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Genetics1984; 106(1); 109-122; doi: 10.1093/genetics/106.1.109

Genetic linkage in the horse. II. Distribution of male recombination estimates and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination frequency.

Abstract: In the present study an extensive amount of data, comprising more than 30,000 offspring in total, was analyzed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on the recombination frequency in the K-PGD segment of the equine linkage group (LG) I and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination in the Al-Es segment of LG II. A highly significant sex difference is reported for both segments. Male and female recombination values in the K-PGD segment were estimated at 25.8 +/- 0.8 and 33.3 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Similarly, recombination was less frequent in the male (36.6 +/- 0.7%) than in the female (46.6 +/- 1.2%) in the Al-Es segment. Comparison of data from two Swedish horse breeds revealed no significant breed differences in either sex for recombination in the Al-Es segment. No evidence of an age effect was found in any segment or sex. The distribution of individual male recombination estimates was also investigated, and a significant heterogeneity among stallions was revealed in the K-PGD segment. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on factors affecting recombination in mammals.
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Publication Date: 1984-01-01 PubMed ID: 6693021PubMed Central: PMC1202240DOI: 10.1093/genetics/106.1.109Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper analyses a large data set, over 30,000 offspring, to examine factors affecting genetic recombination frequency in horses. The focus was on age, breed, and sex and their influence on recombination in different segments of the equine linkage group. The study found significant differences in recombination frequency between male and female horses, but no significant differences between breeds, or related to age.

About the Research

  • The study is an exploration of genetic linkage – the tendency for genes that are located proximate to each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together. In specific, it looks at recombination frequency – the probability that a single crossover will happen between two genes per generation – within the equine linkage group in horses. A large data set of more than 30,000 offspring forms the basis of this analysis.
  • The aim is to evaluate how factors such as age, breed, and sex influence recombination frequency in two segments of the equine linkages: the K-PGD segment of the equine linkage group I (LG I) and the Al-Es segment of LG II.

Findings of the Study

  • A significant sex difference was found for both the K-PGD and Al-Es segments. Male horses had a lower recombination frequency than female horses in both segments. The recombination values for male and females in the K-PGD segment were estimated as 25.8 +/- 0.8 and 33.3 +/- 2.5, respectively. Similarly, in the Al-Es segment, recombination was less frequent in the males (36.6 +/- 0.7%) than in the females (46.6 +/- 1.2%).
  • No significant breed differences were identified for recombination in the Al-Es segment.
  • No influence of age on recombination frequency was found in any segment or sex.
  • A significant heterogeneity or diversity was observed among individual male recombination estimates in the K-PGD segment. This means that recombination frequency varied widely among individual stallions in this segment.

Conclusion

  • The findings are discussed with reference to similar studies on recombination in mammals. It reaffirms the trends seen in previous research and further strengthens the theoretical understanding of factors affecting recombination frequency, particularly the impact of sex on genetic recombination.

Cite This Article

APA
Andersson L, Sandberg K. (1984). Genetic linkage in the horse. II. Distribution of male recombination estimates and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination frequency. Genetics, 106(1), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/106.1.109

Publication

Genetics
ISSN: 0016-6731
NlmUniqueID: 0374636
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 106
Issue: 1
Pages: 109-122

Researcher Affiliations

Andersson, L
    Sandberg, K

      MeSH Terms

      • Age Factors
      • Animals
      • Female
      • Genetic Linkage
      • Horses / genetics
      • Male
      • Recombination, Genetic
      • Sex Factors
      • Species Specificity

      References

      This article includes 9 references
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      Citations

      This article has been cited 11 times.
      1. Prieur V, Clarke SM, Brito LF, McEwan JC, Lee MA, Brauning R, Dodds KG, Auvray B. Estimation of linkage disequilibrium and effective population size in New Zealand sheep using three different methods to create genetic maps. BMC Genet 2017 Jul 21;18(1):68.
        doi: 10.1186/s12863-017-0534-2pubmed: 28732466google scholar: lookup
      2. Del Priore L, Pigozzi MI. Sex-specific recombination maps for individual macrochromosomes in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Chromosome Res 2015 Jun;23(2):199-210.
        doi: 10.1007/s10577-014-9448-2pubmed: 25596820google scholar: lookup
      3. Andersson L, Arnason T, Sandberg K. Biochemical polymorphism in relation to performance in horses. Theor Appl Genet 1987 Jan;73(3):419-27.
        doi: 10.1007/BF00262510pubmed: 24241004google scholar: lookup
      4. de Vicente MC, Tanksley SD. Genome-wide reduction in recombination of backcross progeny derived from male versus female gametes in an interspecific cross of tomato. Theor Appl Genet 1991 Dec;83(2):173-8.
        doi: 10.1007/BF00226248pubmed: 24202355google scholar: lookup
      5. Barone A, Gebhardt C, Frusciante L. Heterozygosity in 2n gametes of potato evaluated by RFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet 1995 Jul;91(1):98-104.
        doi: 10.1007/BF00220864pubmed: 24169673google scholar: lookup
      6. Benito C, Romero MP, Henriques-Gil N, Llorente F, Figueiras AM. Sex influence on recombination frequency in Secale cereale L. Theor Appl Genet 1996 Oct;93(5-6):926-31.
        doi: 10.1007/BF00224095pubmed: 24162427google scholar: lookup
      7. Groenen MA, Wahlberg P, Foglio M, Cheng HH, Megens HJ, Crooijmans RP, Besnier F, Lathrop M, Muir WM, Wong GK, Gut I, Andersson L. A high-density SNP-based linkage map of the chicken genome reveals sequence features correlated with recombination rate. Genome Res 2009 Mar;19(3):510-9.
        doi: 10.1101/gr.086538.108pubmed: 19088305google scholar: lookup
      8. Lenormand T, Dutheil J. Recombination difference between sexes: a role for haploid selection. PLoS Biol 2005 Mar;3(3):e63.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030063pubmed: 15736976google scholar: lookup
      9. Ellegren H, Chowdhary BP, Johansson M, Marklund L, Fredholm M, Gustavsson I, Andersson L. A primary linkage map of the porcine genome reveals a low rate of genetic recombination. Genetics 1994 Aug;137(4):1089-100.
        doi: 10.1093/genetics/137.4.1089pubmed: 7982563google scholar: lookup
      10. Keith TP, Green P, Reeders ST, Brown VA, Phipps P, Bricker A, Falls K, Rediker KS, Powers JA, Hogan C. Genetic linkage map of 46 DNA markers on human chromosome 16. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 Aug;87(15):5754-8.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.15.5754pubmed: 2377614google scholar: lookup
      11. Jade E, Littlejohn MD, Eketone K, Spelman RJ, Stapley J, Santure AW. An Increase in Male Recombination Rate With Age in Dairy Cattle Is Heritable and Polygenic. J Anim Breed Genet 2026 Jan;143(1):35-49.
        doi: 10.1111/jbg.12948pubmed: 40515540google scholar: lookup
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