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Parasites & vectors2021; 14(1); 275; doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04777-4

Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil.

Abstract: Currently, various zoonotic diseases are classified as emerging or reemerging. Because equids have a direct relationship with various vectors, they are possibly more frequently exposed to zoonotic agents than are humans. The undeniable importance of diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis, spotted fever, and leishmaniasis for both public and animal health, as well as the possibility of equids acting as sources, reservoirs, or even sentinels for these pathogens, justifies the detection of their frequency and factors associated with infection in equids from northeastern Brazil. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 569 equids (528 horses, 33 donkeys, and 8 mules), 516 from a rural area and 53 from an urban area. Pathogen detection was carried out as follows: Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia spp., serological analysis; Leishmania spp., serological analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Anaplasma phagocytophilum, PCR. Determination of associated factors was carried out through generalized linear models. Results: The frequencies of positivity for the pathogens observed in equids were as follows: Borrelia spp., 13.9% (79/569); Leishmania spp., 3.5% (20/569); Rickettsia spp. 33.4% (190/569). Regarding factors associated with infection, male sex was associated with protection against Borrelia spp.; donkeys and mules were associated with protection against Rickettsia spp., while a younger age was a risk factor. The infection of A. phagocytophilum was not detected in the sampled population. Co-infection was detected in 5.1% (29/569) of the animals. Conclusions: Most of the studied pathogenic agents are present in the prospected area, indicating a possible risk for both human and animal health. This demonstrates that equids can be considered important sentinels in the assessment of pathogens with zoonotic potential in the region.
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Publication Date: 2021-05-22 PubMed ID: 34022939PubMed Central: PMC8140576DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04777-4Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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The research article examines the prevalence and factors associated with potential zoonotic pathogens in horses, donkeys, and mules in the state of Bahia, Brazil. It further explores the role played by these animals as carriers, or sentinels, for diseases which pose a risk for both human and animal health.

Objective and Methodology

  • The study’s goal was to understand the frequency and underlying factors associated with zoonotic pathogens which include; Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in equids (a term used to describe horses, donkeys, and mules).
  • The researchers collected blood samples from 569 equids comprising of 528 horses, 33 donkeys, and 8 mules, with most (516) from rural areas and 53 from an urban location.
  • Detection of the pathogens was achieved using serological analysis for Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Leishmania spp., while Anaplasma phagocytophilum detection was carried out via polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • The study further used generalized linear models to determine the factors associated with infection.

Results

  • The study noted positive results for the pathogens in the equids as follows: Borrelia spp., at 13.9% (79 out of 569); Leishmania spp., at 3.5% (20 out of 569); Rickettsia spp., at 33.4% (190 out of 569).
  • In terms of factors associated with infection, the research revealed that male sex helped protect against Borrelia spp. infection.
  • Donkeys and mules were associated with protection against Rickettsia spp., while younger age was considered a risk factor for contracting the distemper.
  • The study did not detect any A. phagocytophilum infection in the sampled population.
  • The research also noted co-infection in 5.1% (29 out of 569) of the animals.

Conclusions

  • The researchers concluded that the majority of the pathogens studied were present in the prospected area, indicating a potential risk to human and animal health.
  • The research also pointed to the role equids play in the spread of these zoonotic pathogens, hinting at the importance of considering them as critical sentinels in controlling potential outbreaks in the region.

Cite This Article

APA
Costa SCL, de Souza Freitas J, Carvalho FS, Pereira MJS, Cordeiro MD, da Fonseca AH, Gomes Jusi MM, Machado RZ, Munhoz AD. (2021). Frequency and factors associated of potential zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Leishmania spp., and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in equids in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Parasit Vectors, 14(1), 275. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04777-4

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 275

Researcher Affiliations

Costa, Sonia Carmen Lopo
  • Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz - UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
de Souza Freitas, Jéssica
  • Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz - UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
Carvalho, Fábio Santos
  • Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz - UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
Pereira, Maria Julia Salim
  • Department of Animal Parasitology, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
Cordeiro, Matheus Dias
  • Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
da Fonseca, Adivaldo Henrique
  • Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
Gomes Jusi, Márcia Mariza
  • Department of Animal Pathology, Julio Mesquita Filho State University, UNESP/Jaboticabal, Rod. Paulo Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 4884-900, Brazil.
Machado, Rosangela Zacarias
  • Department of Animal Pathology, Julio Mesquita Filho State University, UNESP/Jaboticabal, Rod. Paulo Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 4884-900, Brazil.
Munhoz, Alexandre Dias
  • Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz - UESC, Soane Nazaré de Andrade Campus, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil. munhoz@uesc.br.

MeSH Terms

  • Anaplasma / isolation & purification
  • Anaplasma / pathogenicity
  • Anaplasmosis / epidemiology
  • Animals
  • Borrelia / isolation & purification
  • Borrelia / pathogenicity
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Equidae / parasitology
  • Female
  • Leishmania / isolation & purification
  • Leishmania / pathogenicity
  • Leishmaniasis / epidemiology
  • Leishmaniasis / veterinary
  • Lyme Disease / epidemiology
  • Lyme Disease / veterinary
  • Male
  • Rickettsia / isolation & purification
  • Rickettsia / pathogenicity
  • Rickettsia Infections / epidemiology
  • Rickettsia Infections / veterinary
  • Zoonoses / epidemiology
  • Zoonoses / parasitology

Grant Funding

  • 003/2014 / CAPES/FAPESB

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

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