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The Journal of general virology2025; 106(12); 002181; doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.002181

Genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus associated with outbreaks in the UK, 2019.

Abstract: Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, a notifiable respiratory and reproductive disease of equids that causes significant losses to the equine industry. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of two EAV outbreaks in the UK in 2019, combining virus isolation, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to provide a holistic understanding of EAV dynamics in these outbreaks. Genetic characterization revealed that all outbreak strains were similar to viruses detected in the UK and Europe from 2004 to 2011, belonging to phylogroup D and clustering in two groups as expected based on epidemiological profiling. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis indicated the direction of transmission. The 2019 EAV strains showed maximum variability in glycoprotein (GP) 3, followed by GP2, non-structural protein 2, GP4 and GP5, with one strain displaying a unique truncation in GP4 at position 149, a feature not previously identified in arteriviruses. Polymorphisms in the CXCL16 gene have been implicated in differential susceptibility to the establishment of long-term carrier states of EAV in stallions. Genotypic analysis of the CXCL16 gene revealed that one horse possessed the homozygous genotype associated with resistance to persistent infection. In contrast, the remaining four horses exhibited the heterozygous genotype, which has been linked to an increased risk of developing a long-term carrier state and contributing to ongoing viral transmission. All infected horses exhibited the presence of neutralizing antibodies in their serum. This study underscores the importance of early detection of silent infections to reduce the spread and prevent clinical outbreaks.
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Publication Date: 2025-12-03 PubMed ID: 41334982PubMed Central: PMC12674535DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002181Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Genetic analysis of equine arteritis virus (EAV) from 2019 outbreaks in the UK revealed that the strains belonged to a known phylogenetic group linked to European viruses and showed genetic variations particularly in certain viral proteins. The study also examined host genetic factors influencing susceptibility to persistent infection, highlighting the need for early detection to control disease spread.

Background and Importance

  • Equine arteritis virus (EAV) causes equine viral arteritis, a disease affecting respiratory and reproductive systems in horses and related animals (equids).
  • The disease is notifiable, meaning outbreaks must be reported due to its economic impact on the equine industry caused by illness and loss of animals.
  • This study addresses two separate EAV outbreaks in the UK during 2019.

Research Methods

  • Virus Isolation: EAV was isolated from infected horses during the outbreaks to obtain live virus samples for study.
  • Sequencing: Genetic sequencing of the viral RNA was performed to determine the nucleotide and protein sequences of the virus strains involved.
  • Phylogenetic Analysis: The genetic sequences were compared both with each other and with known EAV strains from previous years (2004–2011) across the UK and Europe.
  • Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis: A statistical method used to infer the evolutionary relationships and likely direction of virus transmission within and between outbreaks.
  • Host Genotype Characterization: Analysis of the CXCL16 gene polymorphisms in the horses was performed; this gene influences susceptibility to persistent viral infection in stallions.
  • Serological Testing: Detection of virus-neutralizing antibodies in horse serum to assess immune response and infection status.

Key Findings – Viral Genetics and Phylogeny

  • All 2019 outbreak viruses belonged to phylogroup D, consistent with strains previously detected in the UK and Europe between 2004 and 2011.
  • Phylogenetic trees clustered the outbreak viruses into two groups that matched epidemiological data, supporting transmission hypotheses.
  • Genetic variability was greatest in the viral glycoproteins, specifically GP3, then GP2, followed by non-structural protein 2, GP4, and GP5.
  • One viral strain exhibited a unique truncation (early stop) in glycoprotein GP4 at amino acid position 149, an unprecedented feature in arteriviruses, possibly affecting virus biology or immune evasion.
  • These findings reflect viral evolution and may have implications for virulence, transmission, and vaccine design.

Key Findings – Host Genetics and Immune Response

  • The CXCL16 gene polymorphisms analyzed showed that one of the horses carried a homozygous genotype linked to resistance against establishment of persistent (long-term carrier) infection.
  • Four other horses had heterozygous genotypes associated with increased risk of becoming long-term carriers.
  • Persistent carriers in stallions are important epidemiologically as they can shed virus over extended periods, perpetuating outbreaks.
  • All infected horses tested positive for neutralising antibodies, indicating exposure and immune activation.

Implications and Conclusions

  • The study emphasizes the importance of genetic monitoring of both virus and host to understand EAV epidemiology and risk factors.
  • Early detection of infected animals, including those with subclinical or silent infections, is crucial for controlling viral spread.
  • Knowledge of viral genetic diversity and host susceptibility genes can guide targeted interventions to prevent clinical outbreaks and limit economic impact.
  • The discovery of novel genetic features like the GP4 truncation may inform future research into viral pathogenicity and vaccine improvement.

Cite This Article

APA
Bhat S, Karunakaran S, Frossard JP, Choudhury B, Steinbach F. (2025). Genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus associated with outbreaks in the UK, 2019. J Gen Virol, 106(12), 002181. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.002181

Publication

The Journal of general virology
ISSN: 1465-2099
NlmUniqueID: 0077340
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 106
Issue: 12
PII: 002181

Researcher Affiliations

Bhat, Sushant
  • WOAH Reference Laboratory for EVA, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK.
Karunakaran, Siva
  • WOAH Reference Laboratory for EVA, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK.
Frossard, Jean-Pierre
  • WOAH Reference Laboratory for EVA, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK.
Choudhury, Bhudipa
  • WOAH Reference Laboratory for EVA, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK.
Steinbach, Falko
  • WOAH Reference Laboratory for EVA, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Equartevirus / genetics
  • Equartevirus / classification
  • Equartevirus / isolation & purification
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Arterivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Arterivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Arterivirus Infections / virology
  • United Kingdom / epidemiology
  • Phylogeny
  • Genotype
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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