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Microorganisms2023; 11(7); doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11071743

Genomic Analysis of Clostridioides difficile Recovered from Horses in Western Australia.

Abstract: Clostridioides difficile poses an ongoing threat as a cause of gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. Traditionally considered a human healthcare-related disease, increases in community-associated C. difficile infection (CDI) and growing evidence of inter-species transmission suggest a wider perspective is required for CDI control. In horses, C. difficile is a major cause of diarrhoea and life-threatening colitis. This study aimed to better understand the epidemiology of CDI in Australian horses and provide insights into the relationships between horse, human and environmental strains. A total of 752 faecal samples from 387 Western Australian horses were collected. C. difficile was isolated from 104 (30.9%) horses without gastrointestinal signs and 19 (37.8%) with gastrointestinal signs. Of these, 68 (55.3%) harboured one or more toxigenic strains, including C. difficile PCR ribotypes (RTs) 012 (n = 14), 014/020 (n = 10) and 087 (n = 7), all prominent in human infection. Whole-genome analysis of 45 strains identified a phylogenetic cluster of 10 closely related C. difficile RT 012 strains of equine, human and environmental origin (0-62 SNP differences; average 23), indicating recent shared ancestry. Evidence of possible clonal inter-species transmission or common-source exposure was identified for a subgroup of three horse and one human isolates, highlighting the need for a One Health approach to C. difficile surveillance.
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Publication Date: 2023-07-03 PubMed ID: 37512915PubMed Central: PMC10386058DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071743Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article studies the impact of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in horses in West Australia and links this to human and environmental strains of the disease. It uncovers potential trans-species transmission of the disease and highlights the need for a holistic, One Health approach in CDI surveillance.

Overview of the Study

  • The research was conducted to gain insight into the epidemiology of CDI in Australian horses and the relationship between horse, human, and environmental strains of the disease.
  • Clostridioides difficile is a bacterium that can cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. In horses, it’s a significant cause of diarrhoea and severe colitis.
  • Traditionally, CDI has been considered a health issue associated primarily with humans, but a rise in community-associated infections and evidence of cross-species transmission suggest a broader perspective is needed.

Methodology and Findings

  • The researchers collected 752 faecal samples from 387 horses in Western Australia for the study. They found CDI in 30.9% of horses without gastrointestinal issues and 37.8% with such issues.
  • Out of the infected horses, 55.3% harbored one or more toxigenic strains of CDI. Some of these strains, including Clostridioides difficile PCR ribotypes (RTs) 012, 014/020, and 087, are also prevalent in human infections.
  • Whole-genome analysis was performed on 45 strains, and close relations were found between 10 of these CDI RT 012 strains, from horses, humans, and environmental sources, indicating a shared recent ancestry.

Conclusion and Recommendations

  • The study found evidence of possible clonal inter-species transmission or common-source exposure in a subgroup of three horse and one human isolates. This highlights the potential for CDI transmission between different species and from common environmental sources.
  • The study thus underscores the need for a comprehensive “One Health” approach to CDI surveillance that considers human, animal, and environmental health collectively. Such a perspective could help improve control measures for CDI and enhance our understanding of its transmission mechanisms.

Cite This Article

APA
Hain-Saunders NMR, Knight DR, Bruce M, Byrne D, Riley TV. (2023). Genomic Analysis of Clostridioides difficile Recovered from Horses in Western Australia. Microorganisms, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071743

Publication

Microorganisms
ISSN: 2076-2607
NlmUniqueID: 101625893
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 7

Researcher Affiliations

Hain-Saunders, Natasza M R
  • Centre for Biosecurity, and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
Knight, Daniel R
  • School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
  • PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
Bruce, Mieghan
  • Centre for Biosecurity, and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
Byrne, David
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
Riley, Thomas V
  • Centre for Biosecurity, and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
  • School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
  • PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
  • School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.

Grant Funding

  • APP1138257 / National Health and Medical Research Council
  • Research and Innovation Strategic Scholarship / Murdoch University

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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