FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Vet Res / Growth and differentiation of primary and passaged equine br...
BMC veterinary research2011; 7; 26; doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-26

Growth and differentiation of primary and passaged equine bronchial epithelial cells under conventional and air-liquid-interface culture conditions.

Abstract: Horses develop recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) that resembles human bronchial asthma. Differentiated primary equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBEC) in culture that closely mimic the airway cells in vivo would be useful to investigate the contribution of bronchial epithelium in inflammation of airway diseases. However, because isolation and characterization of EBEC cultures has been limited, we modified and optimized techniques of generating and culturing EBECs from healthy horses to mimic in vivo conditions. Results: Large numbers of EBEC were obtained by trypsin digestion and successfully grown for up to 2 passages with or without serum. However, serum or ultroser G proved to be essential for EBEC differentiation on membrane inserts at ALI. A pseudo-stratified muco-ciliary epithelium with basal cells was observed at differentiation. Further, transepithelial resistance (TEER) was more consistent and higher in P1 cultures compared to P0 cultures while ciliation was delayed in P1 cultures. Conclusions: This study provides an efficient method for obtaining a high-yield of EBECs and for generating highly differentiated cultures. These EBEC cultures can be used to study the formation of tight junction or to identify epithelial-derived inflammatory factors that contribute to lung diseases such as asthma.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2011-06-07 PubMed ID: 21649893PubMed Central: PMC3117700DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-26Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates how horse bronchial cells can be cultivated and differentiated in a lab setting, to better understand and study recurrent airway obstruction, a condition similar to asthma in humans.

Research Goals

  • The main objective of the study was to establish an efficient methodology for generating and cultivating equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBECs) obtained from healthy horses in a lab setting that reflects the in vivo conditions, i.e., inside the body.
  • These cultivated cells are expected to facilitate an in-depth understanding of bronchial inflammation related to recurrent airway obstruction, a condition similar to asthma in humans.

Research Methodology and Results

  • Large numbers of EBEC were extracted through an optimized enzyme treatment, using trypsin digestion, and successfully grown up to two stages, also termed passages, with or without serum supplementing the growth medium.
  • The differentiation of these cells on membrane inserts at air-liquid-interface (ALI), a culture technique that promotes cell growth and differentiation in a way that closely resembles natural conditions, required essential growth factors such as serum or ultroser G.
  • The differentiated EBEC yielded a rich epithelial tissue. It demonstrated a pseudo-stratified, i.e., false-layered, structure consisting of muco-ciliary (mucus and hair-like) cells and basal (bottom) cells.
  • P1 (passage 1) cultures showed more consistent and higher transepithelial resistance, which is a metric indicating the integrity and strength of cellular barriers, compared to initial (P0) cultures. However, it was noted that ciliation, or the emergence of cilia, was delayed in P1 cultures.

Conclusions

  • The researchers successfully developed an effective method to isolate and cultivate a high yield of EBECs, thereby creating a high differentiation culture.
  • These generated EBEC cultures can be potentially used for extensive research on recurrent airway obstruction, such as studying the production of tight junction, a type of intercellular connection, or identifying inflammatory factors derived from epithelium that contribute to lung diseases like asthma.

Cite This Article

APA
Abraham G, Zizzadoro C, Kacza J, Ellenberger C, Abs V, Franke J, Schoon HA, Seeger J, Tesfaigzi Y, Ungemach FR. (2011). Growth and differentiation of primary and passaged equine bronchial epithelial cells under conventional and air-liquid-interface culture conditions. BMC Vet Res, 7, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-7-26

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 7
Pages: 26

Researcher Affiliations

Abraham, Getu
  • Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. gabraham@rz.uni-leipzig.de
Zizzadoro, Claudia
    Kacza, Johannes
      Ellenberger, Christin
        Abs, Vanessa
          Franke, Jana
            Schoon, Heinz-Adolf
              Seeger, Johannes
                Tesfaigzi, Yohannes
                  Ungemach, Fritz R

                    MeSH Terms

                    • Animals
                    • Bronchi / cytology
                    • Cell Differentiation
                    • Cell Proliferation
                    • Clone Cells
                    • Culture Media
                    • Culture Media, Serum-Free
                    • Horses
                    • Respiratory Mucosa / cytology

                    Grant Funding

                    • ES015482 / NIEHS NIH HHS
                    • HL068111 / NHLBI NIH HHS

                    References

                    This article includes 44 references
                    1. Holgate ST. The airway epithelium is central to the pathogenesis of asthma.. Allergol Int 2008 Mar;57(1):1-10.
                      doi: 10.2332/allergolint.R-07-154pubmed: 18209502google scholar: lookup
                    2. Crystal RG, Randell SH, Engelhardt JF, Voynow J, Sunday ME. Airway epithelial cells: current concepts and challenges.. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008 Sep 15;5(7):772-7.
                      doi: 10.1513/pats.200805-041HRpmc: PMC5820806pubmed: 18757316google scholar: lookup
                    3. Yamaya M, Finkbeiner WE, Chun SY, Widdicombe JH. Differentiated structure and function of cultures from human tracheal epithelium.. Am J Physiol 1992 Jun;262(6 Pt 1):L713-24.
                      pubmed: 1616056doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1992.262.6.l713google scholar: lookup
                    4. Mayer AK, Bartz H, Fey F, Schmidt LM, Dalpke AH. Airway epithelial cells modify immune responses by inducing an anti-inflammatory microenvironment.. Eur J Immunol 2008 Jun;38(6):1689-99.
                      doi: 10.1002/eji.200737936pubmed: 18421791google scholar: lookup
                    5. Cunningham F. Use of large animal models of obstructive lung disease to identify novel therapeutic targets.. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 2009;32(Suppl 1):31–33.
                    6. Deaton CM, Deaton L, Jose-Cunilleras E, Vincent TL, Baird AW, Dacre K, Marlin DJ. Early onset airway obstruction in response to organic dust in the horse.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007 Mar;102(3):1071-7.
                      pubmed: 17158251doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00264.2006google scholar: lookup
                    7. Léguillette R. Recurrent airway obstruction--heaves.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003 Apr;19(1):63-86, vi.
                      doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00067-6pubmed: 12747662google scholar: lookup
                    8. Allen JE, Bischof RJ, Sucie Chang HY, Hirota JA, Hirst SJ, Inman MD, Mitzner W, Sutherland TE. Animal models of airway inflammation and airway smooth muscle remodelling in asthma.. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009 Oct;22(5):455-65.
                      doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.04.001pubmed: 19393759google scholar: lookup
                    9. Kirschvink N, Reinhold P. Use of alternative animals as asthma models.. Curr Drug Targets 2008 Jun;9(6):470-84.
                      doi: 10.2174/138945008784533525pubmed: 18537586google scholar: lookup
                    10. Ainsworth DM, Matychak M, Reyner CL, Erb HN, Young JC. Effects of in vitro exposure to hay dust on the gene expression of chemokines and cell-surface receptors in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures established from horses with chronic recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Mar;70(3):365-72.
                      doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.3.365pubmed: 19254149google scholar: lookup
                    11. Schwab UE, Fulcher ML, Randell SH, Flaminio MJ, Russell DG. Equine bronchial epithelial cells differentiate into ciliated and mucus producing cells in vitro.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010 Feb;46(2):102-6.
                      doi: 10.1007/s11626-009-9258-6pubmed: 19915928google scholar: lookup
                    12. Gruenert DC, Finkbeiner WE, Widdicombe JH. Culture and transformation of human airway epithelial cells.. Am J Physiol 1995 Mar;268(3 Pt 1):L347-60.
                      pubmed: 7900815doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.3.l347google scholar: lookup
                    13. Karp PH, Moninger TO, Weber SP, Nesselhauf TS, Launspach JL, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. An in vitro model of differentiated human airway epithelia. Methods for establishing primary cultures.. Methods Mol Biol 2002;188:115-37.
                      pubmed: 11987537doi: 10.1385/1-59259-185-x:115google scholar: lookup
                    14. Rowe RK, Brody SL, Pekosz A. Differentiated cultures of primary hamster tracheal airway epithelial cells.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2004 Nov-Dec;40(10):303-11.
                      doi: 10.1290/0408056.1pmc: PMC1592688pubmed: 15780007google scholar: lookup
                    15. Wiszniewski L, Jornot L, Dudez T, Pagano A, Rochat T, Lacroix JS, Suter S, Chanson M. Long-term cultures of polarized airway epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis.. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006 Jan;34(1):39-48.
                      doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0161OCpubmed: 16179582google scholar: lookup
                    16. Goris K, Uhlenbruck S, Schwegmann-Wessels C, Köhl W, Niedorf F, Stern M, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Bals R, Taylor G, Braun A, Bicker G, Kietzmann M, Herrler G. Differential sensitivity of differentiated epithelial cells to respiratory viruses reveals different viral strategies of host infection.. J Virol 2009 Feb;83(4):1962-8.
                      doi: 10.1128/JVI.01271-08pmc: PMC2643795pubmed: 19052091google scholar: lookup
                    17. Kaartinen L, Nettesheim P, Adler KB, Randell SH. Rat tracheal epithelial cell differentiation in vitro.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1993 Jun;29A(6):481-92.
                      pubmed: 7687243
                    18. Kondo M, Finkbeiner WE, Widdicombe JH. Simple technique for culture of highly differentiated cells from dog tracheal epithelium.. Am J Physiol 1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 1):L106-17.
                      pubmed: 1651662doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1991.261.2.l106google scholar: lookup
                    19. Parker J, Sarlang S, Thavagnanam S, Williamson G, O'donoghue D, Villenave R, Power U, Shields M, Heaney L, Skibinski G. A 3-D well-differentiated model of pediatric bronchial epithelium demonstrates unstimulated morphological differences between asthmatic and nonasthmatic cells.. Pediatr Res 2010 Jan;67(1):17-22.
                      doi: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181c0b200pubmed: 19755931google scholar: lookup
                    20. Sachs LA, Finkbeiner WE, Widdicombe JH. Effects of media on differentiation of cultured human tracheal epithelium.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2003 Jan-Feb;39(1-2):56-62.
                      doi: 10.1290/1543-706X(2003)039<0056:EOMODO>2.0.CO;2pubmed: 12892528google scholar: lookup
                    21. Shibeshi W, Abraham G, Kneuer C, Ellenberger C, Seeger J, Schoon HA, Ungemach FR. Isolation and culture of primary equine tracheal epithelial cells.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008 Jul-Aug;44(7):179-84.
                      doi: 10.1007/s11626-008-9099-8pubmed: 18594938google scholar: lookup
                    22. Fulcher ML, Gabriel S, Burns KA, Yankaskas JR, Randell SH. Well-differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures.. Methods Mol Med 2005;107:183-206.
                      pubmed: 15492373doi: 10.1385/1-59259-861-7:183google scholar: lookup
                    23. Widdicombe JH, Sachs LA, Morrow JL, Finkbeiner WE. Expansion of cultures of human tracheal epithelium with maintenance of differentiated structure and function.. Biotechniques 2005 Aug;39(2):249-55.
                      doi: 10.2144/05392RR02pubmed: 16116798google scholar: lookup
                    24. Sime A, McKellar Q, Nolan A. Method for the growth of equine airway epithelial cells in culture.. Res Vet Sci 1997 Jan-Feb;62(1):30-3.
                      doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(97)90176-4pubmed: 9160421google scholar: lookup
                    25. de Jong PM, van Sterkenburg MA, Kempenaar JA, Dijkman JH, Ponec M. Serial culturing of human bronchial epithelial cells derived from biopsies.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1993 May;29A(5):379-87.
                      pubmed: 7686141doi: 10.1007/bf02633985google scholar: lookup
                    26. Kitamura H, Shibagaki T, Inayama Y, Ito T, Kanisawa M. Growth and differentiation of human distal airway epithelial cells in culture. Effects of small amounts of serum in defined medium.. Lab Invest 1990 Sep;63(3):420-8.
                      pubmed: 2395336
                    27. de Jong PM, van Sterkenburg MA, Hesseling SC, Kempenaar JA, Mulder AA, Mommaas AM, Dijkman JH, Ponec M. Ciliogenesis in human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface.. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994 Mar;10(3):271-7.
                      pubmed: 8117445doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.10.3.8117445google scholar: lookup
                    28. Schumann BL, Cody TE, Miller ML, Leikauf GD. Isolation, characterization, and long-term culture of fetal bovine tracheal epithelial cells.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1988 Mar;24(3):211-6.
                      pubmed: 2450863doi: 10.1007/bf02623549google scholar: lookup
                    29. You Y, Richer EJ, Huang T, Brody SL. Growth and differentiation of mouse tracheal epithelial cells: selection of a proliferative population.. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002 Dec;283(6):L1315-21.
                      pubmed: 12388377doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00169.2002google scholar: lookup
                    30. Bals R, Beisswenger C, Blouquit S, Chinet T. Isolation and air-liquid interface culture of human large airway and bronchiolar epithelial cells.. J Cyst Fibros 2004 Aug;3 Suppl 2:49-51.
                      pubmed: 15463925doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2004.05.010google scholar: lookup
                    31. Liu X, Luo M, Zhang L, Ding W, Yan Z, Engelhardt JF. Bioelectric properties of chloride channels in human, pig, ferret, and mouse airway epithelia.. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007 Mar;36(3):313-23.
                      pmc: PMC1894945pubmed: 17008635doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0286ocgoogle scholar: lookup
                    32. Radi ZA, Ackermann MR. Growth of differentiated ovine tracheal epithelial cells in vitro.. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2004 May;51(4):167-70.
                      pubmed: 15265172doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00620.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                    33. Zimmermann GS, Neurohr C, Villena-Hermoza H, Hatz R, Behr J. Anti-inflammatory effects of antibacterials on human Bronchial epithelial cells.. Respir Res 2009 Sep 29;10(1):89.
                      doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-89pmc: PMC2764633pubmed: 19788749google scholar: lookup
                    34. Lechner JF, Haugen A, McClendon IA, Pettis EW. Clonal growth of normal adult human bronchial epithelial cells in a serum-free medium.. In Vitro 1982 Jul;18(7):633-42.
                      doi: 10.1007/BF02796396pubmed: 7141447google scholar: lookup
                    35. Oslund KL, Adamson G, Wu R. Evaluation of MUC5AC expression and upregulation in airway epithelial cells of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2010 Jun;71(6):690-6.
                      doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.6.690pubmed: 20513186google scholar: lookup
                    36. Koblinski JE, Wu M, Demeler B, Jacob K, Kleinman HK. Matrix cell adhesion activation by non-adhesion proteins.. J Cell Sci 2005 Jul 1;118(Pt 13):2965-74.
                      doi: 10.1242/jcs.02411pubmed: 15976454google scholar: lookup
                    37. Bao S, Knoell DL. Zinc modulates cytokine-induced lung epithelial cell barrier permeability.. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006 Dec;291(6):L1132-41.
                      doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00207.2006pubmed: 16844947google scholar: lookup
                    38. Coyne CB, Gambling TM, Boucher RC, Carson JL, Johnson LG. Role of claudin interactions in airway tight junctional permeability.. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003 Nov;285(5):L1166-78.
                      pubmed: 12909588doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00182.2003google scholar: lookup
                    39. Kondo M, Finkbeiner WE, Widdicombe JH. Cultures of bovine tracheal epithelium with differentiated ultrastructure and ion transport.. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1993 Jan;29A(1):19-24.
                      pubmed: 8444742doi: 10.1007/bf02634367google scholar: lookup
                    40. Karp PH, Moninger TO, Weber SP, Nesselhauf TS, Launspach JL, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. An in vitro model of differentiated human airway epithelia. Methods for establishing primary cultures.. Methods Mol Biol 2002;188:115-37.
                      pubmed: 11987537doi: 10.1385/1-59259-185-x:115google scholar: lookup
                    41. Lee MK, Yoo JW, Lin H, Kim YS, Kim DD, Choi YM, Park SK, Lee CH, Roh HJ. Air-liquid interface culture of serially passaged human nasal epithelial cell monolayer for in vitro drug transport studies.. Drug Deliv 2005 Sep-Oct;12(5):305-11.
                      doi: 10.1080/10717540500177009pubmed: 16188730google scholar: lookup
                    42. Romeis B. In: Mikroskopische Technik. 17. Böck P, editor. München, Wien: Urban and Schwarzenberg; 1989. Darstellung von paraplasmatischen substanzen; pp. 375–408.
                    43. Moll R, Divo M, Langbein L. The human keratins: biology and pathology.. Histochem Cell Biol 2008 Jun;129(6):705-33.
                      doi: 10.1007/s00418-008-0435-6pmc: PMC2386534pubmed: 18461349google scholar: lookup
                    44. Stosiek P, Kasper M, Moll R. Changes in cytokeratin expression accompany squamous metaplasia of the human respiratory epithelium.. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1992;421(2):133-41.
                      doi: 10.1007/BF01607046pubmed: 1381128google scholar: lookup

                    Citations

                    This article has been cited 18 times.
                    1. Runft S, Färber I, Krüger J, Schöne K, Lehmbecker A, Baumgärtner W. In Vitro Characteristics of Canine Primary Tracheal Epithelial Cells Maintained at an Air-Liquid Interface Compared to In Vivo Morphology. Int J Mol Sci 2023 Mar 5;24(5).
                      doi: 10.3390/ijms24054987pubmed: 36902418google scholar: lookup
                    2. Wang J, Hu R, Wang Z, Guo Y, Wang S, Zou H, Peng Q, Jiang Y. Establishment of Immortalized Yak Ruminal Epithelial Cell Lines by Lentivirus-Mediated SV40T and hTERT Gene Transduction. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022;2022:8128028.
                      doi: 10.1155/2022/8128028pubmed: 35368868google scholar: lookup
                    3. Hofer M, Lutolf MP. Engineering organoids. Nat Rev Mater 2021;6(5):402-420.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41578-021-00279-ypubmed: 33623712google scholar: lookup
                    4. Legere RM, Cohen ND, Poveda C, Bray JM, Barhoumi R, Szule JA, de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Bordin AI, Pollet J. Safe and effective aerosolization of in vitro transcribed mRNA to the respiratory tract epithelium of horses without a transfection agent. Sci Rep 2021 Jan 11;11(1):371.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79855-1pubmed: 33432084google scholar: lookup
                    5. Abs V, Bonicelli J, Kacza J, Zizzadoro C, Abraham G. Equine bronchial fibroblasts enhance proliferation and differentiation of primary equine bronchial epithelial cells co-cultured under air-liquid interface. PLoS One 2019;14(11):e0225025.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225025pubmed: 31721813google scholar: lookup
                    6. Cozens D, Sutherland E, Lauder M, Taylor G, Berry CC, Davies RL. Pathogenic Mannheimia haemolytica Invades Differentiated Bovine Airway Epithelial Cells. Infect Immun 2019 Jun;87(6).
                      doi: 10.1128/IAI.00078-19pubmed: 30962401google scholar: lookup
                    7. Cozens D, Sutherland E, Marchesi F, Taylor G, Berry CC, Davies RL. Temporal differentiation of bovine airway epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface. Sci Rep 2018 Oct 5;8(1):14893.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33180-wpubmed: 30291311google scholar: lookup
                    8. O'Boyle N, Sutherland E, Berry CC, Davies RL. Optimisation of growth conditions for ovine airway epithelial cell differentiation at an air-liquid interface. PLoS One 2018;13(3):e0193998.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193998pubmed: 29518140google scholar: lookup
                    9. Cozens D, Grahame E, Sutherland E, Taylor G, Berry CC, Davies RL. Development and optimization of a differentiated airway epithelial cell model of the bovine respiratory tract. Sci Rep 2018 Jan 16;8(1):853.
                      doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-19079-ypubmed: 29339818google scholar: lookup
                    10. O'Boyle N, Sutherland E, Berry CC, Davies RL. Temporal dynamics of ovine airway epithelial cell differentiation at an air-liquid interface. PLoS One 2017;12(7):e0181583.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181583pubmed: 28746416google scholar: lookup
                    11. Frellstedt L, Gosset P, Kervoaze G, Hans A, Desmet C, Pirottin D, Bureau F, Lekeux P, Art T. The innate immune response of equine bronchial epithelial cells is altered by training. Vet Res 2015 Jan 17;46(1):3.
                      doi: 10.1186/s13567-014-0126-3pubmed: 25595212google scholar: lookup
                    12. Franke J, Abs V, Zizzadoro C, Abraham G. Comparative study of the effects of fetal bovine serum versus horse serum on growth and differentiation of primary equine bronchial fibroblasts. BMC Vet Res 2014 May 26;10:119.
                      doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-119pubmed: 24886635google scholar: lookup
                    13. Eckerle I, Ehlen L, Kallies R, Wollny R, Corman VM, Cottontail VM, Tschapka M, Oppong S, Drosten C, Müller MA. Bat airway epithelial cells: a novel tool for the study of zoonotic viruses. PLoS One 2014;9(1):e84679.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084679pubmed: 24454736google scholar: lookup
                    14. Višnjar T, Kreft ME. Air-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces influence the formation of the urothelial permeability barrier in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013 Mar;49(3):196-204.
                      doi: 10.1007/s11626-013-9585-5pubmed: 23408058google scholar: lookup
                    15. Rashidan K, Ayadilord M, Hazrati A, Nazerian A, Shafiee A, Hashemi SM. Immune and Immune-Integrated Organoids as NextGeneration Platforms for Disease Modeling. MedComm (2020) 2025 Dec;6(12):e70531.
                      doi: 10.1002/mco2.70531pubmed: 41427018google scholar: lookup
                    16. Weldearegay YB, Brogaard L, Rautenschlein S, Meens J, Valentin-Weigand P, Schaaf D. Primary cell culture systems to investigate host-pathogen interactions in bacterial respiratory tract infections of livestock. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025;15:1565513.
                      doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1565513pubmed: 40415959google scholar: lookup
                    17. Martin J, Neubauer V, Rittersberger R, Treitler S, Kopp P, Günday C, Shrimo I, Dabbars A, Rosenau F, Türeli AE, Günday-Türeli N, Haedicke-Peters O, Schindowski K. Development and Characterization of a Primary Ciliated Porcine Airway Model for the Evaluation of In Vitro Mucociliary Clearance and Mucosal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2025 Apr 2;17(4).
                      doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17040462pubmed: 40284456google scholar: lookup
                    18. Lee DF, Everest DJ, Cooley W, Chambers MA. Investigation of nasal epithelial cells as a surrogate for bronchial epithelial cells in the research of equine asthma. PLoS One 2023;18(11):e0293956.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293956pubmed: 37943759google scholar: lookup
                    Subscribe to our newsletter
                    Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.