81:452–456.
    pubmed: 19706914
  11. Burkett-Cadena ND, White GS, Eubanks MD, Unnasch TR. Winter biology of wetland mosquitoes at a focus of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission in Alabama, USA. J Med Entomol 2011;48:967–973.
    pubmed: 21936314
  12. Kissling RE, Chamberlain RW, Nelson DB, Stamm DD. Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides. VIII. Equine encephalitis studies in Louisiana. Am J Hyg 1955;62:233–254.
    pubmed: 13268415
  13. Hassan HK, Cupp EW, Hill GE, Katholi CR, Klingler K, Unnasch TR. Avian host preference by vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;69:641–647.
    pubmed: 14740882
  14. Estep LK, McClure CJ, Burkett-Cadena ND, Hassan HK, Hicks TL, Unnasch TR, Hill GE. A multi-year study of mosquito feeding patterns on avian hosts in a southeastern focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011;84:718–726.
    pmc: PMC3083738pubmed: 21540380
  15. Stamm DD. Studies on the ecology of equine encephalomyelitis. Am J Pub Health Nat Health 1958;48:328–335.
    pmc: PMC1551522pubmed: 13521074
  16. Spalding MG, McLean RG, Burgess JH, Kirk LJ. Arboviruses in water birds (Ciconiiformes, Pelecaniformes) from Florida. J Wildl Dis 1994;30:216–221.
    pubmed: 8028106
  17. Herman CM. The role of birds in the epizootiology of eastern equine encephalitis. Auk 1962;79:99–103.
  18. Aguirre AA, McLean RG, Cook RS. Experimental inoculation of three arboviruses in black-bellied whistling ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis). J Wildl Dis 1992;28:521–525.
    pubmed: 1474647
  19. McLean RG, Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly J, Kirk LJ, Mitchell CJ, Calisher CH. Experimental infection of wading birds with eastern equine encephalitis virus. J Wildl Dis 1995;31:502–508.
    pubmed: 8592381
  20. Reisen WK, Wheeler S, Armijos MV, Fang Y, Garcia S, Kelley K, Wright S. Role of communally nesting ardeid birds in the epidemiology of West Nile virus revisited. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009;9:275–280.
    pmc: PMC2976636pubmed: 19125659
  21. Powers CD, Dickerman RW. Primary immunoglobulin response of herons to infection with Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Infect Immun 1975;11:303–308.
    pmc: PMC415061pubmed: 1112617
  22. Scherer WF, Smith RP. In vitro studies on the sites of Japanese encephalitis virus multiplication in the heron, an important natural host in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1960;9:50–55.
    pubmed: 14442658
  23. Boyle DB, Dickerman RW, Marshall ID. Primary viremia responses of herons to experimental infection with Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1983;61:655–664.
    pubmed: 6326724
  24. Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976;25:884–890.
    pubmed: 12669
  25. Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Stull JW, Mores CN. Tracking eastern equine encephalitis virus perpetuation in the northeastern United States by phylogenetic analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;79:291–296.
    pubmed: 18689638
  26. White GS, Pickett BE, Lefkowitz EJ, Johnson AG, Ottendorfer C, Stark LM, Unnasch TR. Phylogenetic analysis of eastern equine encephalitis virus isolates from Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011;84:709–717.
    pmc: PMC3083737pubmed: 21540379
  27. Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Bernard KA, Ebel GD. Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:454–460.
    pmc: PMC2570827pubmed: 18325261
  28. Burkett-Cadena ND. A wire-frame shelter for collecting resting mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2011;27:152–155.
    pubmed: 21805849
  29. Burkett-Cadena ND, Eubanks MD, Unnasch TR. Preference of female mosquitoes for natural and artificial resting sites. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2008;24:228–235.
    pmc: PMC2581474pubmed: 18666530
  30. Darsie RF, Ward RA. Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press; 2005. p. 383.
  31. Lambert AJ, Martin DA, Lanciotti RS. Detection of North American eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:379–385.
    pmc: PMC149608pubmed: 12517876
  32. Volchkov VE, Volchkova VA, Netesov SV. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus genome. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 1991;5:8–15.
    pubmed: 1896061
  33. Florida Department of Health . Real-time RT-PCR Arbovirology Protocol–2011. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories; 2011.
  34. Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR. Blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus kCulex targeting ectothermic hosts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;79:809–815.
    pmc: PMC4138019pubmed: 18981528
  35. Kitano T, Umetsu K, Tian W, Osawa M. Two universal primer sets for species identification among vertebrates. Int J Legal Med 2007;121:423–427.
    pubmed: 16845543
  36. Butcher GS, Fuller MR, McAllister LS, Geissler P. An evaluation of the Christmas bird count for monitoring population trends of selected species. Wildl Soc Bull 1990;18:129–134.
  37. Butcher GS, Niven DK, Sauer JR. Using Christmas Bird Count data to assess population dynamics and trends of waterbirds. Am Birds 2005;59:23–25.
  38. McCrimmon DA, Fryska ST, Ogden JC, Butcher GS. Nonlinear population dynamics of six species of Florida Ciconiiformes assessed by Christmas Bird Counts. Ecol Appl 1997;7:581–592.
  39. Tozer D, Abraham K, Nol E. Improving the accuracy of counts of wetland breeding birds at the point scale. Wetlands 2006;26:518–527.
  40. Nadeau CP, Conway CJ, Smith BS, Lewis TE. Maximizing detection probability of wetland-dependent birds during point-count surveys in northwestern Florida. Wilson J Ornithol 2008;120:513–518.
  41. Colwell MA, Cooper RJ. Estimates of coastal shorebird abundance: the important of multiple counts. J Field Ornithol 1993;64:293–301.
  42. Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict M, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2004;4:71–82.
    pmc: PMC2581457pubmed: 15018775
  43. Johnson DH, Gibbs JP, Herzog M, Lor S, Niemuth ND, Ribic CA, Seamans M, Shaffer TL, Shriver WG, Stehman SV, Thompson WL. A sampling design framework for monitoring secretive marshbirds. Waterbirds 2009;32:203–215.
  44. Day JF, Stark LM. Eastern equine encephalitis transmission to emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Volusia County, Florida: 1992 through 1994. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1996;12:429–436.
    pubmed: 8887222
  45. Edman JD, Webber LA, Kale HW. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. II. Culiseta. J Med Entomol 1972;9:429–434.
    pubmed: 4404140
  46. Edman JD. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). VI. Culex (Melanoconion). J Med Entomol 1979;15:521–525.
    pubmed: 544824
  47. Nichols J, Thomas L, Conn P. Inferences about landbird abundance from count data: Recent advances and future directions. In: Thomson D, Cooch E, Conroy M, editors. Modeling Demographic Processes in Marked Populations. New York, NY: Springer; 2009. pp. 201–235.
  48. Fletcher RJ, Hutto RL, Haukos DA. Estimating detection probabilities of river birds using double surveys. Auk 2006;123:695–707.
  49. Webber LA, Edman JD. Anti-mosquito behavior of ciconiiform birds. Anim Behav 1972;20:228–232.
  50. Oliveira A, Katholi CR, Burkett-Cadena N, Hassan HK, Kristensen S, Unnasch TR. Temporal analysis of feeding patterns of Culex erraticus in central Alabama. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011;11:413–421.
    pmc: PMC3073077pubmed: 21395423

Citations

This article has been cited 24 times.
  1. Bauer AM, Burkett-Cadena ND, Reeves LE, Alto BW, Campbell LP. Vector Potential Index: Bridging Competence and Contribution as an Integrative Measure of Relative Transmission Capability. Ecol Evol 2026 Jan;16(1):e72705.
    doi: 10.1002/ece3.72705pubmed: 41497788google scholar: lookup
  2. Morley D, Kennedy E, Dowall S. Preclinical Models of Oropouche Virus Infection and Disease. Pathogens 2025 Dec 11;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens14121272pubmed: 41471227google scholar: lookup
  3. Rockwell M, Wisely SM, Mathias DK, Burkett-Cadena ND. Incriminating vectors of deer malaria (Plasmodium odocoilei) at a Florida deer farm. Parasit Vectors 2025 Jul 28;18(1):308.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-025-06942-5pubmed: 40722106google scholar: lookup
  4. Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Sharma R, Misencik MJ, Bransfield A, Vossbrinck CR, Brackney DE. Field Isolation and Laboratory Vector-Host Studies of Brazoran Virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from Florida. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024 May 1;110(5):968-970.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0799pubmed: 38531101google scholar: lookup
  5. Dehus H, Siperstein A, Pomeroy LW, Meuti ME. Characterizing the seasonal abundance and reproductive activity of overwintering Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 2024 May 13;61(3):644-656.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjae024pubmed: 38387012google scholar: lookup
  6. McNamara TD, Mosore MT, Urlaub A, Lashley MA, Burkett-Cadena ND, Reeves LE, Martin EM. Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) utilizes gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering in North Central Florida. J Med Entomol 2024 Mar 13;61(2):454-464.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjad174pubmed: 38217415google scholar: lookup
  7. Hernandez-Valencia JC, Muñoz-Laiton P, Gómez GF, Correa MM. A Systematic Review on the Viruses of Anopheles Mosquitoes: The Potential Importance for Public Health. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023 Sep 26;8(10).
    doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100459pubmed: 37888587google scholar: lookup
  8. Mundis SJ, Harrison S, Pelley D, Durand S, Ryan SJ. Spatiotemporal Environmental Drivers of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Central Florida: Towards a Predictive Model for a Lethal Disease. J Med Entomol 2022 Sep 14;59(5):1805-1816.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjac113pubmed: 35957606google scholar: lookup
  9. Anderson JF, Fish D, Armstrong PM, Misencik MJ, Bransfield A, Ferrandino FJ, Andreadis TG, Stenglein MD, Kapuscinski ML. Seasonal Dynamics of Mosquito-Borne Viruses in the Southwestern Florida Everglades, 2016, 2017. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022 Jan 10;106(2):610-622.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1547pubmed: 35008051google scholar: lookup
  10. Fish D, Tesh RB, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Balta V, Underwood J, Sither C, Vasilakis N. Emergence potential of mosquito-borne arboviruses from the Florida Everglades. PLoS One 2021;16(11):e0259419.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259419pubmed: 34807932google scholar: lookup
  11. Jenkins M, Ahmed S, Barnes AN. A systematic review of waterborne and water-related disease in animal populations of Florida from 1999-2019. PLoS One 2021;16(7):e0255025.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255025pubmed: 34324547google scholar: lookup
  12. McGregor BL, Connelly CR, Kenney JL. Infection, Dissemination, and Transmission Potential of North American Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex tarsalis, and Culicoides sonorensis for Oropouche Virus. Viruses 2021 Feb 2;13(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v13020226pubmed: 33540546google scholar: lookup
  13. Rissmann M, Kley N, Ulrich R, Stoek F, Balkema-Buschmann A, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role as Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses 2020 Oct 23;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/v12111206pubmed: 33114178google scholar: lookup
  14. Trobaugh DW, Sun C, Bhalla N, Gardner CL, Dunn MD, Klimstra WB. Cooperativity between the 3' untranslated region microRNA binding sites is critical for the virulence of eastern equine encephalitis virus. PLoS Pathog 2019 Oct;15(10):e1007867.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007867pubmed: 31658290google scholar: lookup
  15. Reeves LE, Hoyer I, Acevedo C, Burkett-Cadena ND. Host Associations of Culex (Melanoconion) atratus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex (Melanoconion) pilosus from Florida, USA. Insects 2019 Aug 3;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/insects10080239pubmed: 31382597google scholar: lookup
  16. Egizi A, Martinsen ES, Vuong H, Zimmerman KI, Faraji A, Fonseca DM. Using Bloodmeal Analysis to Assess Disease Risk to Wildlife at the New Northern Limit of a Mosquito Species. Ecohealth 2018 Sep;15(3):543-554.
    doi: 10.1007/s10393-018-1371-0pubmed: 30242538google scholar: lookup
  17. Ayers VB, Huang YS, Lyons AC, Park SL, Higgs S, Dunlop JI, Kohl A, Alto BW, Unlu I, Blitvich BJ, Vanlandingham DL. Culex tarsalis is a competent vector species for Cache Valley virus. Parasit Vectors 2018 Sep 20;11(1):519.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3103-2pubmed: 30236148google scholar: lookup
  18. Reeves LE, Krysko KL, Avery ML, Gillett-Kaufman JL, Kawahara AY, Connelly CR, Kaufman PE. Interactions between the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, and the local mosquito community in Florida, USA. PLoS One 2018;13(1):e0190633.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190633pubmed: 29342169google scholar: lookup
  19. Blosser EM, Lord CC, Stenn T, Acevedo C, Hassan HK, Reeves LE, Unnasch TR, Burkett-Cadena ND. Environmental Drivers of Seasonal Patterns of Host Utilization by Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) in Florida. J Med Entomol 2017 Sep 1;54(5):1365-1374.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjx140pubmed: 28874017google scholar: lookup
  20. Bingham AM, Burkett-Cadena ND, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR. Vector Competence and Capacity of Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 2016 Mar;53(2):473-6.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjv195pubmed: 26659606google scholar: lookup
  21. Molaei G, Armstrong PM, Graham AC, Kramer LD, Andreadis TG. Insights into the recent emergence and expansion of eastern equine encephalitis virus in a new focus in the Northern New England USA. Parasit Vectors 2015 Oct 9;8:516.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-1145-2pubmed: 26453283google scholar: lookup
  22. Burkett-Cadena ND, Bingham AM, Hunt B, Morse G, Unnasch TR. Ecology of Culiseta Melanura and Other Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Walton County, FL, During Winter Period 2013-2014. J Med Entomol 2015 Sep;52(5):1074-82.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjv087pubmed: 26336227google scholar: lookup
  23. Gaudreault NN, Indran SV, Bryant PK, Richt JA, Wilson WC. Comparison of Rift Valley fever virus replication in North American livestock and wildlife cell lines. Front Microbiol 2015;6:664.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00664pubmed: 26175725google scholar: lookup
  24. Burkett-Cadena ND, Bingham AM, Unnasch TR. Sex-biased avian host use by arbovirus vectors. R Soc Open Sci 2014 Nov;1(3):140262.
    doi: 10.1098/rsos.140262pubmed: 26064562google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,030 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.