FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Greenshell™ Mussels: A Review of Veterinary Trials and Fut...
Veterinary sciences2018; 5(2); doi: 10.3390/vetsci5020036

Greenshell™ Mussels: A Review of Veterinary Trials and Future Research Directions.

Abstract: The therapeutic benefits of Greenshell™ mussel (GSM; Perna canaliculus) preparations have been studied using in vitro test systems, animal models, and human clinical trials focusing mainly on anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. Activity is thought to be linked to key active ingredients that include omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a variety of carotenoids and other bioactive compounds. In this paper, we review the studies that have been undertaken in dogs, cats, and horses, and outline new research directions in shellfish breeding and high-value nutrition research programmes targeted at enhancing the efficacy of mussel and algal extracts. The addition of GSM to animal diets has alleviated feline degenerative joint disease and arthritis symptoms, and chronic orthopaedic pain in dogs. In horses, GSM extracts decreased the severity of lameness and joint pain and provided improved joint flexion in limbs with lameness attributed to osteoarthritis. Future research in this area should focus on elucidating the key active ingredients in order to link concentrations of these active ingredients with their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. This would enable consistent and improved efficacy from GSM-based products for the purpose of improved animal health.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-03-27 PubMed ID: 29584640PubMed Central: PMC6024869DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020036Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Greenshell™ mussels (GSM) and their beneficial therapeutic effects on inflammation and arthritis have been researched extensively in the past. The research in the subject article has gone further to review studies of the GSM’s effects on animals such as dogs, cats, and horses. The authors propose future research directions to identify the key active ingredients that help alleviate symptoms of degenerative joint disease, arthritis, and osteoarthritis in these animals.

Review of Previous Studies

  • The research paper begins by looking into previous investigations on Greenshell™ mussels (GSM), an ingredient known for its therapeutic benefits. These studies focused primarily on the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of GSM.
  • The effectiveness of GSM is believed to be connected to its key active ingredients, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a collection of carotenoids, and other bioactive compounds.

GSM Trials on Animals

  • The paper reviews studies conducted on dogs, cats, and horses. By adding GSM to their diets, it has been found to ease feline degenerative joint disease and arthritis symptoms, reduce chronic orthopedic pain in dogs and decrease the lameness and joint pain severity in horses.
  • For horses specifically, the use of GSM extracts resulted in improved joint flexion in limbs with osteoarthritis-related lameness.

New Research Directions and Future Studies

  • The paper suggests broadening the scope of research for the future. Proposed directions include conducting more elaborate research on shellfish breeding and starting high-value nutrition research programs targeted at enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness of mussel and algal extracts.
  • One of the objectives of these future studies should be to isolate the key active ingredients in GSM. They aim to associate the concentrations of these active components with their pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug) and therapeutic effects (what the drug does to the body).
  • This approach would help streamline the production of GSM-based products to deliver consistent and enhanced efficacy, intended for the better health of animals.

Cite This Article

APA
Eason CT, Adams SL, Puddick J, Romanazzi D, Miller MR, King N, Johns S, Forbes-Blom E, Hessian PA, Stamp LK, Packer MA. (2018). Greenshell™ Mussels: A Review of Veterinary Trials and Future Research Directions. Vet Sci, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5020036

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 2

Researcher Affiliations

Eason, Charles T
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. charles.eason@cawthron.org.nz.
Adams, Serean L
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. serean.adams@cawthron.org.nz.
Puddick, Jonathan
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. jonathan.puddick@cawthron.org.nz.
Romanazzi, Donato
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. donato.romanazzi@cawthron.org.nz.
Miller, Matthew R
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. matt.miller@cawthron.org.nz.
King, Nick
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. nick.king@cawthron.org.nz.
Johns, Sarah
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. sarah.johns@ncg.school.nz.
  • Nelson College for Girls, P.O. Box 7060, Nelson 7040, New Zealand. sarah.johns@ncg.school.nz.
Forbes-Blom, Elizabeth
  • Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand. elizabeth.forbesblom@rdls.nestle.com.
Hessian, Paul A
  • Department of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. paul.hessian@otago.ac.nz.
Stamp, Lisa K
  • Department of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand. lisa.stamp@cdhb.health.nz.
Packer, Michael A
  • Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand. mike.packer@cawthron.org.nz.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have received funding from the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, and are working with researchers from the aquaculture industry on breeding programmes to maximise the concentration of beneficial bioactives in GSM extracts and undertake controlled trials with University partners on marine bioactives.

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Cobb C.S., Ernst E.. Systematic review of a marine nutriceutical supplement in clinical trials for arthritis: The effectiveness of the new zealand green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus. Clin. Rheumatol. 2006;25:275–284.
    doi: 10.1007/s10067-005-0001-8pubmed: 16220229google scholar: lookup
  2. Halpern G.M.. Anti-inflammatory effects of a stabilized lipid extract of Perna canaliculus (lyprinol). Allerg. Immunol. (Paris) 2000;32:272–278.
    pubmed: 11094640
  3. Doggrell S.A.. Lyprinol—Is it a useful anti-inflammatory agent?. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2011;2011:307121.
    doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep030pmc: PMC3163099pubmed: 19383840google scholar: lookup
  4. Stamp L.K., James M.J., Cleland L.G.. Diet and rheumatoid arthritis: A review of the literature. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;35:77–94.
    doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2005.05.001pubmed: 16194694google scholar: lookup
  5. Ulbricht C., Chao W., Costa D., Nguyen Y., Seamon E., Weissner W.. An evidence-based systematic review of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) by the natural standard research collaboration. J. Diet. Suppl. 2009;6:54–90.
    doi: 10.1080/19390210802690191pubmed: 22435354google scholar: lookup
  6. Torres D.M., Tooley K.L., Butler R.N., Smith C.L., Geier M.S., Howarth G.S.. Lyprinol™ only partially improves indicators of small intestinal integrity in a rat model of 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2008;7:295–302.
    doi: 10.4161/cbt.7.2.5332pubmed: 18059190google scholar: lookup
  7. Szechinski J., Zawadzki M.. Measurement of pain relief resulting from the administration of Perna canaliculus lipid complex pcso-524™ as compared to fish oil for treating patients who suffer from osteoarthritis of knee and/or hip joints. Reumatologia 2011;49:244–252.
  8. McPhee S., Hodges L.D., Wright P.F.A., Wynne P.M., Kalafatis N., Harney D.W., Macrides T.A.. Anti-cyclooxygenase effects of lipid extracts from the new zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007;146:346–356.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.001pubmed: 17197217google scholar: lookup
  9. Taylor A.G., Savage C.. Fatty acid composition of new zealand green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus: Implications for harvesting for n-3 extracts. Aquaculture 2006;261:430–439.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.024google scholar: lookup
  10. Miller M.R., Pearce L., Bettjeman B.I.. Detailed distribution of lipids in greenshell mussel (Perna canaliculus). Nutrients 2014;6:1454–1474.
    doi: 10.3390/n恁454pmc: PMC4011045pubmed: 24732016google scholar: lookup
  11. Cleland L.G., James M.J., Proudman S.M.. Fish oil: What the prescriber needs to know. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2006;8:202–211.
    doi: 10.1186/ar1876pmc: PMC1526555pubmed: 16542466google scholar: lookup
  12. Ameye L.G., Chee W.S.S.. Osteoarthritis and nutrition. From nutraceuticals to functional foods: A systematic review of the scientific evidence. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2006;8:R127.
    doi: 10.1186/ar2016pmc: PMC1779427pubmed: 16859534google scholar: lookup
  13. Serhan C.N.. Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology. Nature 2014;510:92–101.
    doi: 10.1038/nature13479pmc: PMC4263681pubmed: 24899309google scholar: lookup
  14. Whitehouse M.W., Macrides T.A., Kalafatis N., Betts W.H., Haynes D.R., Broadbent J.. Anti-inflammatory activity of a lipid fraction (lyprinol) from the nz green-lipped mussel. Inflammopharmacology 1997;5:237–246.
    doi: 10.1007/s10787-997-0002-0pubmed: 17638133google scholar: lookup
  15. Treschow A.P., Hodges L.D., Wright P.F.A., Wynne P.M., Kalafatis N., Macrides T.A.. Novel anti-inflammatory omega-3 pufas from the new zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007;147:645–656.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.04.004pubmed: 17543561google scholar: lookup
  16. Wakimoto T., Kondo H., Nii H., Kimura K., Egami Y., Oka Y., Yoshida M., Kida E., Ye Y., Akahoshi S.. Furan fatty acid as an anti-inflammatory component from the green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011;108:17533–17537.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1110577108pmc: PMC3198329pubmed: 21972415google scholar: lookup
  17. Lascelles B.D.X., DePuy V., Thomson A., Hansen B., Marcellin-Little D.J., Biourge V., Bauer J.. Evaluation of a therapeutic diet for feline degenerative joint disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2010;24:487–495.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0495.xpubmed: 20337921google scholar: lookup
  18. Dobenecker B., Beetz Y., Kienzle E.. A placebo-controlled double-blind study on the effect of nutraceuticals (chondroitin sulfate and mussel extract) in dogs with joint diseases as perceived by their owners. J. Nutr. 2002;132:1690S–1691S.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/132.6.1690Spubmed: 12042495google scholar: lookup
  19. Hielm-Björkman A., Tulamo R.M., Salonen H., Raekallio M.. Evaluating complementary therapies for canine osteoarthritis part I: Green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2007;6:365–373.
    doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem136pmc: PMC2722199pubmed: 18955269google scholar: lookup
  20. Rialland P., Bichot S., Lussier B., Moreau M., Beaudry F., del Castillo J.R., Gauvin D., Troncy E.. Effect of a diet enriched with green-lipped mussel on pain behavior and functioning in dogs with clinical osteoarthritis. Can. J. Vet. Res. 2013;77:66–74.
    pmc: PMC3525174pubmed: 23814358
  21. Pearson W., Orth M.W., Lindinger M.I.. Evaluation of inflammatory responses induced via intra-articular injection of interleukin-1 in horses receiving a dietary nutraceutical and assessment of the clinical effects of long-term nutraceutical administration. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2009;70:848–861.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.7.848pubmed: 19566470google scholar: lookup
  22. Cayzer J., Hedderley D., Gray S.. A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy of a unique extract of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) in horses with chronic fetlock lameness attributed to osteoarthritis. Equine Vet. J. 2012;44:393–398.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00455.xpubmed: 21883418google scholar: lookup
  23. Bui L.M., Bierer T.L.. Influence of green lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) in alleviating signs of arthritis in dogs. Vet. Ther. 2003;4:397–407.
    pubmed: 15136981
  24. Bierer T.L., Bui L.M.. Improvement of arthritic signs in dogs fed green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). J. Nutr. 2002;132:16345–16365.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/132.6.1634Spubmed: 12042477google scholar: lookup
  25. Servet E., Biourge V., Marniquet P.. Dietary intervention can improve clinical signs in osteoarthritic dogs. J. Nutr. 2006;136:1995S–1997S.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/136.7.1995Spubmed: 16772477google scholar: lookup
  26. Pollard B., Guilford W.G., Ankenbauer-Perkins K.L., Hedderley D.. Clinical efficacy and tolerance of an extract of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) in dogs presumptively diagnosed with degenerative joint disease. N. Z. Vet. J. 2006;54:114–118.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2006.36622pubmed: 16751841google scholar: lookup
  27. Hielm-Bjorkman A., Roine J., Elo K., Lappalainen A., Junnila J., Laitinen-Vapaavuori O.. An un-commissioned randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study to test the effect of deep sea fish oil as a pain reliever for dogs suffering from canine OA. BMC Vet. Res. 2012;8:157.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-157pmc: PMC3514349pubmed: 22950577google scholar: lookup
  28. Pearson W., Orth M.W., Karrow N.A., MacLusky N.J., Lindinger M.I.. Anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects of nutraceuticals from sasha's blend in a cartilage explant model of inflammation. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2007;51:1020–1030.
    doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700026pubmed: 17639996google scholar: lookup
  29. Shiels I.A., Whitehouse M.W.. Lyprinol: Anti-inflammatory and uterine-relaxant activities in rats, with special reference to a model for dysmenorrhoea. Allerg. Immunol. (Paris) 2000;32:279–283.
    pubmed: 11094641
  30. Lee C.-H., Lum J.H.-K., Ng C.K.-C., McKay J., Butt Y.K.-C., Wong M.-S., Lo S.C.-L.. Pain controlling and cytokine-regulating effects of lyprinol, a lipid extract of Perna canaliculus, in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2009;6:239–245.
    doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem100pmc: PMC2686621pubmed: 18955235google scholar: lookup
  31. McPhee S., Hodges L.D., Wright P.F.A., Wynne P.M., Kalafatis N., Macrides T.A.. Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of mytilus edulis fatty acids on adjuvant-induced arthritis in male wistar rats. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2010;82:97–103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.12.003pubmed: 20074924google scholar: lookup
  32. Cullen J.C., H F.M., J L.. The effect of dried mussel extract on an induced polyarthritis in rats. N. Z. Med. J. 1975;81:260–262.
    pubmed: 1055325
  33. Singh M., Hodges L.D., Wright P.F.A., Cheah D.M.Y., Wynne P.M., Kalafatis N., Macrides T.A.. The CO2-sfe crude lipid extract and the free fatty acid extract from Perna canaliculus have anti-inflammatory effects on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2008;149:251–258.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.09.015pubmed: 17931921google scholar: lookup
  34. Whitehouse M.W., Roberts M.S., Brooks R.M.. Over the counter (otc) oral remedies for arthritis and rheumatism: How effective are they?. Inflammopharmacology 1999;7:89–105.
    doi: 10.1007/BF02918382pubmed: 18597151google scholar: lookup
  35. Mikami K., Hosokawa M.. Biosynthetic pathway and health benefits of fucoxanthin, an algae-specific xanthophyll in brown seaweeds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013;14:13763–13781.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms140713763pmc: PMC3742216pubmed: 23820585google scholar: lookup
  36. Rocha de Souza M.C., Marques C.T., Guerra Dore C.M., Ferreira da Silva F.R., Oliveira Rocha H.A., Leite E.L.. Antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides from brown and red seaweeds. J. Appl. Phycol. 2007;19:153–160.
    doi: 10.1007/s10811-006-9121-zpmc: PMC2668642pubmed: 19396353google scholar: lookup
  37. Lawson B.R., Belkowski S.M., Whitesides J.F., Davis P., Lawson J.W.. Immunomodulation of murine collagen-induced arthritis by N,N-dimethylglycine and a preparation of Perna canaliculus. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2007;7.
    doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-7-20pmc: PMC1899520pubmed: 17562016google scholar: lookup
  38. Mani S., Lawson J.W.. In vitro modulation of inflammatory cytokine and igg levels by extracts of Perna canaliculus. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2006;6:1–15.
    doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-6-1pmc: PMC1388237pubmed: 16412227google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.