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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Med Sci / First case report on the occurrence of Trypanosoma evansi in...
Veterinary medicine and science2020; 7(2); 303-309; doi: 10.1002/vms3.379

First case report on the occurrence of Trypanosoma evansi in a Siam B Mare in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Abstract: This is the first case report for the positive Trypanosoma evansi incident in Kelantan, Malaysia confirmed through protozoa detection in a Siam B mare. The horse was presented with complaints of lethargy and inappetence and it collapsed on the day of visit. Normal saline and dextrose solution were administered intravenously, while multivitamins and nerve supplements were given intramuscularly to stabilise the horse before further treatment. Haematological findings showed normocytic hypochromic anaemia and are suggestive of regenerative anaemia. Thin blood smear and examination revealed the presence of Trypanosoma sp., and it was confirmed as T. evansi through molecular identification. The horse was found dead 2 days after and post-mortem was conducted. Histopathology revealed that the horse had developed a neurological form of the disease, besides the detection of the protozoa in heart, spleen and kidney tissue. This first positive Surra case in Kelantan, Malaysia, that is bordering Thailand confirms the increasing concern of transboundary infections. In conclusion, Surra is a potential emerging disease and should be considered as differential diagnosis in horses with pale mucous membrane. This condition is particularly imperative in horses found in these regions as Surra is endemic.
© 2020 The Authors Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2020-11-07 PubMed ID: 33161648PubMed Central: PMC8025636DOI: 10.1002/vms3.379Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This research article presents the first reported case of a Siam B mare in Kelantan, Malaysia testing positive for Trypanosoma evansi infection, an illness that could potentially impact equine health in the region significantly.

Identification of the Case

  • The subject of the research was a Siam B mare in Kelantan, Malaysia, presenting with symptoms of lethargy, inappetence, and a sudden collapse.
  • The case was initially treated with regular saline and dextrose solutions administered intravenously. The mare also received multivitamins and nerve supplements to stabilize her condition.
  • A blood test was conducted due to the distinctive symptom of the pale mucous membrane in the horse, which is typically a sign of anemia. Indeed, the mare was confirmed to have a normocytic hypochromic anemia.
  • This condition, combined with the other symptoms, indicated the possibility of a Trypanosoma evansi infection, also known as Surra. Subsequent testing using thin blood smear and further examinations confirmed this diagnosis.

Outcome and Post-Mortem Findings

  • Despite the initial interventions, the horse was found dead two days after the veterinary visit. A post-mortem examination was undertaken to investigate the causes and outcomes of the infection.
  • The histopathological evaluation highlighted the presence of the Trypanosoma evansi protozoa in various tissues, including the heart, spleen, and kidney.
  • More crucially, a neurological form of the disease was identified in the horse, confirming a systemic infection by Trypanosoma evansi and indicating the severity of the infection.

Significance of the Study and Findings

  • The presence of Surra in the Siam B mare marked the first confirmed case of such an infection in Kelantan, Malaysia.
  • This posed significant concern from a transboundary disease perspective as Kelantan borders Thailand.
  • Furthermore, the study adds to the growing recognition of Surra as a potential emerging disease to consider when assessing equine health, particularly in regions where the illness is endemic, such as Southeast Asia.
  • The authors emphasize the essential role of a differential diagnosis in dealing with cases presenting with pale mucous membranes, so as to avoid overlooking Surra and similar critical conditions.

Cite This Article

APA
Mohd Rajdi NZI, Mohamad MA, Tan LP, Choong SS, Reduan MFH, Hamdan RH, C W Zalati CWS. (2020). First case report on the occurrence of Trypanosoma evansi in a Siam B Mare in Kelantan, Malaysia. Vet Med Sci, 7(2), 303-309. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.379

Publication

Veterinary medicine and science
ISSN: 2053-1095
NlmUniqueID: 101678837
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 303-309

Researcher Affiliations

Mohd Rajdi, Nur Zul Izzati
  • Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Mohamad, Mimi Armiladiana
  • Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Tan, Li Peng
  • Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Choong, Siew Shean
  • Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Reduan, Mohd Farhan Hanif
  • Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Hamdan, Ruhil Hayati
  • Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, Malaysia.
C W Zalati, C W Salma
  • Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, Malaysia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Malaysia
  • Trypanosoma / isolation & purification
  • Trypanosomiasis / parasitology
  • Trypanosomiasis / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

No conflict of interest has been declared.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Raftery AG, Gummery L, Garcia K, Mohite D, Capewell P, Sutton DGM. Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review and meta-analyses: Prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):291-319.
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