FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary research communications1990; 14(4); 309-327; doi: 10.1007/BF00350713

Haemodynamic changes during sedation in ponies.

Abstract: The cardiovascular changes induced by several sedatives were investigated in five ponies with a subcutaneously transposed carotid artery by means of cardiac output determinations (thermodilution technique), systemic and pulmonary artery pressure measurements (direct intravascular method) and arterial blood analysis (blood gases and packed cell volume). The cardiovascular depression (decrease in systemic blood pressure and cardiac output) was long lasting (greater than 90 min) after administration of propionylpromazine (0.08 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.)) together with promethazine (0.08 mg/kg i.v.). The phenothiazine-induced sedation was not optimal. alpha 2-Agonists (xylazine (0.60 mg/kg i.v.) and detomidine (20 micrograms/kg i.v.)) induced initial but transient cardiovascular effects with an increase in systemic blood pressure and a decrease in cardiac output for about 15 min. Second degree atrioventricular blocks and bradycardia were seen during this period. The cardiovascular depression was more pronounced during detomidine sedation. Atropine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) induced a tachycardia with a decrease in stroke volume but did not alter the cardiac output or other cardiovascular parameters. It prevented the occurrence of the bradycardia and heart blocks normally induced by xylazine or detomidine. Atropine potentiated the initial hypertension induced by the alpha 2-agonistic sedatives (especially detomidine). The decrease in cardiac output induced by xylazine, and to a lesser extent by detomidine, was partially counteracted when atropine was given in advance. The atropine-xylazine combination seemed the best premedication protocol before general anaesthesia as it only resulted in minor and transient cardiovascular changes.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1990-01-01 PubMed ID: 2392824DOI: 10.1007/BF00350713Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores how different sedatives impact the cardiovascular system of ponies. The study finds that certain sedatives, such as the combination of atropine and xylazine, result in only minimal and temporary cardiovascular changes, making them a good choice as a premedication before general anesthesia.

About the Study

  • The research involved five ponies, each with a subcutaneously transposed carotid artery.
  • They investigated the cardiovascular changes caused by several drugs, using techniques like thermodilution for cardiac output determinations, direct intravascular method for pressure measurements in the systemic and pulmonary artery, and arterial blood analysis for blood gases and packed cell volume.

Observations and Findings

  • The sedatives propionylpromazine and promethazine, when administered together in specific dosages, led to long-lasting cardiovascular depression, characterized by a decrease in systemic blood pressure and cardiac output for more than 90 minutes.
  • However, the sedation caused by this phenothiazine combination was not optimal.
  • Alpha 2-agonists, namely xylazine and detomidine, in particular dosages, caused initial transient effects on the cardiovascular system. These effects included an increase in systemic blood pressure, a decrease in cardiac output for approximately 15 minutes, and occurrences of second-degree atrioventricular blocks and bradycardia. Detomidine notably induced a more pronounced cardiovascular depression.
  • Administering atropine led to accelerated heart rate (tachycardia) with reduced stroke volume; however, it didn’t modify cardiac output or other cardiovascular parameters. It also stopped the onset of bradycardia and heart blocks commonly caused by xylazine or detomidine. Furthermore, atropine intensified the initial hypertension caused by alpha 2-agonistic sedatives (especially detomidine).
  • The use of atropine in advance partially counteracted the decrease in cardiac output typically caused by xylazine and, to a lesser extent, detomidine.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • A combination of atropine and xylazine appears to be the preferable premedication protocol before performing general anesthesia, as it only caused minor and temporary cardiovascular alterations.

Cite This Article

APA
Gasthuys F, De Moor A, Parmentier D. (1990). Haemodynamic changes during sedation in ponies. Vet Res Commun, 14(4), 309-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350713

Publication

Veterinary research communications
ISSN: 0165-7380
NlmUniqueID: 8100520
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 309-327

Researcher Affiliations

Gasthuys, F
  • Large Animal Surgical Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Gent, Belgium.
De Moor, A
    Parmentier, D

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Atropine / pharmacology
      • Blood Gas Analysis / veterinary
      • Blood Pressure / drug effects
      • Cardiac Output / drug effects
      • Female
      • Heart Rate / drug effects
      • Hematocrit / veterinary
      • Hemodynamics / drug effects
      • Horses / physiology
      • Hypnotics and Sedatives / pharmacology
      • Imidazoles / pharmacology
      • Male
      • Promazine / analogs & derivatives
      • Promazine / pharmacology
      • Promethazine / pharmacology
      • Xylazine / pharmacology

      References

      This article includes 32 references
      1. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985 Jan 15;186(2):153-6
        pubmed: 2857705
      2. Am J Vet Res. 1964 Jul;25:1151-8
        pubmed: 14266861
      3. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1978 Apr;25(3):173-80
        pubmed: 98934
      4. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977 Jan 15;170(2):216-9
        pubmed: 833047
      5. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981 Jul;218(1):188-92
        pubmed: 6113279
      6. Eur J Pharmacol. 1973 Sep;23(3):311-6
        pubmed: 4746747
      7. Am J Vet Res. 1975 Oct;36(10):1439-42
        pubmed: 1190583
      8. Aust Vet J. 1982 Nov;59(5):148-52
        pubmed: 6131662
      9. Am J Vet Res. 1977 Jul;38(7):931-4
        pubmed: 883719
      10. Am J Vet Res. 1975 Oct;36(10):1421-9
        pubmed: 1190582
      11. Acta Vet Scand. 1986;27(4):548-59
        pubmed: 3604828
      12. Am J Vet Res. 1972 Mar;33(3):525-32
        pubmed: 5014460
      13. Eur J Pharmacol. 1970 May;10(2):230-8
        pubmed: 4315706
      14. Am J Vet Res. 1986 May;47(5):1075-8
        pubmed: 3521404
      15. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1968;15(6):494-8
        pubmed: 4971971
      16. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1988 Dec;11(4):295-313
        pubmed: 3062194
      17. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1982 Jul 6;89(7):262-7
        pubmed: 6751769
      18. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1971 Oct;66(10):1016-7 passim
        pubmed: 4938478
      19. Vet Rec. 1969 Nov 8;85(19):512-7
        pubmed: 5349241
      20. Am J Vet Res. 1975 Nov;36(11):1667-70
        pubmed: 1190608
      21. Am J Vet Res. 1972 Apr;33(4):777-84
        pubmed: 5017870
      22. Br J Anaesth. 1964 Feb;36:68-73
        pubmed: 14115570
      23. Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 1986;82:131-6
        pubmed: 3464174
      24. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1978 Apr;25(3):189-97
        pubmed: 98935
      25. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1981 May;3(1):17-44
        pubmed: 6115498
      26. Equine Vet J. 1980 Jan;12(1):10-4
        pubmed: 6767605
      27. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1968 Nov 15;75(22):565-72
        pubmed: 4973114
      28. Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 1986;82:139-55
        pubmed: 3464175
      29. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1983 Jun;6(2):121-6
        pubmed: 6887338
      30. Am J Vet Res. 1987 Feb;48(2):198-203
        pubmed: 3826856
      31. Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 1986;82:193-6
        pubmed: 3532727
      32. Equine Vet J. 1986 Sep;18(5):366-70
        pubmed: 3533530

      Citations

      This article has been cited 7 times.
      1. Dufourni A, Buschmann E, Vernemmen I, Van Steenkiste G, van Loon G, Decloedt A. Effect of physiological and pharmacological stress on heart rate, blood pressure, and echocardiographic measurements in healthy Warmblood horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Jan-Feb;38(1):398-410.
        doi: 10.1111/jvim.16967pubmed: 38174810google scholar: lookup
      2. Ruíz-López P, Cuypers C, Schauvliege S. Xylazine Infusion during Equine Colic Anesthesia with Isoflurane and Lidocaine: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2023 Sep 13;13(18).
        doi: 10.3390/ani13182902pubmed: 37760302google scholar: lookup
      3. Ström L, Dalin F, Domberg M, Stenlund C, Bondesson U, Hedeland M, Toutain PL, Ekstrand C. Topical ophthalmic atropine in horses, pharmacokinetics and effect on intestinal motility. BMC Vet Res 2021 Apr 7;17(1):149.
        doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02847-4pubmed: 33827566google scholar: lookup
      4. Kullmann A, Sanz M, Fosgate GT, Saulez MN, Page PC, Rioja E. Effects of xylazine, romifidine, or detomidine on hematology, biochemistry, and splenic thickness in healthy horses. Can Vet J 2014 Apr;55(4):334-40.
        pubmed: 24688132
      5. Jones DL. Clinical effects of detomidine with or without atropine used for arthrocentesis in horses. Can Vet J 1993 May;34(5):296-300.
        pubmed: 17424223
      6. Singh S, Young SS, McDonell WN, O'Grady M. Modification of cardiopulmonary and intestinal motility effects of xylazine with glycopyrrolate in horses. Can J Vet Res 1997 Apr;61(2):99-107.
        pubmed: 9114960
      7. Kerr CL, McDonell WN, Young SS. A comparison of romifidine and xylazine when used with diazepam/ketamine for short duration anesthesia in the horse. Can Vet J 1996 Oct;37(10):601-9.
        pubmed: 8896874
      Subscribe to our newsletter
      Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.