Further characterization of equine brain gangliosides: the presence of GM3 having N-glycolyl neuraminic acid in the central nervous system.
Abstract: Equine brain gangliosides were isolated and their structures were characterized, to examine whether equine brain has N-glycolyl neuraminic acid in gangliosides, since other mammals predominantly possess N-acetyl neuraminic acid in brain gangliosides, and equine erythrocytes and organs except the brain have gangliosides exclusively containing N-glycolyl neuraminic acid. The gangliosides purified from the brain were identified by proton NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, as well as GLC, resulting in their identification as GM4, GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b. Of these gangliosides, GM3 possessed N-glycolyl neuraminic acid as a minor component (18% of the total GM3), whereas other gangliosides exclusively contained N-acetyl neuraminic acid. The N-glycolyl neuraminic acid residue of the GM3 was confirmed by TLC immunostaining. The possibility of contamination of the GM3 by erythrocytes was eliminated based on the finding that the lipid compositions were characteristic of brain gangliosides. The presence, even as a minor component, of the N-glycolyl neuraminic acid in equine brain gangliosides is exceptional among the sialic acid species in mammalian central nervous system.
Publication Date: 1998-05-30 PubMed ID: 9538232DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021962Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research focused on analyzing the gangliosides present in horse brains, with particular attention paid to the existence of N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, a variant of neuraminic acid that’s rarely found in brain gangliosides of mammals but commonly found in horse erythrocytes and other organs. The study found that around 18% of the GM3 ganglioside, one type found in horse brains, was made up of N-glycolyl neuraminic acid.
Study Objectives and Methods
- The research sought to find out if N-glycolyl neuraminic acid exists in the gangliosides of horse brains. This was pursued because it’s uncommon for mammals to have this type of sialic acid in their brain gangliosides, whereas N-glycolyl neuraminic acid is normally found in the gangliosides of horse’s erythrocytes and other organs, but not the brain.
- To accomplish this, the gangliosides from horse brains were isolated and their structure was characterized. The gangliosides were then sorted through proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as well as Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC). This resulted in the identification of seven types of gangliosides: GM4, GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b.
Key Findings
- The study found that the GM3 ganglioside contained N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, but it only accounted for about 18% of the total GM3. All the other gangliosides identified only contained N-acetyl neuraminic acid. The presence of N-glycolyl neuraminic acid in the GM3 was validated by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) immunostaining.
- Additionally, the possibility of contamination from erythrocytes was dismissed as the lipid compositions identified were characteristic of brain gangliosides, not erythrocytes. The existence of N-glycolyl neuraminic acid in equine brain gangliosides, even as a minor component, is exceptional, since it’s rarely found in the central nervous system of mammals.
Cite This Article
APA
Mikami T, Kashiwagi M, Tsuchihashi K, Daino T, Akino T, Gasa S.
(1998).
Further characterization of equine brain gangliosides: the presence of GM3 having N-glycolyl neuraminic acid in the central nervous system.
J Biochem, 123(3), 487-491.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021962 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Chemistry Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Brain Chemistry
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Carbohydrates / analysis
- Carbohydrates / chemistry
- Central Nervous System / chemistry
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- G(M3) Ganglioside / chemistry
- Gangliosides / analysis
- Gangliosides / chemistry
- Horses
- Lipids / analysis
- Lipids / chemistry
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuraminic Acids / analysis
- Neuraminic Acids / chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Kubota M, Hashiguchi T. Unique Tropism and Entry Mechanism of Mumps Virus.. Viruses 2021 Sep 1;13(9).
- Cavdarli S, Delannoy P, Groux-Degroote S. O-acetylated Gangliosides as Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy.. Cells 2020 Mar 17;9(3).
- Kubota M, Matsuoka R, Suzuki T, Yonekura K, Yanagi Y, Hashiguchi T. Molecular Mechanism of the Flexible Glycan Receptor Recognition by Mumps Virus.. J Virol 2019 Aug 1;93(15).
- Yamakawa N, Vanbeselaere J, Chang LY, Yu SY, Ducrocq L, Harduin-Lepers A, Kurata J, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, Sato C, Khoo KH, Kitajima K, Guerardel Y. Systems glycomics of adult zebrafish identifies organ-specific sialylation and glycosylation patterns.. Nat Commun 2018 Nov 7;9(1):4647.
- Davies LR, Varki A. Why Is N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid Rare in the Vertebrate Brain?. Top Curr Chem 2015;366:31-54.
- Reiss K, Stencel JE, Liu Y, Blaum BS, Reiter DM, Feizi T, Dermody TS, Stehle T. The GM2 glycan serves as a functional coreceptor for serotype 1 reovirus.. PLoS Pathog 2012;8(12):e1003078.
- Davies LR, Pearce OM, Tessier MB, Assar S, Smutova V, Pajunen M, Sumida M, Sato C, Kitajima K, Finne J, Gagneux P, Pshezhetsky A, Woods R, Varki A. Metabolism of vertebrate amino sugars with N-glycolyl groups: resistance of α2-8-linked N-glycolylneuraminic acid to enzymatic cleavage.. J Biol Chem 2012 Aug 17;287(34):28917-31.
- Hedlund M, Tangvoranuntakul P, Takematsu H, Long JM, Housley GD, Kozutsumi Y, Suzuki A, Wynshaw-Boris A, Ryan AF, Gallo RL, Varki N, Varki A. N-glycolylneuraminic acid deficiency in mice: implications for human biology and evolution.. Mol Cell Biol 2007 Jun;27(12):4340-6.
- Varki A. Loss of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in humans: Mechanisms, consequences, and implications for hominid evolution.. Am J Phys Anthropol 2001;Suppl 33(Suppl):54-69.
- Chou HH, Takematsu H, Diaz S, Iber J, Nickerson E, Wright KL, Muchmore EA, Nelson DL, Warren ST, Varki A. A mutation in human CMP-sialic acid hydroxylase occurred after the Homo-Pan divergence.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 Sep 29;95(20):11751-6.
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