Genetics of racing performance in the Japanese Thoroughbred horse:: I. Description of the data.
Abstract: The Japan Racing Association (JRA) operates 10 national racecourses with both turf and dirt tracks. JRA formulates the rules for horseracing; registers owners, colors, and horses using foal registration; and licenses all JRA trainers and jockeys. In 1990, at the 10 racecourses there were 288 racing days, 3,353 races, and some 38,397 horses. Horse breeding is concentrated in 7 locations with 93% of the Thoroughbreds foaled each year coming from Hokkaido. Thoroughbred flat racing comprise 92% of all races held. Two year olds race together and nearly 40% of their races are run at 1200 m. Some 39% of the three year olds races are at 1800 m. For 3 (and 4) year olds, the range in distances is from 1000 m to 3600 m. The average, over years, of the number of race records per race for 2 year olds is 10.0 and for 3 year olds and up is 11.3. The average for race records per horse for 2 year olds is 3.5 and for 3 year olds and up is 6.7. This average for horses raced per year for 2 year olds is 1,164 and 4,240 for 3 year olds and up. Horses raced per sire averaged over years was 4.6 for 2 year olds and 10.5 for the older ages. The linear regression of seconds per 100 m fit the average seconds reported for the several distances run almost perfectly with R(2) values greater than .99 for all horse ages on either turf or dirt. There is selection practiced as indicated by horse numbers registered and their numbers over ages for stallions and mares. Less than .2% of the horses raced are geldings. A high degree of control exists by JRA in horse stabling and distribution of racing by horses over racecourses. Jockeys are trained by JRA, ride at several race courses, and ride for many trainers. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Genetik der Rennleistung beim Japanischen Vollblut: I. Beschreibung der Daten Die "Japan Racing Association" (JRA) betreibt in ganz Japan zehn Pferderennbahnen sowohl mit Rasen- als auch mit Sandkursen. JRA legt die Regeln für Pferderennen fest, registriert die Eigentümer, Farben und Pferde mittels Fohlenregistrierung und vergibt die Lizenzen für alle JRA-Trainer und -Jockeys. Im Jahre 1990 verzeichneten die zehn Pferderennbahnen 288 Renntage, 3353 Rennen mit 38 397 Pferden; Pferdezucht ist an sieben Orten konzentriert, wobei 93% der Vollblutfohlen aus Hokkaido stammen. Bei 92% der veranstalteten Rennen handelt es sich um Nichthindernisrennen von Vollblutpferden. Dabei stehen die Zweijährigen im Wettbewerb, und fast 40% der Rennen gehen über 1200 m. Etwa 39% der Dreijährigen nehmen an Rennen über 1800 m teil. Bei den Dreijährigen (und Vierjährigen) liegen die Distanzen zwischen 1000 bis 3600 m. Der Durchschnitt der Zahl der Rennmeldungen über mehrere Jahre für die Zweijährigen beträgt 10,0 und für die dreijährigen und älteren Pferde 11,3. Der Durchschnitt der Rennmeldungen pro Pferd bei den Zweijährigen beträgt 3,5 und den dreijährigen und älteren Pferden 6,7. Durchschnittlich nehmen jährlich an Rennen 1164 zweijährige und 4240 dreijährige und ältere Pferde teil. Die durchschnittliche Zahl der Pferde über mehrere Jahre war 4,6 pro Vatertier für die Zweijährigen und 10,5 für ältere Pferde. Die lineare Regression von Sekunden pro 100 m paßte sich mit R(2) -Werten über 0,99 fast genau den Durchschnittssekunden an, die für die verschiedenen Renndistanzen angegeben wurden, für die Pferde aller Altersgruppen sowohl auf Rasen- als auch Sandbahn. Selektion bei Hengsten und Stuten ergibt sich aus Zahl der registrierten Pferde mit verschiedenem Lebensalter. Unter den an Rennen beteiligten Pferden sind weniger als 0,2% Wallache. Bei JRA herrscht ein hoher Grad an Kontrolle in bezug auf Ställe und die Verteilung über die Pferderennbahnen. Die von JRA ausgebildeten Jockeys reiten auf verschiedenen Pferderennbahnen und für mehrere Trainer.
1994 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
Publication Date: 1994-01-12 PubMed ID: 21395759DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00445.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article concentrates on the analysis of various factors affecting the racing performance of Japanese Thoroughbreds. It provides a statistical description of the horse racing industry managed by the Japan Racing Association (JRA), detailing number of races, racing days, racehorses, and specificities of horse breeding in Japan. The paper also discusses the selection practices and measures of control exercised by the JRA.
Horse Racing in Japan
- The study establishes that the horse racing industry in Japan is large and structured, with the Japan Racing Association (JRA) operating ten national racecourses that host both turf and dirt tracks. In 1990, these racecourses hosted 288 racing days with a total of 3,353 races involving approximately 38,397 horses.
- Thoroughbred horse breeding in Japan is concentrated mainly around seven locations with Hokkaido producing 93% of the Thoroughbred foals. Despite the large number of races being held, less than 0.2% of the horses raced are geldings.
Statistics of Thoroughbred Horse Racing
- The data demonstrates that flat racing constitutes most of the horse races at 92%. Separately races for two-year-olds and three-year-olds show different preferences for race distances, with nearly 40% of two-year-olds racing at 1200 m, while around 39% of three-year-olds’ races spanning 1800 m.
- The range of distances raced by three and four-year-olds is wider, varying from 1000 m to 3600 m. The average number of race records per race and per horse also differ according to the age of the horse. This suggests that factors such as age and race distance must be considered in evaluating and predicting race performance.
Performance Regression Analysis and Selection Practices
- The study draws attention to a notable pattern in horse racing performance measured in seconds per 100 m across various distances. A linear regression analysis showed a high correlation (R(2) values greater than .99), indicating that the average timing reported for multiple distances was consistent regardless of the horse ages, and whether on a turf or dirt track.
- This analysis could imply a high degree of equine athleticism and training consistency across races and the group of racehorses considered. However, this also indicates a selective process in the industry, reflected in the number of horses registered and their distribution over various age categories for stallions and mares.
Japan Racing Association Role
- The paper emphasizes the central role and high level of control exercised by the JRA. The organization is responsible for the formulation of horse racing rules, registration procedures, as well as licensing trainers and jockeys. Furthermore, the JRA provides training for jockeys, controls the distribution of horses across racecourses, and manages horse stabling.
- This high degree of oversight implies that JRA’s practices and policies may have significant impacts on the performance of Japanese Thoroughbred horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Oki H, Willham RL, Sasaki Y.
(1994).
Genetics of racing performance in the Japanese Thoroughbred horse:: I. Description of the data.
J Anim Breed Genet, 111(1-6), 121-127.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00445.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA Department of Animal Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Citations
This article has been cited 6 times.- Morrice-West AV, Hitchens PL, Walmsley EA, Tasker K, Lim SL, Smith AD, Whitton RC. Relationship between Thoroughbred workloads in racing and the fatigue life of equine subchondral bone. Sci Rep 2022 Jul 7;12(1):11528.
- Maeda Y, Hanada M, Oikawa MA. Epidemiology of racing injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses with special reference to bone fractures: Japanese experience from the 1980s to 2000s. J Equine Sci 2016;27(3):81-97.
- Santana ML, Franco TGB, Bignardi AB. Genetic Evaluation of Barrel Racing Performance in Quarter Horses. J Anim Breed Genet 2025 Nov;142(6):609-616.
- Sobotková E, Kopec T, Mikule V, Kuřitková D. Influence of horse demographics, country of training and race distance on the rating of Thoroughbreds. Arch Anim Breed 2023;66(4):299-313.
- Shin DH, Lee JW, Park JE, Choi IY, Oh HS, Kim HJ, Kim H. Multiple Genes Related to Muscle Identified through a Joint Analysis of a Two-stage Genome-wide Association Study for Racing Performance of 1,156 Thoroughbreds. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015 Jun;28(6):771-81.
- Argentina M, Mahadevan L. Fluid-flow-induced flutter of a flag. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Feb 8;102(6):1829-34.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists