From discovery to spread: The evolution and phylogeny of Getah virus.
Abstract: Getah virus (GETV) was first isolated in Malaysia in 1955. Since then, epidemics in horses and pigs caused by GETV have resulted in huge economic losses. At present, GETV has spread across Eurasia and Southeast Asia, including mainland China, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and Russia. Data show that the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of GETV existed about 145years ago (95% HPD: 75-244) and gradually evolved into four distinct evolutionary populations: Groups I-IV. The MRCA of GETVs in Group III, which includes all GETVs isolated from mosquitoes, pigs, horses, and other animals since the 1960s (from latitude 19°N to 60°N), existed about 51years ago (95% HPD: 51-72). Group III is responsible for most viral epidemics among domestic animals. An analysis of the GETV E2 protein sequence and structure revealed seven common amino acid mutation sites. These sites are responsible for the structural and electrostatic differences detected between widespread Group III isolates and the prototype strain MM2021. These differences may account for the recent geographical radiation of the virus. Considering the economic significance of GETV infection in pigs and horses, we recommend the implementation of strict viral screening and monitoring programs.
Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Publication Date: 2017-08-19 PubMed ID: 28827175DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.016Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research explores the evolution and spread of the Getah virus (GETV) since its initial discovery in 1955 up to its current widespread prevalence across Eurasia and Southeast Asia. It highlights that GETV has evolved into four distinct groups, with group III being the most responsible for viral epidemics among domestic animals.
Background of the Getah Virus
- The study revolves around the Getah virus (GETV) that was first identified in Malaysia in 1955.
- The virus has been creating havoc ever since, causing epidemics in horses and pigs, leading to massive economic losses.
- Presently, it has managed to spread across various countries in Eurasia and Southeast Asia, including major countries like China, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and Russia.
Evolution and Spread of GETV
- According to the data, the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of GETV came into existence around 145 years ago, though with a 95% HPD between 75-244 years.
- This MRCA gradually evolved into four significant evolutional populations, labeled as Groups from I through IV.
- The most recent common ancestor of Group III, the group that includes all GETVs from different hosts like mosquitoes, pigs, horses, and other animals since the 1960s, appeared roughly 51 years ago.
- Group III is the most lethal, being responsible for numerous viral epidemics among domestic animals.
Analysis of the Virus’ Structure
- While studying the E2 protein structure of GETV, the researchers stumbled upon seven common amino acid mutation sites.
- These identified mutation sites explain the structural and electrostatic differences observed between the widely spread Group III isolates and the prototype strain MM2021.
- These distinctions may very well explain the geographical spread of the virus.
Recommendations Based on the Research
- Considering the enormous economic impact the GETV infection has, especially on pigs and horses, the researchers strongly recommend the introduction of strict viral screening and monitoring programs.
- These measures, they hope, can enormously help in tracking, controlling, and hopefully, curbing the prevalence and effect of this virus.
Cite This Article
APA
Li YY, Liu H, Fu SH, Li XL, Guo XF, Li MH, Feng Y, Chen WX, Wang LH, Lei WW, Gao XY, Lv Z, He Y, Wang HY, Zhou HN, Wang GQ, Liang GD.
(2017).
From discovery to spread: The evolution and phylogeny of Getah virus.
Infect Genet Evol, 55, 48-55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.016 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Dieases, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Provincial Center of Arborvirus Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er 665000, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan 671000, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Provincial Center of Arborvirus Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er 665000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: guiqinwang321@163.com.
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: gdliang@hotmail.com.
MeSH Terms
- Alphavirus / classification
- Alphavirus / genetics
- Alphavirus Infections / epidemiology
- Alphavirus Infections / virology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Computational Biology / methods
- Evolution, Molecular
- Geography
- Models, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Phylogeography
- Protein Conformation
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Proteins / chemistry
- Viral Proteins / genetics
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