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Veterinary sciences2018; 5(2); doi: 10.3390/vetsci5020036

Greenshell™ Mussels: A Review of Veterinary Trials and Future Research Directions.

Abstract: The therapeutic benefits of Greenshell™ mussel (GSM; Perna canaliculus) preparations have been studied using in vitro test systems, animal models, and human clinical trials focusing mainly on anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. Activity is thought to be linked to key active ingredients that include omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a variety of carotenoids and other bioactive compounds. In this paper, we review the studies that have been undertaken in dogs, cats, and horses, and outline new research directions in shellfish breeding and high-value nutrition research programmes targeted at enhancing the efficacy of mussel and algal extracts. The addition of GSM to animal diets has alleviated feline degenerative joint disease and arthritis symptoms, and chronic orthopaedic pain in dogs. In horses, GSM extracts decreased the severity of lameness and joint pain and provided improved joint flexion in limbs with lameness attributed to osteoarthritis. Future research in this area should focus on elucidating the key active ingredients in order to link concentrations of these active ingredients with their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. This would enable consistent and improved efficacy from GSM-based products for the purpose of improved animal health.
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Publication Date: 2018-03-27 PubMed ID: 29584640PubMed Central: PMC6024869DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020036Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Greenshell™ mussels (GSM) and their beneficial therapeutic effects on inflammation and arthritis have been researched extensively in the past. The research in the subject article has gone further to review studies of the GSM’s effects on animals such as dogs, cats, and horses. The authors propose future research directions to identify the key active ingredients that help alleviate symptoms of degenerative joint disease, arthritis, and osteoarthritis in these animals.

Review of Previous Studies

  • The research paper begins by looking into previous investigations on Greenshell™ mussels (GSM), an ingredient known for its therapeutic benefits. These studies focused primarily on the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of GSM.
  • The effectiveness of GSM is believed to be connected to its key active ingredients, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a collection of carotenoids, and other bioactive compounds.

GSM Trials on Animals

  • The paper reviews studies conducted on dogs, cats, and horses. By adding GSM to their diets, it has been found to ease feline degenerative joint disease and arthritis symptoms, reduce chronic orthopedic pain in dogs and decrease the lameness and joint pain severity in horses.
  • For horses specifically, the use of GSM extracts resulted in improved joint flexion in limbs with osteoarthritis-related lameness.

New Research Directions and Future Studies

  • The paper suggests broadening the scope of research for the future. Proposed directions include conducting more elaborate research on shellfish breeding and starting high-value nutrition research programs targeted at enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness of mussel and algal extracts.
  • One of the objectives of these future studies should be to isolate the key active ingredients in GSM. They aim to associate the concentrations of these active components with their pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug) and therapeutic effects (what the drug does to the body).
  • This approach would help streamline the production of GSM-based products to deliver consistent and enhanced efficacy, intended for the better health of animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Eason CT, Adams SL, Puddick J, Romanazzi D, Miller MR, King N, Johns S, Forbes-Blom E, Hessian PA, Stamp LK, Packer MA. (2018). Greenshell™ Mussels: A Review of Veterinary Trials and Future Research Directions. Vet Sci, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5020036

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 2

Researcher Affiliations

Eason, Charles T
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. charles.eason@cawthron.org.nz.
Adams, Serean L
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. serean.adams@cawthron.org.nz.
Puddick, Jonathan
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. jonathan.puddick@cawthron.org.nz.
Romanazzi, Donato
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. donato.romanazzi@cawthron.org.nz.
Miller, Matthew R
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. matt.miller@cawthron.org.nz.
King, Nick
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. nick.king@cawthron.org.nz.
Johns, Sarah
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. sarah.johns@ncg.school.nz.
  • Nelson College for Girls, P.O. Box 7060, Nelson 7040, New Zealand. sarah.johns@ncg.school.nz.
Forbes-Blom, Elizabeth
  • Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand. elizabeth.forbesblom@rdls.nestle.com.
Hessian, Paul A
  • Department of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. paul.hessian@otago.ac.nz.
Stamp, Lisa K
  • Department of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand. lisa.stamp@cdhb.health.nz.
Packer, Michael A
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. mike.packer@cawthron.org.nz.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have received funding from the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, and are working with researchers from the aquaculture industry on breeding programmes to maximise the concentration of beneficial bioactives in GSM extracts and undertake controlled trials with University partners on marine bioactives.

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Corbee RJ. The efficacy of a nutritional supplement containing green-lipped mussel, curcumin and blackcurrant leaf extract in dogs and cats with osteoarthritis. Vet Med Sci 2022 May;8(3):1025-1035.
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  2. Siriarchavatana P, Kruger MC, Miller MR, Tian H, Wolber FM. Non-polar lipid from greenshell mussel (Perna canaliculus) inhibits osteoclast differentiation. Bone Rep 2021 Dec;15:101132.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101132pubmed: 34632003google scholar: lookup
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  4. Feng JH, Kim HY, Sim SM, Zuo GL, Jung JS, Hwang SH, Kwak YG, Kim MJ, Jo JH, Kim SC, Lim SS, Suh HW. The Anti-Inflammatory and the Antinociceptive Effects of Mixed Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Extract. Plants (Basel) 2021 Jun 17;10(6).
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