FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Heart rate variability before and after 14 weeks of training...
PloS one2021; 16(12); e0259933; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259933

Heart rate variability before and after 14 weeks of training in Thoroughbred horses and Standardbred trotters with different training experience.

Abstract: Changes in heart rate and heart rate variabilty (HRV) were investigated in untrained (UT; starting their first racing season) and detrained (DT; with 1-3 years of race experience) racehorses before and after 14-week conventional training. HRV was measured at rest over 1 h between 9:00 and 10:00 AM on the usual rest day of the horses. The smallest worthwhile change (SWC) rate was calculated for all HRV parameters. UT horses had significantly higher heart rate compared to DT (P<0.001). There were no gender- or training-related differences in heart rate. The root-mean-square of successive differences (rMSSD) in the consecutive inter-beat-intervals obtained after the 14-week training period was lower compared to pre-training rMSSD (P<0.001). The rMSSD was not influenced by breed, age or gender. In DT horses, there was a significant decrease in the high frequency (HF) component of HRV (P≤0.05) as the result of the 14-week training. These results may reflect saturation of high-frequency oscillations of inter-beat intervals rather than the reduction in parasympathetic influence on the heart. The HF did not differ significantly between the two measurements in UT horses; however, 16.6% of the animals showed a decrease in HF below SWC (P≤0.05). This supports the likelihood of parasympathetic saturation. Although no significant decrease in heart rate was found for the post-training, 30.0% of DT and 58.3% of UT horses still showed a decrease in heart rate below the SWC. Also by individual examination, it was also visible that despite significant post-training decrease in rMSSD, 1 (4.6%) DT and 2 (6.7%) UT horses reached SWC increase in rMMSD. In the case of these horses, the possibility of maladaptation should be considered. The present results indicate that similar to as found in human athletes, cardiac ANS status of racehorses also changes during the physiological adaptation to training. To explore more precise links between HRV and training effectiveness in horses, a more frequent recording would be necessary. Detailed analysis of HRV parameters based on SWC will be able to highlight the importance of fitness evaluation at individual level.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-12-09 PubMed ID: 34882704PubMed Central: PMC8659354DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259933Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study investigates changes in heart rate and heart rate variability in Thoroughbred horses and Standardbred trotters with different training experience, before and after a 14-week training period.

Methodology

  • The researchers compared untrained horses, starting their first racing season (UT), and detrained horses, which had 1-3 years of racing experience (DT).
  • The heart rate variability (HRV) was measured while the horses were resting for an hour between 9:00 and 10:00 AM.
  • The researchers calculated the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) rate for all HRV parameters.

Results

  • The study found that untrained horses had a significantly higher heart rate than detrained horses.
  • There were no significant differences in heart rate based on gender or training.
  • The root-mean-square of successive differences (rMSSD), which is a time-domain method to measures variability in the heart rate, was lower after the 14-week training period than before.
  • The rMSSD was not influenced by breed, age, or gender.
  • The detrained horses showed a significant decrease in the high-frequency component of HRV (HF) as a result of the 14-week training. This indicates that the high-frequency oscillations of inter-beat intervals reached saturation rather than a reduction in the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart.
  • No significant decrease in heart rate was found after training; however, 30.0% of detrained and 58.3% of untrained horses still showed a decrease.
  • For a small percentage of horses, despite a significant decrease in rMSSD post-training, they reached the SWC increase in rMSSD, which implies the possibility of maladaptation.

Implications

  • The results show that, as with human athletes, the cardiac ANS status of racehorses changes with physiological adaptation to training.
  • To establish more precise connections between HRV and training effectiveness in horses, more frequent data recording would be necessary.
  • A detailed analysis of HRV parameters based on the SWC could highlight the importance of evaluating fitness at an individual level in racehorses.

Cite This Article

APA
Nyerges-Bohák Z, Nagy K, Rózsa L, Póti P, Kovács L. (2021). Heart rate variability before and after 14 weeks of training in Thoroughbred horses and Standardbred trotters with different training experience. PLoS One, 16(12), e0259933. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259933

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 12
Pages: e0259933
PII: e0259933

Researcher Affiliations

Nyerges-Bohák, Zsófia
  • Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary.
Nagy, Krisztina
  • Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary.
Rózsa, László
  • Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary.
Póti, Péter
  • Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary.
Kovács, Levente
  • Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Heart / physiology
  • Heart Rate
  • Horses / physiology
  • Male
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / methods

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following competing interests: Hylofit provided sensors for Zsófia Nyerges-Bohak for the HRV measurements. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

References

This article includes 55 references
  1. Allen KJ, van Erck‐Westergren E, Franklin SH. Exercise testing in the equine athlete. Equine Vet Educ 2016;28: 89–98.
  2. . Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.. Circulation 1996 Mar 1;93(5):1043-65.
    pubmed: 8598068
  3. Lehmann M, Foster C, Dickhuth HH, Gastmann U. Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998 Jul;30(7):1140-5.
    doi: 10.1097/00005768-199807000-00019pubmed: 9662686google scholar: lookup
  4. Uusitalo AL, Uusitalo AJ, Rusko HK. Exhaustive endurance training for 6-9 weeks did not induce changes in intrinsic heart rate and cardiac autonomic modulation in female athletes.. Int J Sports Med 1998 Nov;19(8):532-40.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971956pubmed: 9877144google scholar: lookup
  5. von Borell E, Langbein J, Després G, Hansen S, Leterrier C, Marchant J, Marchant-Forde R, Minero M, Mohr E, Prunier A, Valance D, Veissier I. Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals -- a review.. Physiol Behav 2007 Oct 22;92(3):293-316.
    doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.01.007pubmed: 17320122google scholar: lookup
  6. Iellamo F, Legramante JM, Pigozzi F, Spataro A, Norbiato G, Lucini D, Pagani M. Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes.. Circulation 2002 Jun 11;105(23):2719-24.
    doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000018124.01299.aepubmed: 12057984google scholar: lookup
  7. Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Kilding AE, Buchheit M. Heart-rate variability and training-intensity distribution in elite rowers.. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014 Nov;9(6):1026-32.
    doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0497pubmed: 24700160google scholar: lookup
  8. Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?. Front Physiol 2014;5:73.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00073pmc: PMC3936188pubmed: 24578692google scholar: lookup
  9. Buchheit M, Simpson MB, Al Haddad H, Bourdon PC, Mendez-Villanueva A. Monitoring changes in physical performance with heart rate measures in young soccer players.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012 Feb;112(2):711-23.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-2014-0pubmed: 21656232google scholar: lookup
  10. Stanley J, Peake JM, Buchheit M. Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription.. Sports Med 2013 Dec;43(12):1259-77.
    doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0083-4pubmed: 23912805google scholar: lookup
  11. Bellenger CR, Fuller JT, Thomson RL, Davison K, Robertson EY, Buckley JD. Monitoring Athletic Training Status Through Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Sports Med 2016 Oct;46(10):1461-86.
    doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0484-2pubmed: 26888648google scholar: lookup
  12. Chalencon S, Busso T, Lacour JR, Garet M, Pichot V, Connes P, Gabel CP, Roche F, Barthélémy JC. A model for the training effects in swimming demonstrates a strong relationship between parasympathetic activity, performance and index of fatigue.. PLoS One 2012;7(12):e52636.
    pmc: PMC3527593pubmed: 23285121doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052636google scholar: lookup
  13. Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Kilding AE, Buchheit M. Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012 Nov;112(11):3729-41.
    pubmed: 22367011doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4google scholar: lookup
  14. Nagy K, Bodo G, Bardos Gy, Harnos A, Kabai P. The effect of a feeding stress-test on the behaviour and heart rate variability of control and crib-biting horses (with or without inhibition). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2009;121: 140–147.
  15. Schmidt A, Möstl E, Wehnert C, Aurich J, Müller J, Aurich C. Cortisol release and heart rate variability in horses during road transport.. Horm Behav 2010 Feb;57(2):209-15.
    pubmed: 19944105doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.11.003google scholar: lookup
  16. Bohák Z, Harnos A, Joó K, Szenci O, Kovács L. Anticipatory response before competition in Standardbred racehorses.. PLoS One 2018;13(8):e0201691.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201691pmc: PMC6072081pubmed: 30071079google scholar: lookup
  17. Rietmann TR, Staﾬher M, Bernasconi P, Auer JA, Weishaupt MA. The association between heart rate, heart rate variability, endocrine and behavioural pain measures in horses suffering from laminitis.. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2004 Jun;51(5):218-25.
    pubmed: 15315700doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00627.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  18. Reid K, Rogers CW, Gronqvist G, Gee EK, Bolwell CF. Anxiety and pain in horses measured by heart rate variability and behavior. J Vet Behav 2017;22: 1–6.
  19. Visser EK, van Reenen CG, van der Werf JT, Schilder MB, Knaap JH, Barneveld A, Blokhuis HJ. Heart rate and heart rate variability during a novel object test and a handling test in young horses.. Physiol Behav 2002 Jun 1;76(2):289-96.
    doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00698-4pubmed: 12044602google scholar: lookup
  20. Rietmann T, Stuart AA, Bernasconi P, Staﾬher M, Auer J, Weishaupt M. Assessment of mental stress in warmblood horses: heart rate variability in comparison to heart rate and selected behavioural parameters. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2004;88: 121–136.
  21. Thayer JF, Hahn AW, Pearson MA, Sollers JJ 3rd, Johnson PJ, Loch WE. Heart rate variability during exercise in the horse.. Biomed Sci Instrum 1997;34:246-51.
    pubmed: 9603047
  22. Physick-Sheard PW, Marlin DJ, Thornhill R, Schroter RC. Frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability in horses at rest and during exercise.. Equine Vet J 2000 May;32(3):253-62.
    doi: 10.2746/042516400776563572pubmed: 10836482google scholar: lookup
  23. Voss B, Mohr E, Krzywanek H. Effects of aqua-treadmill exercise on selected blood parameters and on heart-rate variability of horses.. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2002 Apr;49(3):137-43.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00420.xpubmed: 12019954google scholar: lookup
  24. Cottin F, Barrey E, Lopes P, Billat V. Effect of repeated exercise and recovery on heart rate variability in elite trotting horses during high intensity interval training.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):204-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05540.xpubmed: 17402419google scholar: lookup
  25. Schmidt A, Aurich J, Möstl E, Müller J, Aurich C. Changes in cortisol release and heart rate and heart rate variability during the initial training of 3-year-old sport horses.. Horm Behav 2010 Sep;58(4):628-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.011pubmed: 20600048google scholar: lookup
  26. Younes M, Robert C, Barrey E, Cottin F. Effects of Age, Exercise Duration, and Test Conditions on Heart Rate Variability in Young Endurance Horses.. Front Physiol 2016;7:155.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00155pmc: PMC4852288pubmed: 27199770google scholar: lookup
  27. Frick L, Schwarzwald CC, Mitchell KJ. The use of heart rate variability analysis to detect arrhythmias in horses undergoing a standard treadmill exercise test.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Jan;33(1):212-224.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15358pmc: PMC6335521pubmed: 30520119google scholar: lookup
  28. Ohmura H, Hiraga A, Aida H, Kuwahara M, Tsubone H. Effects of initial handling and training on autonomic nervous function in young Thoroughbreds.. Am J Vet Res 2002 Nov;63(11):1488-91.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1488pubmed: 12428655google scholar: lookup
  29. Kuwahara M, Hiraga A, Kai M, Tsubone H, Sugano S. Influence of training on autonomic nervous function in horses: evaluation by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):178-80.
    pubmed: 10659247doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05213.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  30. Iwasaki K, Zhang R, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD. Dose-response relationship of the cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training in healthy adults: how much training for what benefit?. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003 Oct;95(4):1575-83.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00482.2003pubmed: 12832429google scholar: lookup
  31. Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Stanley J, Kilding AE, Buchheit M. Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: opening the door to effective monitoring.. Sports Med 2013 Sep;43(9):773-81.
    doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8pubmed: 23852425google scholar: lookup
  32. Kinnunen S, Laukkanen R, Haldi J, Hanninen O, Atalay M. Heart rate variability in trotters during different training periods.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):214-7.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406776866363pubmed: 17402421google scholar: lookup
  33. Nunan D, Donovan G, Jakovljevic DG, Hodges LD, Sandercock GR, Brodie DA. Validity and reliability of short-term heart-rate variability from the Polar S810.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 Jan;41(1):243-50.
    doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318184a4b1pubmed: 19092682google scholar: lookup
  34. Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP. Kubios HRV Version 2.0 User’s Guide. Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland; 2008.
  35. Pinheiro JC, Bates DM. Mixed-effects models in S and S–PLUS. Springer; 2000.
  36. Spencer M, Fitzsimons M, Dawson B, Bishop D, Goodman C. Reliability of a repeated-sprint test for field-hockey.. J Sci Med Sport 2006 May;9(1-2):181-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2005.05.001pubmed: 16581293google scholar: lookup
  37. Al Haddad H, Laursen PB, Chollet D, Ahmaidi S, Buchheit M. Reliability of resting and postexercise heart rate measures.. Int J Sports Med 2011 Aug;32(8):598-605.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1275356pubmed: 21574126google scholar: lookup
  38. Duthie GM, Pyne DB, Ross AA, Livingstone SG, Hooper SL. The reliability of ten-meter sprint time using different starting techniques.. J Strength Cond Res 2006 May;20(2):246-51.
    doi: 10.1519/R-17084.1pubmed: 16686548google scholar: lookup
  39. Javaloyes A, Sarabia JM, Lamberts RP, Plews D, Moya-Ramon M. Training Prescription Guided by Heart Rate Variability Vs. Block Periodization in Well-Trained Cyclists.. J Strength Cond Res 2020 Jun;34(6):1511-1518.
    doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003337pubmed: 31490431google scholar: lookup
  40. Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 Jan;41(1):3-13.
    doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278pubmed: 19092709google scholar: lookup
  41. R Core Team R. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing,nVienna, Austria. Available online athttp://www.R-project.org/; 2018.
  42. Young LE, Rogers K, Wood JL. Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005 Oct;99(4):1278-85.
    pubmed: 15920096doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01319.2004google scholar: lookup
  43. Antelmi I, de Paula RS, Shinzato AR, Peres CA, Mansur AJ, Grupi CJ. Influence of age, gender, body mass index, and functional capacity on heart rate variability in a cohort of subjects without heart disease.. Am J Cardiol 2004 Feb 1;93(3):381-5.
    pubmed: 14759400doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.065google scholar: lookup
  44. Clément F, Barrey E. [Heart rate fluctuations in the horse at rest: (2) Biological variation factors related to behavioural profile].. C R Acad Sci III 1995 Aug;318(8):867-72.
    pubmed: 7583776
  45. Ohmura H, Jones JH. Changes in heart rate and heart rate variability as a function of age in Thoroughbred horses.. J Equine Sci 2017;28(3):99-103.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.28.99pmc: PMC5608962pubmed: 28955161google scholar: lookup
  46. Janczarek I, Kędzierski W, Wilk I, Wnuk-Pawlak E, Rakowska A. Comparison of daily heart rate variability in old and young horses: A preliminary study. J Vet Behav 2020;38: 1–7.
  47. Vesterinen V, Häkkinen K, Hynynen E, Mikkola J, Hokka L, Nummela A. Heart rate variability in prediction of individual adaptation to endurance training in recreational endurance runners.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013 Mar;23(2):171-80.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01365.xpubmed: 21812828google scholar: lookup
  48. Buchheit M, Chivot A, Parouty J, Mercier D, Al Haddad H, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S. Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function.. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010 Apr;108(6):1153-67.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1317-xpubmed: 20033207google scholar: lookup
  49. Hynynen E, Uusitalo A, Konttinen N, Rusko H. Cardiac autonomic responses to standing up and cognitive task in overtrained athletes.. Int J Sports Med 2008 Jul;29(7):552-8.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2007-989286pubmed: 18050058google scholar: lookup
  50. Bosquet L, Merkari S, Arvisais D, Aubert AE. Is heart rate a convenient tool to monitor over-reaching? A systematic review of the literature.. Br J Sports Med 2008 Sep;42(9):709-14.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.042200pubmed: 18308872google scholar: lookup
  51. Uusitalo AL, Uusitalo AJ, Rusko HK. Heart rate and blood pressure variability during heavy training and overtraining in the female athlete.. Int J Sports Med 2000 Jan;21(1):45-53.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8853pubmed: 10683099google scholar: lookup
  52. Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Buchheit M. Day-to-Day Heart-Rate Variability Recordings in World-Champion Rowers: Appreciating Unique Athlete Characteristics.. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017 May;12(5):697-703.
    doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0343pubmed: 27736257google scholar: lookup
  53. Borresen J, Lambert MI. Autonomic control of heart rate during and after exercise : measurements and implications for monitoring training status.. Sports Med 2008;38(8):633-46.
    doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838080-00002pubmed: 18620464google scholar: lookup
  54. Hinchcliff K, Geor R, Kaneps A. The athletic horse in Equine exercise physiology: the science of exercise in the athletic horse. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA; 2008. pp. 2–11.
  55. Hug B, Heyer L, Naef N, Buchheit M, Wehrlin JP, Millet GP. Tapering for marathon and cardiac autonomic function.. Int J Sports Med 2014 Jul;35(8):676-83.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1361184pubmed: 24595813google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Coelho CS, Silva ASBA, Santos CMR, Santos AMR, Vintem CMBL, Leite AG, Fonseca JMC, Prazeres JMCS, Souza VRC, Siqueira RF, Manso Filho HC, Simões JSA. Training Effects on the Stress Predictors for Young Lusitano Horses Used in Dressage. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 6;12(23).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12233436pubmed: 36496958google scholar: lookup
  2. Wonghanchao T, Sanigavatee K, Petchdee S, Chettaratanont K, Thongyen T, Wanichayanon B, Poochipakorn C, Chanda M. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Are Affected by Age and Activity Level in Athletic Horses. Vet Sci 2025 Jun 28;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12070624pubmed: 40711284google scholar: lookup
  3. Wonghanchao T, Sanigavatee K, Poochipakorn C, Huangsaksri O, Chanda M. Dynamic Adaptation of Heart Rate and Autonomic Regulation During Training and Recovery Periods in Response to a 12-Week Structured Exercise Programme in Untrained Adult and Geriatric Horses. Animals (Basel) 2025 Apr 13;15(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15081122pubmed: 40281956google scholar: lookup
  4. Sanigavatee K, Poochipakorn C, Huangsaksri O, Vichitkraivin S, Pakdeelikhit S, Chotiyothin W, Wongkosoljit S, Wonghanchao T, Chanda M. A structured exercise regimen enhances autonomic function compared to unstructured physical activities in geriatric horses. Sci Rep 2025 Jan 20;15(1):2493.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86679-4pubmed: 39833241google scholar: lookup
  5. Yin Z, Torre E, Marrot M, Peters CH, Feather A, Nichols WG, Logantha SJRJ, Arshad A, Martis SA, Ozturk NT, Chen W, Liu J, Qu J, Zi M, Cartwright EJ, Proenza C, Torrente A, Mangoni ME, Dobrzynski H, Atkinson AJ. Identifying sex similarities and differences in structure and function of the sinoatrial node in the mouse heart. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024;11:1488478.
    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1488478pubmed: 39703520google scholar: lookup
  6. Santosuosso E, Léguillette R, Shoemaker S, Baumwart R, Temple S, Hemmerling K, Kell T, Bayly W. A consort-guided randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial on the effects of 6 weeks training on heart rate variability in thoroughbred horses. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Jan-Feb;39(1):e17253.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17253pubmed: 39655519google scholar: lookup
  7. Flores JEM, Terrazas A, Lara Sagahon AV, Aleman M. Parasympathetic tone activity, heart rate, and grimace scale in conscious horses of 3 breeds before, during, and after nociceptive mechanical stimulation. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Sep-Oct;38(5):2739-2747.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17174pubmed: 39150630google scholar: lookup
  8. Vidal Moreno de Vega C, de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, De Mare L, Gansemans Y, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Goethals K, De Spiegelaere W, Leybaert L, Verdegaal EJMM, Delesalle C. Baselining physiological parameters in three muscles across three equine breeds. What can we learn from the horse?. Front Physiol 2024;15:1291151.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1291151pubmed: 38384798google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.