Geography and Timing of Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in New York State from 1992 to 2012.
Abstract: In New York State (NYS), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) was first reported in a human in 1971, in horses in 1970, and in pheasants in 1952. Methods: Following work for the interval from 1970 to 1991, we identified cases in vertebrates from 1992 to 2012, through a passive surveillance system involving veterinarians in clinical practice, county health departments, and the Departments of Agriculture and Markets, Environmental Conservation, and Health, of the State of New York. Results: During an 11-year hiatus, from 1992 to 2002, no case in any vertebrate was observed. In a re-emergence, from 2003 to 2012, disease occurred in 12 counties, including 7 counties where disease had never been documented. Vertebrate cases included 4 cases in humans and 77 nonhuman occurrences; in 58 horses, Equus ferus caballus L.; 2 deer, Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann; 6 dogs, Canis familiaris; 10 birds; and 1 flock of pheasants, Phasianus colchicus L. These were the first reported cases in NYS in white-tailed deer, the domestic dog, and in five species of birds: American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm; American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis L.; bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus L.; blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata (L.); and red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis Gmelin. One crow was dually infected with EEE virus and West Nile virus. The northern, southern, and southeastern borders of the state were newly affected. Conclusions: The geographic area, time periods, and vertebrate species with risk of EEE disease expanded from 1992 to 2012.
Publication Date: 2016-02-22 PubMed ID: 26901637DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1864Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research study examined the geographical distribution and frequency of Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) cases in New York State from 1992 to 2012, revealing an expansion in the areas, time periods, and species affected by the disease.
Methods used in the Research
- The research was conducted through a passive surveillance system involving veterinarians in clinical practice, county health departments, and the Departments of Agriculture and Markets, Environmental Conservation, and Health of the State of New York.
- The researchers analyzed reported cases of the EEE disease in vertebrates from 1992 to 2012, following a similar investigation that was conducted for the interval from 1970 to 1991.
Results of the Study
- From 1992 to 2002, there were no reported cases of EEE disease in any vertebrate, marking an eleven-year hiatus.
- From 2003 to 2012, an emergence of the disease was observed, with occurrences in 12 counties, seven of which had never previously reported cases of the disease.
- There were 4 human cases and 77 nonhuman cases including in horses, deer, dogs, birds, and a flock of pheasants. Particularly, these were the first reported EEE cases in white-tailed deer, the domestic dog, and five species of birds: the American crow, American goldfinch, bald eagle, blue jay, and the red-tailed hawk.
- One of the American crows was found to be infected with both the EEE virus and the West Nile virus.
- New areas affected included the northern, southern, and southeastern borders of the state.
Conclusions Drawn from the Research
- From 1992 to 2012, there was a considerable expansion in the geographic areas, time periods, and vertebrate species at risk of EEE disease in New York State.
- This indicates an evolving nature of the disease and highlights the need for continuous and comprehensive surveillance to monitor the trends and take appropriate preventive measures.
Cite This Article
APA
Oliver J, Lukacik G, Kramer LD, Backenson PB, Sherwood JA, Howard JJ.
(2016).
Geography and Timing of Cases of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in New York State from 1992 to 2012.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 16(4), 283-289.
https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1864 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- 1 Central New York Regional Office , Department of Health, State of New York, Syracuse, New York.
- 2 Vector Surveillance Unit, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health, State of New York, Albany, New York.
- 3 Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center , Department of Health, State of New York, Slingerlands, New York.
- 2 Vector Surveillance Unit, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health, State of New York, Albany, New York.
- 1 Central New York Regional Office , Department of Health, State of New York, Syracuse, New York.
- 1 Central New York Regional Office , Department of Health, State of New York, Syracuse, New York.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bird Diseases / epidemiology
- Bird Diseases / virology
- Birds / virology
- Deer / virology
- Dog Diseases / epidemiology
- Dog Diseases / virology
- Dogs / virology
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / isolation & purification
- Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / epidemiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / veterinary
- Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / virology
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses / virology
- Humans
- New York / epidemiology
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Time Factors
- West Nile Fever / epidemiology
- West Nile Fever / veterinary
- West Nile virus / genetics
- West Nile virus / isolation & purification
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Stobierski MG, Signs K, Dinh E, Cooley TM, Melotti J, Schalow M, Patterson JS, Bolin SR, Walker ED. Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity.. J Med Entomol 2022 Jan 12;59(1):27-40.
- Oliver J, Tan Y, Haight JD, Tober KJ, Gall WK, Zink SD, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, Howard JJ, Das SR, Sherwood JA. Spatial and temporal expansions of Eastern equine encephalitis virus and phylogenetic groups isolated from mosquitoes and mammalian cases in New York State from 2013 to 2019.. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020 Dec;9(1):1638-1650.
- More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western).. EFSA J 2017 Jul;15(7):e04946.
- Sherwood JA, Stehman SV, Howard JJ, Oliver J. Cases of Eastern equine encephalitis in humans associated with Aedes canadensis, Coquillettidia perturbans and Culiseta melanura mosquitoes with the virus in New York State from 1971 to 2012 by analysis of aggregated published data.. Epidemiol Infect 2020 Apr 1;148:e72.
- Goldberg TL, Sibley SD, Pinkerton ME, Dunn CD, Long LJ, White LC, Strom SM. Multidecade Mortality and a Homolog of Hepatitis C Virus in Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the National Bird of the USA.. Sci Rep 2019 Oct 18;9(1):14953.
- Kumar B, Manuja A, Gulati BR, Virmani N, Tripathi BN. Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health.. Open Virol J 2018;12:80-98.
- Soghigian J, Andreadis TG, Molaei G. Population genomics of Culiseta melanura, the principal vector of Eastern equine encephalitis virus in the United States.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 Aug;12(8):e0006698.
- Oliver J, Lukacik G, Kokas J, Campbell SR, Kramer LD, Sherwood JA, Howard JJ. Twenty years of surveillance for Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in New York State from 1993 to 2012.. Parasit Vectors 2018 Jun 25;11(1):362.
- Andrews C, Gerdin J, Patterson J, Buckles EL, Fitzgerald SD. Eastern equine encephalitis in puppies in Michigan and New York states.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018 Jul;30(4):633-636.
- Shepard JJ, Andreadis TG, Thomas MC, Molaei G. Host associations of mosquitoes at eastern equine encephalitis virus foci in Connecticut, USA.. Parasit Vectors 2016 Aug 30;9(1):474.
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