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Frontiers in veterinary science2021; 8; 660022; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.660022

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunostaining Score for the Central Nervous System of Horses With Non-suppurative Encephalitis and Encephalopathies.

Abstract: Like humans, horses are susceptible to neurotropic and neuroinvasive pathogens that are not always readily identified in histological sections. Instead, alterations in astrocytes and microglia cells can be used as pathological hallmarks of injured nervous tissue in a variety of infectious and degenerative diseases. On the other hand, equine glial cell alterations are poorly characterized in diseases. Therefore, in this study, we provide a statistically proved score system to classify astrogliosis and microgliosis in the central nervous system (CNS) of horses, based on morphological and quantitative analyses of 35 equine cases of encephalitis and/or encephalopathies and four non-altered CNS as controls. For this system, we used glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) immunohistochemistry, allied to statistical analysis to confirm that the scores were correctly designated. The scores of alterations ranged from 0 (non-altered) to 3 (severely altered) and provided a helpful method for describing astrocytic and microglial alterations in horses suffering from inflammatory and degenerative lesions. This system could be a template for comparative studies in other animal species and could aid algorithms designed for artificial intelligence methods lacking a defined morphological pattern.
Copyright © 2021 Boos, Failing, Colodel, Driemeier, Castro, Bassuino, Diomedes Barbosa and Herden.
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Publication Date: 2021-07-09 PubMed ID: 34307520PubMed Central: PMC8299206DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.660022Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study establishes a scoring system to measure changes in glial cells in the nervous systems of horses with encephalitis and/or encephalopathies, which may help in the study of similar diseases in other species and contribute to the future use of artificial intelligence for diagnosis.

Research Background

  • The research is grounded in the understanding that, similar to humans, horses are prone to neurotropic and neuroinvasive pathogens. These pathogens are not easily identifiable in microscopic examination of tissue slices. Instead, changes in astrocytes and microglial cells act as indicators of injuries in nervous tissue across various infectious and degenerative diseases.
  • The existing literature was identified as lacking in characterization of equine (horse) glial cell changes in diseases, providing the impetus for this study.

Study Purpose and Results

  • The purpose of the study was to produce and statistically validate a scoring system to classify astrogliosis and microgliosis (glial cell changes) in the central nervous system (CNS) of horses.
  • The study involved morphological and quantitative analyses of 35 equine cases of encephalitis and/or encephalopathies (inflammatory/brain damage disorders) and four controls with non-altered CNS.
  • The report presents a scoring system based on immunohistochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1). These are two key markers in the field of neurology that serve to identify astrocytes and microglial cells respectively.
  • The scoring system ranges from 0 (non-altered) to 3 (severely altered) and allows for the description of astrocytic and microglial changes in horses suffering from inflammatory and degenerative lesions.

Implications and Contributions of the Study

  • The developed scoring system offers a valuable tool for quantitatively categorizing astrocytic and microglial alterations in equine neurology. It has potential for the expansion of this method to other animal species, thus serving as a comparative tool.
  • Namely, it offers promise in facilitating the implementation of machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms that can learn to identify these patterns and diagnose diseases, thus addressing a void within the context of medical AI where defined morphological patterns might be lacking.

Cite This Article

APA
Boos GS, Failing K, Colodel EM, Driemeier D, de Castro MB, Bassuino DM, Diomedes Barbosa J, Herden C. (2021). Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunostaining Score for the Central Nervous System of Horses With Non-suppurative Encephalitis and Encephalopathies. Front Vet Sci, 8, 660022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.660022

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 660022
PII: 660022

Researcher Affiliations

Boos, Gisele Silva
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany.
Failing, Klaus
  • Unit of Biomathematics and Data Processing, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany.
Colodel, Edson Moleta
  • Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil.
Driemeier, David
  • Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
de Castro, Márcio Botelho
  • Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
Bassuino, Daniele Mariath
  • Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade de Cruz Alta, Cruz Alta, Brazil.
Diomedes Barbosa, José
  • Veterinary Diagnostics Center, Veterinary Institute, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Brazil.
Herden, Christiane
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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