FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Viruses / First Insight into the Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus...
Viruses2023; 15(7); doi: 10.3390/v15071594

First Insight into the Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Goats from Bulgaria.

Abstract: In recent years, hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been found to be widespread among different animal species worldwide. In Bulgaria, high HEV seropositivity was found among pigs (60.3%), wild boars (40.8%), and East Balkan swine (82.5%). The aim of the present study was to establish the seroprevalence of HEV among dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats in Bulgaria. In total, 720 serum samples from six animal species were randomly collected: dogs-90 samples; cats-90; horses-180; cattle-180; sheep-90; and goats-90. The serum samples were collected from seven districts of the country: Burgas, Kardzhali, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, Sliven, Smolyan, and Stara Zagora. The animal serum samples were tested for HEV antibodies using the commercial Wantai HEV-Ab ELISA kit (Beijing, China). The overall HEV seroprevalence among different animal species from Bulgaria was as follows: dogs-21.1%; cats-17.7%; horses-8.3%; cattle-7.7%; sheep-32.2%; and goats-24.4%. We found the lowest overall HEV seropositivity in Plovdiv district (6.2%; 4/64; p = 0.203) and Smolyan district (8.8%; 4/45; p = 0.129), vs. the highest in Pazardzhik district (21.6%; 29/134; p = 0.024) and Burgas district (28.8%; 26/90; p = 0.062). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first serological evidence of HEV infection in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats from Bulgaria. We found high HEV seropositivity in small ruminants (sheep and goats), moderate seropositivity in pets (dogs and cats), and a low level of seropositivity in large animals (horses and cattle). Previous Bulgarian studies and the results of this research show that HEV infection is widespread among animals in our country. In this regard, the Bulgarian health authorities must carry out increased surveillance and control of HEV infection among animals in Bulgaria.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-07-21 PubMed ID: 37515279PubMed Central: PMC10385379DOI: 10.3390/v15071594Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Background

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been detected in numerous animal species globally.
  • In Bulgaria, high rates of HEV infection were previously found in pigs, wild boars, and East Balkan swine.

Purpose of the Study

  • The study aimed to determine the prevalence of HEV in various animals in Bulgaria, including dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats.

Methodology

  • 720 serum samples were taken from six types of animals across seven districts in Bulgaria.
  • A commercial kit was used to test these samples for HEV antibodies.

Findings

  • HEV infection rates were:
    • Dogs: 21.1%
    • Cats: 17.7%
    • Horses: 8.3%
    • Cattle: 7.7%
    • Sheep: 32.2%
    • Goats: 24.4%
  • HEV prevalence varied across districts, with the highest rates in Pazardzhik and Burgas, and the lowest in Plovdiv and Smolyan.

Significance

  • This is the first study to provide evidence of HEV in a range of animals in Bulgaria.
  • Sheep and goats showed the highest rates of infection, pets (dogs and cats) had moderate rates, and large animals (horses and cattle) showed the lowest rates.

Conclusion

  • HEV is prevalent among various animals in Bulgaria.
  • Given these findings, Bulgarian health authorities should increase monitoring and control of HEV in animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Tsachev I, Gospodinova K, Pepovich R, Takova K, Kundurzhiev T, Zahmanova G, Kaneva K, Baymakova M. (2023). First Insight into the Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Goats from Bulgaria. Viruses, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071594

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 7

Researcher Affiliations

Tsachev, Ilia
  • Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Gospodinova, Krasimira
  • Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Pepovich, Roman
  • Department of Infectious Pathology, Hygiene, Technology and Control of Foods from Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Takova, Katerina
  • Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Kundurzhiev, Todor
  • Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Zahmanova, Gergana
  • Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
  • Department of Technology Transfer and IP Management, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Kaneva, Kristin
  • Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Baymakova, Magdalena
  • Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cattle
  • Cats
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Sheep
  • Swine
  • Hepatitis E virus
  • Goats
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Bulgaria / epidemiology
  • Cat Diseases
  • Dog Diseases
  • Hepatitis E / epidemiology
  • Hepatitis E / veterinary
  • Hepatitis Antibodies

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 81 references
  1. Balayan MS, Andjaparidze AG, Savinskaya SS, Ketiladze ES, Braginsky DM, Savinov AP, Poleschuk VF. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route.. Intervirology 1983;20(1):23-31.
    doi: 10.1159/000149370pubmed: 6409836google scholar: lookup
  2. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Family: Hepeviridae. [(accessed on 21 June 2023)]. Available online: https://ictv.global/
  3. Purdy MA, Drexler JF, Meng XJ, Norder H, Okamoto H, Van der Poel WHM, Reuter G, de Souza WM, Ulrich RG, Smith DB. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae 2022.. J Gen Virol 2022 Sep;103(9).
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001778pubmed: 36170152google scholar: lookup
  4. Sridhar S, Yip CCY, Wu S, Cai J, Zhang AJ, Leung KH, Chung TWH, Chan JFW, Chan WM, Teng JLL, Au-Yeung RKH, Cheng VCC, Chen H, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Xia NS, Lo CM, Yuen KY. Rat Hepatitis E Virus as Cause of Persistent Hepatitis after Liver Transplant.. Emerg Infect Dis 2018 Dec;24(12):2241-2250.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2412.180937pmc: PMC6256372pubmed: 30457530google scholar: lookup
  5. Andonov A, Robbins M, Borlang J, Cao J, Hatchette T, Stueck A, Deschambault Y, Murnaghan K, Varga J, Johnston L. Rat Hepatitis E Virus Linked to Severe Acute Hepatitis in an Immunocompetent Patient.. J Infect Dis 2019 Aug 9;220(6):951-955.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz025pubmed: 30649379google scholar: lookup
  6. Sridhar S, Yip CC, Wu S, Chew NF, Leung KH, Chan JF, Zhao PS, Chan WM, Poon RW, Tsoi HW, Cai JP, Chan HS, Leung AW, Tse CW, Zee JS, Tsang OT, Cheng VC, Lau SK, Woo PC, Tsang DN, Yuen KY. Transmission of Rat Hepatitis E Virus Infection to Humans in Hong Kong: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis.. Hepatology 2021 Jan;73(1):10-22.
    doi: 10.1002/hep.31138pubmed: 31960460google scholar: lookup
  7. Smith DB, Izopet J, Nicot F, Simmonds P, Jameel S, Meng XJ, Norder H, Okamoto H, van der Poel WHM, Reuter G, Purdy MA. Update: proposed reference sequences for subtypes of hepatitis E virus (species Orthohepevirus A).. J Gen Virol 2020 Jul;101(7):692-698.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001435pmc: PMC7660235pubmed: 32469300google scholar: lookup
  8. Prpić J, Baymakova M. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection among Humans and Animals: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Prevention.. Pathogens 2023 Jul 12;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12070931pmc: PMC10383665pubmed: 37513778google scholar: lookup
  9. Lack JB, Volk K, Van Den Bussche RA. Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in wild rats, United States.. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Aug;18(8):1268-73.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1808.120070pmc: PMC3414038pubmed: 22840202google scholar: lookup
  10. Songtanin B, Molehin AJ, Brittan K, Manatsathit W, Nugent K. Hepatitis E Virus Infections: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Clinical Considerations.. Viruses 2023 Jun 17;15(6).
    doi: 10.3390/v15061389pmc: PMC10304420pubmed: 37376687google scholar: lookup
  11. Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Nagashima S, Jirintai S, Kawakami M, Sonoda Y, Suzuki T, Yamamoto S, Shigemoto K, Ashida K, Sato Y, Okamoto H. Molecular characterization of a novel hepatitis E virus (HEV) strain obtained from a wild boar in Japan that is highly divergent from the previously recognized HEV strains.. Virus Res 2014 Feb 13;180:59-69.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.014pubmed: 24370869google scholar: lookup
  12. Woo PC, Lau SK, Teng JL, Tsang AK, Joseph M, Wong EY, Tang Y, Sivakumar S, Xie J, Bai R, Wernery R, Wernery U, Yuen KY. New hepatitis E virus genotype in camels, the Middle East.. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Jun;20(6):1044-8.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2006.140140pmc: PMC4036782pubmed: 24856611google scholar: lookup
  13. Wu J, Si F, Jiang C, Li T, Jin M. Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in sheep from southern Xinjiang, China.. Virus Genes 2015 Jun;50(3):410-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s11262-015-1194-9pmc: PMC4445917pubmed: 25833205google scholar: lookup
  14. Lee GH, Tan BH, Teo EC, Lim SG, Dan YY, Wee A, Aw PP, Zhu Y, Hibberd ML, Tan CK, Purdy MA, Teo CG. Chronic Infection With Camelid Hepatitis E Virus in a Liver Transplant Recipient Who Regularly Consumes Camel Meat and Milk.. Gastroenterology 2016 Feb;150(2):355-7.e3.
    doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.10.048pubmed: 26551551google scholar: lookup
  15. Huang F, Li Y, Yu W, Jing S, Wang J, Long F, He Z, Yang C, Bi Y, Cao W, Liu C, Hua X, Pan Q. Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus into milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis.. Hepatology 2016 Aug;64(2):350-9.
    doi: 10.1002/hep.28668pubmed: 27286751google scholar: lookup
  16. Baymakova M, Popov GT, Pepovich R, Tsachev I. Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Bulgaria: A Brief Analysis of the Situation in the Country.. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019 Feb 15;7(3):458-460.
    doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.073pmc: PMC6390163pubmed: 30834019google scholar: lookup
  17. Woo PC, Lau SK, Teng JL, Cao KY, Wernery U, Schountz T, Chiu TH, Tsang AK, Wong PC, Wong EY, Yuen KY. New Hepatitis E Virus Genotype in Bactrian Camels, Xinjiang, China, 2013.. Emerg Infect Dis 2016 Dec;22(12):2219-2221.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2212.160979pmc: PMC5189163pubmed: 27869607google scholar: lookup
  18. Montalvo Villalba MC, Cruz Martínez D, Ahmad I, Rodriguez Lay LA, Bello Corredor M, Guevara March C, Martínez LS, Martínez-Campo LS, Jameel S. Hepatitis E virus in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus.. Dis Aquat Organ 2017 Feb 8;123(1):13-18.
    doi: 10.3354/dao03085pubmed: 28177289google scholar: lookup
  19. Pavio N, Doceul V, Bagdassarian E, Johne R. Recent knowledge on hepatitis E virus in Suidae reservoirs and transmission routes to human.. Vet Res 2017 Nov 21;48(1):78.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-017-0483-9pmc: PMC5696788pubmed: 29157309google scholar: lookup
  20. Baymakova M, Terzieva K, Popov R, Grancharova E, Kundurzhiev T, Pepovich R, Tsachev I. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Blood Donors in Bulgaria.. Viruses 2021 Mar 16;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/v13030492pmc: PMC8002317pubmed: 33809748google scholar: lookup
  21. Dremsek P, Wenzel JJ, Johne R, Ziller M, Hofmann J, Groschup MH, Werdermann S, Mohn U, Dorn S, Motz M, Mertens M, Jilg W, Ulrich RG. Seroprevalence study in forestry workers from eastern Germany using novel genotype 3- and rat hepatitis E virus-specific immunoglobulin G ELISAs.. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012 May;201(2):189-200.
    doi: 10.1007/s00430-011-0221-2pubmed: 22179131google scholar: lookup
  22. Rivero-Juarez A, Frias M, Perez AB, Pineda JA, Reina G, Fuentes-Lopez A, Freyre-Carrillo C, Ramirez-Arellano E, Alados JC, Rivero A. Orthohepevirus C infection as an emerging cause of acute hepatitis in Spain: First report in Europe.. J Hepatol 2022 Aug;77(2):326-331.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.028pubmed: 35167911google scholar: lookup
  23. Qian Z, Hao X, Xia Y, Yu W, Huang F. Rat Hepatitis E virus is a potential zoonotic pathogen to humans.. J Hepatol 2022 Sep;77(3):868-870.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.05.012pubmed: 35643204google scholar: lookup
  24. Caballero-Gómez J, Rivero-Juarez A, Jurado-Tarifa E, Jiménez-Martín D, Jiménez-Ruiz E, Castro-Scholten S, Ulrich RG, López-López P, Rivero A, García-Bocanegra I. Serological and molecular survey of hepatitis E virus in cats and dogs in Spain.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022 Mar;69(2):240-248.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.14437pubmed: 34951935google scholar: lookup
  25. Di Profio F, Sarchese V, Palombieri A, Fruci P, Lanave G, Robetto S, Martella V, Di Martino B. Current Knowledge of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Epidemiology in Ruminants.. Pathogens 2022 Sep 29;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11101124pmc: PMC9609093pubmed: 36297181google scholar: lookup
  26. Pepovich R, Baymakova M, Pishmisheva M, Marutsov P, Pekova L, Tsachev I. Current knowledge on hepatitis E virus infection. Vojnosanit. Pregl. 2019;76:733–739.
    doi: 10.2298/VSP170815159Pgoogle scholar: lookup
  27. Dziedzinska R, Krzyzankova M, Bena M, Vasickova P. Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus in Goat and Sheep Milk.. Viruses 2020 Dec 12;12(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v12121429pmc: PMC7763044pubmed: 33322702google scholar: lookup
  28. Arankalle VA, Joshi MV, Kulkarni AM, Gandhe SS, Chobe LP, Rautmare SS, Mishra AC, Padbidri VS. Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in different Indian animal species.. J Viral Hepat 2001 May;8(3):223-7.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00290.xpubmed: 11380801google scholar: lookup
  29. Okamoto H, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Usui R, Kobayashi E. Presence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in Japanese pet cats.. Infection 2004 Feb;32(1):57-8.
    doi: 10.1007/s15010-004-3078-0pubmed: 15007745google scholar: lookup
  30. Saad MD, Hussein HA, Bashandy MM, Kamel HH, Earhart KC, Fryauff DJ, Younan M, Mohamed AH. Hepatitis E virus infection in work horses in Egypt.. Infect Genet Evol 2007 Jun;7(3):368-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.07.007pubmed: 17046335google scholar: lookup
  31. Usmanov RK, Balaian MS, Dvoĭnikova OV, Alymbaeva DB, Zamiatina NA, Kazachkov IuA, Belov VI. [An experimental infection in lambs by the hepatitis E virus].. Vopr Virusol 1994 Jul-Aug;39(4):165-8.
    pubmed: 7998395
  32. Zhang W, Shen Q, Mou J, Gong G, Yang Z, Cui L, Zhu J, Ju G, Hua X. Hepatitis E virus infection among domestic animals in eastern China.. Zoonoses Public Health 2008 Aug;55(6):291-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01136.xpubmed: 18638181google scholar: lookup
  33. Tsachev I, Baymakova M, Dimitrov KK, Gospodinova K, Marutsov P, Pepovich R, Kundurzhiev T, Ciccozzi M, Dalton HR. Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs from Northern Bulgaria.. Vet Ital 2021 Jul 27;57(2).
    doi: 10.12834/VetIt.2341.14461.1pubmed: 34971505google scholar: lookup
  34. Tsachev I, Baymakova M, Ciccozzi M, Pepovich R, Kundurzhiev T, Marutsov P, Dimitrov KK, Gospodinova K, Pishmisheva M, Pekova L. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pigs from Southern Bulgaria.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019 Oct;19(10):767-772.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2430pubmed: 31017536google scholar: lookup
  35. Takova K, Koynarski T, Minkov I, Ivanova Z, Toneva V, Zahmanova G. Increasing Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boar in Bulgaria.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Aug 28;10(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10091521pmc: PMC7552291pubmed: 32872096google scholar: lookup
  36. Tsachev I, Baymakova M, Marutsov P, Gospodinova K, Kundurzhiev T, Petrov V, Pepovich R. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection Among Wild Boars in Western Bulgaria.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021 Jun;21(6):441-445.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2756pubmed: 33625897google scholar: lookup
  37. Tsachev I, Baymakova M, Pepovich R, Palova N, Marutsov P, Gospodinova K, Kundurzhiev T, Ciccozzi M. High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection Among East Balkan Swine (Sus scrofa) in Bulgaria: Preliminary Results.. Pathogens 2020 Nov 3;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110911pmc: PMC7693706pubmed: 33153218google scholar: lookup
  38. Breum SØ, Hjulsager CK, de Deus N, Segalés J, Larsen LE. Hepatitis E virus is highly prevalent in the Danish pig population.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Nov 20;146(1-2):144-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.002pubmed: 20554125google scholar: lookup
  39. Ivanova A, Tefanova V, Reshetnjak I, Kuznetsova T, Geller J, Lundkvist Å, Janson M, Neare K, Velström K, Jokelainen P, Lassen B, Hütt P, Saar T, Viltrop A, Golovljova I. Hepatitis E Virus in Domestic Pigs, Wild Boars, Pig Farm Workers, and Hunters in Estonia.. Food Environ Virol 2015 Dec;7(4):403-12.
    doi: 10.1007/s12560-015-9210-8pubmed: 26141050google scholar: lookup
  40. Lange H, Øverbø J, Borgen K, Dudman S, Hoddevik G, Urdahl AM, Vold L, Sjurseth SK. Hepatitis E in Norway: seroprevalence in humans and swine.. Epidemiol Infect 2017 Jan;145(1):181-186.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268816002144pmc: PMC9507337pubmed: 27671461google scholar: lookup
  41. Salines M, Andraud M, Rose N. From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review.. Vet Res 2017 May 25;48(1):31.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-017-0436-3pmc: PMC5445439pubmed: 28545558google scholar: lookup
  42. Martinelli N, Luppi A, Cordioli P, Lombardi G, Lavazza A. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in pigs in Northern Italy.. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2011;1.
    doi: 10.3402/iee.v1i0.7331pmc: PMC3426339pubmed: 22957120google scholar: lookup
  43. Seminati C, Mateu E, Peralta B, de Deus N, Martin M. Distribution of hepatitis E virus infection and its prevalence in pigs on commercial farms in Spain.. Vet J 2008 Jan;175(1):130-2.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.11.018pubmed: 17280843google scholar: lookup
  44. Krumova-Valcheva GL, Di Bartolo I, Smith RP, Gyurova E, Mateva G, Milanov M, Dimitrova A, Burow E, Daskalov H. Detection of HEV RNA Using One-Step Real-Time RT-PCR in Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farms in Bulgaria.. Pathogens 2023 May 3;12(5).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12050673pmc: PMC10224082pubmed: 37242343google scholar: lookup
  45. Jackova A, Dudasova K, Salamunova S, Mandelik R, Novotny J, Vilcek S. Identification and genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus in domestic swine from Slovakia.. BMC Vet Res 2021 Jun 30;17(1):232.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02936-4pmc: PMC8246685pubmed: 34193126google scholar: lookup
  46. Di Bartolo I, Martelli F, Inglese N, Pourshaban M, Caprioli A, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM. Widespread diffusion of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus among farming swine in Northern Italy.. Vet Microbiol 2008 Nov 25;132(1-2):47-55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.04.028pubmed: 18538512google scholar: lookup
  47. Hakze-van der Honing RW, van Coillie E, Antonis AF, van der Poel WH. First isolation of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 in Europe through swine surveillance in the Netherlands and Belgium.. PLoS One 2011;6(8):e22673.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022673pmc: PMC3148228pubmed: 21829641google scholar: lookup
  48. Jiménez de Oya N, de Blas I, Blázquez AB, Martín-Acebes MA, Halaihel N, Gironés O, Saiz JC, Escribano-Romero E. Widespread distribution of hepatitis E virus in Spanish pig herds.. BMC Res Notes 2011 Oct 14;4:412.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-412pmc: PMC3208309pubmed: 21999141google scholar: lookup
  49. Forgách P, Nowotny N, Erdélyi K, Boncz A, Zentai J, Szucs G, Reuter G, Bakonyi T. Detection of hepatitis E virus in samples of animal origin collected in Hungary.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jul 14;143(2-4):106-16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.004pubmed: 20005644google scholar: lookup
  50. Palombieri A, Tsachev I, Sarchese V, Fruci P, Di Profio F, Pepovich R, Baymakova M, Marsilio F, Martella V, Di Martino B. A Molecular Study on Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Pigs in Bulgaria.. Vet Sci 2021 Nov 6;8(11).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8110267pmc: PMC8619608pubmed: 34822640google scholar: lookup
  51. Bruni R, Villano U, Equestre M, Chionne P, Madonna E, Trandeva-Bankova D, Peleva-Pishmisheva M, Tenev T, Cella E, Ciccozzi M, Pisani G, Golkocheva-Markova E, Ciccaglione AR. Hepatitis E virus genotypes and subgenotypes causing acute hepatitis, Bulgaria, 2013-2015.. PLoS One 2018;13(6):e0198045.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198045pmc: PMC5991722pubmed: 29879148google scholar: lookup
  52. Norder H, Karlsson M, Mellgren Å, Konar J, Sandberg E, Lasson A, Castedal M, Magnius L, Lagging M. Diagnostic Performance of Five Assays for Anti-Hepatitis E Virus IgG and IgM in a Large Cohort Study.. J Clin Microbiol 2016 Mar;54(3):549-55.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.02343-15pmc: PMC4767966pubmed: 26659210google scholar: lookup
  53. Li Y, Qu C, Spee B, Zhang R, Penning LC, de Man RA, Peppelenbosch MP, Fieten H, Pan Q. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in pets in the Netherlands and the permissiveness of canine liver cells to the infection.. Ir Vet J 2020;73:6.
    doi: 10.1186/s13620-020-00158-ypmc: PMC7119158pubmed: 32266057google scholar: lookup
  54. McElroy A, Hiraide R, Bexfield N, Jalal H, Brownlie J, Goodfellow I, Caddy SL. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Dogs in the United Kingdom.. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0128703.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128703pmc: PMC4468057pubmed: 26076364google scholar: lookup
  55. Bernardini A, Pacini MI, Fonti N, Forzan M, Marchetti V, Mazzei M. Serological, Virological Investigation and Hepatic Injury Evaluation for Hepatitis E Virus in Hunting Dogs.. Pathogens 2022 Sep 29;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11101123pmc: PMC9608991pubmed: 36297180google scholar: lookup
  56. Veronesi R, Morach M, Hübschke E, Bachofen C, Stephan R, Nüesch-Inderbinen M. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in dogs in Switzerland.. Zoonoses Public Health 2021 Feb;68(1):8-11.
    doi: 10.1111/zph.12779pubmed: 33190390google scholar: lookup
  57. Dähnert L, Conraths FJ, Reimer N, Groschup MH, Eiden M. Molecular and serological surveillance of Hepatitis E virus in wild and domestic carnivores in Brandenburg, Germany.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018 Oct;65(5):1377-1380.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12877pubmed: 29655214google scholar: lookup
  58. Peralta B, Casas M, de Deus N, Martín M, Ortuño A, Pérez-Martín E, Pina S, Mateu E. Anti-HEV antibodies in domestic animal species and rodents from Spain using a genotype 3-based ELISA.. Vet Microbiol 2009 May 28;137(1-2):66-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.006pubmed: 19200664google scholar: lookup
  59. Capozza P, Martella V, Lanave G, Beikpour F, Di Profio F, Palombieri A, Sarchese V, Marsilio F, La Rosa G, Suffredini E, Camero M, Buonavoglia C, Di Martino B. A surveillance study of hepatitis E virus infection in household cats.. Res Vet Sci 2021 Jul;137:40-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.022pubmed: 33932821google scholar: lookup
  60. Cagirgan AA, Yildirim Y, Okulmus C. The first evidence of zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) exposure in domestic cats in Türkiye.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022 Jul;86:101820.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101820pubmed: 35588687google scholar: lookup
  61. Golkocheva-Markova E, Ismailova C, Kevorkyan A, Raycheva R, Zhelyazkova S, Kotsev S, Pishmisheva M, Rangelova V, Stoyanova A, Yoncheva V, Tenev T, Gladnishka T, Trifonova I, Christova I, Dimitrov R, Bruni R, Ciccaglione AR. Age and Gender Trends in the Prevalence of Markers for Hepatitis E Virus Exposure in the Heterogeneous Bulgarian Population.. Life (Basel) 2023 Jun 8;13(6).
    doi: 10.3390/life13061345pmc: PMC10301971pubmed: 37374127google scholar: lookup
  62. Fu H, Li L, Zhu Y, Wang L, Geng J, Chang Y, Xue C, Du G, Li Y, Zhuang H. Hepatitis E virus infection among animals and humans in Xinjiang, China: possibility of swine to human transmission of sporadic hepatitis E in an endemic area.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 May;82(5):961-6.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0689pmc: PMC2861392pubmed: 20439982google scholar: lookup
  63. Yoon J, Park T, Sohn Y, Lee SK, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. Surveillance of hepatitis E virus in the horse population of Korea: A serological and molecular approach.. Infect Genet Evol 2022 Sep;103:105317.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105317pubmed: 35738550google scholar: lookup
  64. Prpić J, Černi S, Škorić D, Keros T, Brnić D, Cvetnić Ž, Jemeršić L. Distribution and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis E virus in Domestic Animals and Wildlife in Croatia.. Food Environ Virol 2015 Sep;7(3):195-205.
    doi: 10.1007/s12560-015-9193-5pubmed: 25820413google scholar: lookup
  65. Song YJ, Jeong HJ, Kim YJ, Lee SW, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Park HM, Choi IS. Analysis of complete genome sequences of swine hepatitis E virus and possible risk factors for transmission of HEV to humans in Korea.. J Med Virol 2010 Apr;82(4):583-91.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.21730pubmed: 20166181google scholar: lookup
  66. Vitral CL, Pinto MA, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Khudyakov YE, dos Santos DR, Gaspar AM. Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in different animal species from the Southeast of Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005 Apr;100(2):117-22.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762005000200003pubmed: 16021297google scholar: lookup
  67. Wang YC, Zhang HY, Xia NS, Peng G, Lan HY, Zhuang H, Zhu YH, Li SW, Tian KG, Gu WJ, Lin JX, Wu X, Li HM, Harrison TJ. Prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus from domestic animals in China.. J Med Virol 2002 Aug;67(4):516-21.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.10131pubmed: 12115997google scholar: lookup
  68. Yu Y, Sun J, Liu M, Xia L, Zhao C, Harrison TJ, Wang Y. Seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis E virus in the northeast of China.. Infect Genet Evol 2009 Jul;9(4):554-61.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.02.008pubmed: 19460321google scholar: lookup
  69. Geng Y, Wang C, Zhao C, Yu X, Harrison TJ, Tian K, Wang Y. Serological prevalence of hepatitis E virus in domestic animals and diversity of genotype 4 hepatitis E virus in China.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010 Oct;10(8):765-70.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0168pubmed: 20021275google scholar: lookup
  70. Chang Y, Wang L, Geng J, Zhu Y, Fu H, Ren F, Li L, Wang X, Zhuang H. Zoonotic risk of hepatitis E virus (HEV): A study of HEV infection in animals and humans in suburbs of Beijing.. Hepatol Res 2009 Dec;39(12):1153-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2009.00558.xpubmed: 19674158google scholar: lookup
  71. Obaidat MM, Roess AA. Individual animal and herd level seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis E in ruminants in Jordan.. Infect Genet Evol 2020 Jul;81:104276.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104276pubmed: 32147473google scholar: lookup
  72. Yugo DM, Cossaboom CM, Heffron CL, Huang YW, Kenney SP, Woolums AR, Hurley DJ, Opriessnig T, Li L, Delwart E, Kanevsky I, Meng XJ. Evidence for an unknown agent antigenically related to the hepatitis E virus in dairy cows in the United States.. J Med Virol 2019 Apr;91(4):677-686.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.25339pmc: PMC6374170pubmed: 30318625google scholar: lookup
  73. El-Tras WF, Tayel AA, El-Kady NN. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in humans and geographically matched food animals in Egypt.. Zoonoses Public Health 2013 May;60(3):244-51.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01516.xpubmed: 22812407google scholar: lookup
  74. Caballero-Gómez J, García-Bocanegra I, Jiménez-Martín D, Cano-Terriza D, Risalde MA, López-López P, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Rivero A, Rivero-Juarez A. Epidemiological survey and risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus in small ruminants in southern Spain.. Zoonoses Public Health 2022 Jun;69(4):387-393.
    doi: 10.1111/zph.12935pmc: PMC9311081pubmed: 35244968google scholar: lookup
  75. Mesquita JR, Santos-Ferreira N, Ferreira AS, Albuquerque C, Nóbrega C, Esteves F, Cruz R, Vala H, Nascimento MSJ. Increased risk of hepatitis E virus infection in workers occupationally exposed to sheep.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020 Feb 23;.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.13524pubmed: 32090484google scholar: lookup
  76. Sarchese V, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Palombieri A, Sanchez SB, Arbuatti A, Ciuffetelli M, Marsilio F, Martella V, Di Martino B. Hepatitis E virus in sheep in Italy.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019 May;66(3):1120-1125.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.13157pubmed: 30811818google scholar: lookup
  77. Palombieri A, Robetto S, Di Profio F, Sarchese V, Fruci P, Bona MC, Ru G, Orusa R, Marsilio F, Martella V, Di Martino B. Surveillance Study of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Domestic and Wild Ruminants in Northwestern Italy.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Dec 9;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122351pmc: PMC7764585pubmed: 33317114google scholar: lookup
  78. Sanford BJ, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Engle RE, Dryman BA, Cecere TE, Buechner-Maxwell V, Sponenberg DP, Meng XJ. Serological evidence for a hepatitis e virus-related agent in goats in the United States.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013 Dec;60(6):538-45.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12001pmc: PMC3505222pubmed: 22909079google scholar: lookup
  79. Liang H, Chen J, Xie J, Sun L, Ji F, He S, Zheng Y, Liang C, Zhang G, Su S, Li S. Hepatitis E virus serosurvey among pet dogs and cats in several developed cities in China.. PLoS One 2014;9(6):e98068.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098068pmc: PMC4045666pubmed: 24896257google scholar: lookup
  80. Wang L, Zheng Y, Fu C, Huang S, Hong M, Yan Z, Jia K, Zhou P, Li S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among dogs in several developed cities in the Guangdong province of China.. J Med Virol 2016 Aug;88(8):1404-7.
    doi: 10.1002/jmv.24468pubmed: 26743155google scholar: lookup
  81. Zeng MY, Gao H, Yan XX, Qu WJ, Sun YK, Fu GW, Yan YL. High hepatitis E virus antibody positive rates in dogs and humans exposed to dogs in the south-west of China.. Zoonoses Public Health 2017 Dec;64(8):684-688.
    doi: 10.1111/zph.12377pubmed: 28714127google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 12 times.
  1. Hasanpour A, Alian Samakkhah S, Khosravi M, Tooryan F. Evidence of hepatitis E virus in milk and feces from rural cattle farms in Mazandaran province, Iran. Vet Res Forum 2025;16(9):523-528.
    doi: 10.30466/vrf.2024.2035471.4363pubmed: 41195219google scholar: lookup
  2. Chen Y, Lin H, Xu S, Nie L, Tang Y, Li X, Zhaxi D, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Zhou EM, Liu B. Serological and molecular survey of hepatitis E virus in pets in shaanxi, China. BMC Vet Res 2025 Jul 3;21(1):434.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04898-3pubmed: 40611210google scholar: lookup
  3. Elois MA, Pavi CP, Jempierre YFSH, Pilati GVT, Zanchetta L, Grisard HBDS, García N, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G. Trends and Challenges in the Detection and Environmental Surveillance of the Hepatitis E Virus. Microorganisms 2025 Apr 26;13(5).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13050998pubmed: 40431171google scholar: lookup
  4. Zandi M, Mousavi FS, Khanbabaei H. Household animals and the risk of hepatitis E for pregnant women. New Microbes New Infect 2024 Dec;62:101481.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101481pubmed: 39290796google scholar: lookup
  5. Santos-Silva S, Romalde JL, Bento JT, Cruz AVS, López-López P, Gonçalves HMR, Van der Poel WHM, Nascimento MSJ, Rivero-Juarez A, Mesquita JR. Serological and Molecular Survey of Hepatitis E Virus in Small Ruminants from Central Portugal. Food Environ Virol 2024 Dec;16(4):516-524.
    doi: 10.1007/s12560-024-09612-4pubmed: 39235492google scholar: lookup
  6. Bai Y, Ertem Z, Diestra JLH, Wang L, Du Z. Editorial: Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics 2.0. Viruses 2024 Jul 31;16(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v16081223pubmed: 39205197google scholar: lookup
  7. Zahmanova G, Takova K, Lukov GL, Andonov A. Hepatitis E Virus in Domestic Ruminants and Virus Excretion in Milk-A Potential Source of Zoonotic HEV Infection. Viruses 2024 Apr 26;16(5).
    doi: 10.3390/v16050684pubmed: 38793568google scholar: lookup
  8. Ferrara G, Pagnini U, Improda E, Ciarcia R, Parisi A, Fiorito F, Della Valle G, Iovane G, Montagnaro S. Detection of anti-HEV antibodies but no molecular positivity in dogs in the Campania region, southern Italy. One Health 2024 Jun;18:100724.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100724pubmed: 38623500google scholar: lookup
  9. Shun EH, Situ J, Tsoi JY, Wu S, Cai J, Lo KH, Chew NF, Li Z, Poon RW, Teng JL, Cheng VC, Yuen KY, Sridhar S. Rat hepatitis E virus (Rocahepevirus ratti) exposure in cats and dogs, Hong Kong. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024 Dec;13(1):2337671.
    doi: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2337671pubmed: 38551320google scholar: lookup
  10. Kanda T, Arima S, Sasaki-Tanaka R, Totsuka M, Honda M, Masuzaki R, Matsumoto N, Ogawa M, Takahashi M, Okamoto H, Kogure H. Severe hepatitis E virus genotype 3b in a patient with alcohol‑associated liver disease: A case report. Med Int (Lond) 2024 May-Jun;4(3):22.
    doi: 10.3892/mi.2024.146pubmed: 38550575google scholar: lookup
  11. Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Augustyniak A, Wojciechowski J, Pomorska-Mól M. Hepatitis E Virus in Livestock-Update on Its Epidemiology and Risk of Infection to Humans. Animals (Basel) 2023 Oct 17;13(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13203239pubmed: 37893962google scholar: lookup
  12. Kevorkyan A, Golkocheva-Markova E, Raycheva R, Rangelova V, Komitova R, Atanasova M, Tzekov V, Kostadinova T, Chardakova T. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection among Hemodialysis Patients from Southern Bulgaria. Pathogens 2023 Sep 30;12(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12101208pubmed: 37887724google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,034 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.