[Gender determination in equine fetuses in early pregnancy using two- and three-dimensional ultrasound].
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare transrectal two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound examination with regards to required time and accuracy of fetal sex determination in early pregnant mares. Methods: For this purpose 47 mares were examined transrectally once between days 58 and 115 of gestation. Initially, the fetal sex was determined by identifying the location of the genital tubercle (GT) or external genitalia using 2D-ultrasound. Subsequently, the ultrasound machine was switched to 3D-mode to obtain images for later computer-based evaluation. Results: The gestational period between days 58 and 79 of pregnancy was the most appropriate time for sex determination with 77 % (2D and first 3D evaluation) correct diagnoses. The accuracy of the sex determination could be increased by about 16 % by a second evaluation of the 3D-images in a minimum time interval of 2 weeks. For each mare the additional time needed to perform the 3D-examination and to assess the 3D-images was approximately 6-7 minutes. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the accuracy of transrectal fetal gender determination is higher by using 3D-mode compared to the 2D-ultrasound. For experienced examiners however, 3D ultrasound technology does not offer any decisive advantages and is also more time-consuming. ZIEL: Das Ziel dieser Studie war, erstmals zweidimensionale (2D) und dreidimensionale (3D) transrektale Ultraschalluntersuchungen (USU) hinsichtlich ihrer Richtigkeit und dem zeitlichen Aufwand zur Geschlechtsdiagnose bei Pferdefeten zu vergleichen. Methods: Zu diesem Zweck wurden 47 Stuten zwischen den Tagen 58 und 115 der Gravidität zunächst einer 2D-USU unterzogen, um das fetale Geschlecht anhand der Lokalisation des Genitaltuberkels oder dem Vorhandensein von äußeren Geschlechtsteilen zu ermitteln. Im Folgenden wurden 3D-Bilder des Fetus angefertigt und anschließend an einem PC ausgewertet. Unassigned: Der beste Zeitraum zur Geschlechtsbestimmung war zwischen dem 58. und 79. Graviditätstag mit 77 % (2D-USU und 3D-Bild-Auswertung) korrekten Diagnosen. Durch wiederholtes Auswerten der 3D-Bilder konnte eine Steigerung richtiger Diagnosen um 16 % erzielt werden. Der zusätzliche Zeitaufwand für die 3D-USU und die 3D-Bild-Auswertung betrug etwa 6–7 Minuten pro Stute. Unassigned: Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass die 3D- gegenüber der 2D-Sonografie die Zuverlässigkeit der transrektalen Geschlechtsbestimmung erhöht. Erfahrenen Untersuchern bringt die 3D-Ultraschalltechnik jedoch keine entscheidenden Vorteile und ist zudem zeitaufwendiger.
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
Publication Date: 2020-06-18 PubMed ID: 32557511DOI: 10.1055/a-1161-9797Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The study aimed to compare two methods of determining the gender of an early-stage horse fetus using ultrasound technology. The focus was on the efficiency and precision of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasounds.
Methodology
- The researchers conducted transrectal ultrasound examinations on 47 pregnant mares that were between their 58th and 115th days of gestation.
- The team initially used 2D ultrasound to determine the sex of the fetus by probing for the genital tubercle or other external features associated with male or female fetuses.
- After establishing gender from 2D scans, the ultrasound equipment was switched to 3D mode. This collected data was later assessed on a computer for a second evaluation.
Results and Findings
- The period from day 58 to 79 of gestation proved to be the most effective time for sex determination, with the accuracy of gender identification being 77% from both the 2D and first 3D evaluation.
- The precision of gender identification improved by 16% when a second evaluation of the 3D images was performed after a minimum interval of two weeks.
- The additional time needed to conduct the 3D examination and evaluate the 3D images was about 6-7 minutes per horse.
Conclusions
- The research concluded that the 3D ultrasound provided higher accuracy in fetal gender identification than the traditional 2D ultrasound.
- However, for trained and experienced veterinary examiners, the 3D ultrasound technology did not provide significant improvements. In addition, it was found to be more time-consuming than the 2D method.
Cite This Article
APA
Becsek A, Schweizer A, Knutti B, Bollwein H.
(2020).
[Gender determination in equine fetuses in early pregnancy using two- and three-dimensional ultrasound].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 48(3), 166-171.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1161-9797 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Klinik für Reproduktionsmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich.
- Klinik für Reproduktionsmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich.
- Tierärztliche Praxis KLC.
- Klinik für Reproduktionsmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Data Accuracy
- Female
- Fetus / diagnostic imaging
- Horses
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional / methods
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional / veterinary
- Male
- Pregnancy
- Sex Determination Analysis / methods
- Sex Determination Analysis / veterinary
- Ultrasonography, Prenatal / methods
- Ultrasonography, Prenatal / veterinary
Conflict of Interest Statement
Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
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