Analyze Diet
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2015; 5(3); 576-591; doi: 10.3390/ani5030373

Helmet Use Amongst Equestrians: Harnessing Social and Attitudinal Factors Revealed in Online Forums.

Abstract: Equestrian activities pose significant head injury risks to participants. Yet, helmet use is not mandatory in Australia outside of selected competitions. Awareness of technical countermeasures and the dangers of equestrian activities has not resulted in widespread adoption of simple precautionary behaviors like helmet use. Until the use of helmets whilst riding horses is legislated in Australia, there is an urgent need to improve voluntary use. To design effective injury prevention interventions, the factors affecting helmet use must first be understood. To add to current understandings of these factors, we examined the ways horse riders discussed helmet use by analyzing 103 posts on two helmet use related threads from two different Australian equestrian forums. We found evidence of social influence on helmet use behaviors as well as three attitudes that contributed towards stated helmet use that we termed: "I Can Control Risk", "It Does Not Feel Right" and "Accidents Happen". Whilst we confirm barriers identified in previous literature, we also identify their ability to support helmet use. This suggests challenging but potentially useful complexity in the relationship between risk perception, protective knowledge, attitudes, decision-making and behavior. Whilst this complexity is largely due to the involvement of interspecies relationships through which safety, risk and trust are distributed; our findings about harnessing the potential of barriers could be extended to other high risk activities.
Publication Date: 2015-07-17 PubMed ID: 26479375PubMed Central: PMC4598695DOI: 10.3390/ani5030373Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper focuses on the factors influencing helmet use among Australian equestrians, revealing that social influence and personal attitudes towards safety measures play a significant role in their adoption.

Study Objective and Methodology

  • The researchers aim to understand the factors affecting helmet use amongst equestrians in Australia, where it is not mandatory except in certain competitions. This understanding is sought with the intention to design effective injury prevention interventions.
  • For this study, the researchers analyzed 103 posts from two different Australian equestrian forums. These posts were from two threads discussing the topic of helmet use.

Findings and Insights

  • The research found that social influence did significantly impact a rider’s decision to wear helmets. This influences could range from pressure from peer groups or the community, to influential figures within the equestrian world advocating for safety.
  • They also identified three main attitudes which contributed to a rider’s decision to wear a helmet: ‘I Can Control Risk’, ‘It Does Not Feel Right’ and ‘Accidents Happen’. This shows the importance of personal perception of risk associated with riding horses without a helmet and the ability to prevent accidents.

Understanding the Complexity of the Problem

  • The study confirms previously identified barriers to helmet use but interestingly, also identifies these barriers as potential avenues for promoting helmet use. This suggests a nuanced relationship between risk perception, knowledge about protective measures, individual attitudes, and actual behavior.
  • This complexity is largely driven by the context of equestrian activities which often involves complex interspecific relationships. In these relationships, notions of safety, risk, and trust are often shared, sometimes in challenging ways.
  • The researchers suggest that understanding and addressing this complex relationship could not only promote helmet use in equestrian activities, but also in other high-risk activities.

Cite This Article

APA
Haigh L, Thompson K. (2015). Helmet Use Amongst Equestrians: Harnessing Social and Attitudinal Factors Revealed in Online Forums. Animals (Basel), 5(3), 576-591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani5030373

Publication

ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 576-591

Researcher Affiliations

Haigh, Laura
  • The Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville, SA 5034, Australia. kirrilly.thompson@cqu.edu.au.
Thompson, Kirrilly
  • The Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville, SA 5034, Australia. kirrilly.thompson@cqu.edu.au.

References

This article includes 63 references
  1. Finch CF, Owen N. Injury prevention and the promotion of physical activity: what is the nexus?. J Sci Med Sport 2001 Mar;4(1):77-87.
    doi: 10.1016/S1440-2440(01)80010-4pubmed: 11339496google scholar: lookup
  2. Finch C, Cassell E. The public health impact of injury during sport and active recreation.. J Sci Med Sport 2006 Dec;9(6):490-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.03.002pubmed: 16616615google scholar: lookup
  3. Boufous S, Dennis R, Finch C A. A Profile of Hospitalisations and Deaths due to Sport and Leisure Injuries in New South Wales, 2000–2004. NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre; Sydney, Australia: 2006.
  4. Andrew NE, Gabbe BJ, Wolfe R, Cameron PA. Trends in sport and active recreation injuries resulting in major trauma or death in adults in Victoria, Australia, 2001-2007.. Injury 2012 Sep;43(9):1527-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.01.031pubmed: 21345432google scholar: lookup
  5. Hasler RM, Gyssler L, Benneker L, Martinolli L, Schötzau A, Zimmermann H, Exadaktylos AK. Protective and risk factors in amateur equestrians and description of injury patterns: A retrospective data analysis and a case - control survey.. J Trauma Manag Outcomes 2011 Feb 4;5:4.
    doi: 10.1186/1752-2897-5-4pmc: PMC3042925pubmed: 21294862google scholar: lookup
  6. Thompson K, Adelman M. Epilogue: A research agenda for putting gender through its paces. In: Adelman M., Knijnik J., editors. Gender and Equestrian Sport. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2013. pp. 195–211.
  7. Wolframm I. The Science of Equestrian Sports: Theory, Practice and Performance of the Equestrian Rider. Routledge; London, UK; New York, NY, USA: 2013.
  8. Petridou E, Kedikoglou S, Belechri M, Ntouvelis E, Dessypris N, Trichopoulos D. The mosaic of equestrian-related injuries in Greece.. J Trauma 2004 Mar;56(3):643-7.
  9. . Participation in Sport and Physical Activities. Australian Bureau of Statistics; Canberra, Australia: 2015.
  10. Thompson K, Matthews C. Inroads into Equestrian Safety: Rider-Reported Factors Contributing to Horse-Related Accidents and Near Misses on Australian Roads.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 22;5(3):592-609.
    pmc: PMC4598696pubmed: 26479376doi: 10.3390/ani5030374google scholar: lookup
  11. Havlik HS. Equestrian sport-related injuries: a review of current literature.. Curr Sports Med Rep 2010 Sep-Oct;9(5):299-302.
    doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181f32056pubmed: 20827097google scholar: lookup
  12. Loder RT. The demographics of equestrian-related injuries in the United States: injury patterns, orthopedic specific injuries, and avenues for injury prevention.. J Trauma 2008 Aug;65(2):447-60.
    doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31817dac43pubmed: 18695484google scholar: lookup
  13. Ball CG, Ball JE, Kirkpatrick AW, Mulloy RH. Equestrian injuries: incidence, injury patterns, and risk factors for 10 years of major traumatic injuries.. Am J Surg 2007 May;193(5):636-40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.01.016pubmed: 17434372google scholar: lookup
  14. Carmichael SP 2nd, Davenport DL, Kearney PA, Bernard AC. On and off the horse: mechanisms and patterns of injury in mounted and unmounted equestrians.. Injury 2014 Sep;45(9):1479-83.
  15. Hitchens PL, Hill AE, Stover SM. Jockey Falls, Injuries, and Fatalities Associated With Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse Racing in California, 2007-2011.. Orthop J Sports Med 2013 Jan-Jun;1(1):2325967113492625.
    doi: 10.1177/2325967113492625pmc: PMC4555501pubmed: 26535231google scholar: lookup
  16. Clarke CN, Tsuei BJ, Butler KL. Equine-related injury: a retrospective analysis of outcomes over a 10-year period.. Am J Surg 2008 May;195(5):702-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.11.007pubmed: 18424291google scholar: lookup
  17. Mayberry JC, Pearson TE, Wiger KJ, Diggs BS, Mullins RJ. Equestrian injury prevention efforts need more attention to novice riders.. J Trauma 2007 Mar;62(3):735-9.
    doi: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318031b5d4pubmed: 17414356google scholar: lookup
  18. Smartt P, Chalmers D. A new look at horse-related sport and recreational injury in New Zealand.. J Sci Med Sport 2009 May;12(3):376-82.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.04.001pubmed: 18762456google scholar: lookup
  19. Papachristos A, Edwards E, Dowrick A, Gosling C. A description of the severity of equestrian-related injuries (ERIs) using clinical parameters and patient-reported outcomes.. Injury 2014 Sep;45(9):1484-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.04.017pubmed: 24933441google scholar: lookup
  20. Lim J, Puttaswamy V, Gizzi M, Christie L, Croker W, Crowe P. Pattern of equestrian injuries presenting to a Sydney teaching hospital.. ANZ J Surg 2003 Aug;73(8):567-71.
  21. Abu-Zidan FM, Rao S. Factors affecting the severity of horse-related injuries.. Injury 2003 Dec;34(12):897-900.
    doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(03)00054-8pubmed: 14636730google scholar: lookup
  22. Cripps R A. Horse-Related Injury in Australia. National Injury Surveillance Unit; Canberra, Australia: 2000.
  23. Bond GR, Christoph RA, Rodgers BM. Pediatric equestrian injuries: assessing the impact of helmet use.. Pediatrics 1995 Apr;95(4):487-9.
    pubmed: 7700745
  24. Chitnavis JP, Gibbons CL, Hirigoyen M, Lloyd Parry J, Simpson AH. Accidents with horses: what has changed in 20 years?. Injury 1996 Mar;27(2):103-5.
    doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(95)00176-Xpubmed: 8730383google scholar: lookup
  25. Safe Work Australia. Guide to Managing Risks When New and Inexperienced Persons Interact with Horses. Safe Work Australia; Canberra, Australia: 2014.
  26. Watt GM, Finch CF. Preventing equestrian injuries. Locking the stable door.. Sports Med 1996 Sep;22(3):187-97.
  27. Ross DS, Ferguson A, Bosha P, Cassas K. Factors that prevent roughstock rodeo athletes from wearing protective equipment.. Curr Sports Med Rep 2010 Nov-Dec;9(6):342-6.
    doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181fc7357pubmed: 21068566google scholar: lookup
  28. Reed D B, Novak S P, Heath R L. Farm youth and horse-related injuries: A case for safety helmets. J. Agromed. 1998;5:45–57.
    doi: 10.1300/J096v05n01_06google scholar: lookup
  29. Condie C, Rivara FP, Bergman AB. Strategies of a successful campaign to promote the use of equestrian helmets.. Public Health Rep 1993 Jan-Feb;108(1):121-6.
    pmc: PMC1403341pubmed: 8434088
  30. Lupton D. Risk and Sociocultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press; New York, NY, USA: 1999.
  31. Curnow WJ. The efficacy of bicycle helmets against brain injury.. Accid Anal Prev 2003 Mar;35(2):287-92.
    doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00012-Xpubmed: 12504149google scholar: lookup
  32. . Australian Road Rules. The National Road Transport Commission; Melbourne, Australia: 2012.
  33. Thompson NJ, Sleet D, Sacks JJ. Increasing the use of bicycle helmets: lessons from behavioral science.. Patient Educ Couns 2002 Mar;46(3):191-7.
    doi: 10.1016/S0738-3991(01)00212-9pubmed: 11932116google scholar: lookup
  34. Villamor E, Hammer S, Martinez-Olaizola A. Barriers to bicycle helmet use among Dutch paediatricians.. Child Care Health Dev 2008 Nov;34(6):743-7.
  35. Hung DV, Stevenson MR, Ivers RQ. Barriers to, and factors associated, with observed motorcycle helmet use in Vietnam.. Accid Anal Prev 2008 Jul;40(4):1627-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.05.002pubmed: 18606299google scholar: lookup
  36. Papadakaki M, Tzamalouka G, Orsi C, Kritikos A, Morandi A, Gnardellis C, Chliaoutakis J. Barriers and facilitators of helmet use in a greek sample of motorcycle riders: Which evidence?. Trans. Res. Part F Psychol. Behav. 2013;18:189–198.
    doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2013.01.002google scholar: lookup
  37. Peterson AR, Brooks MA. Pilot study of adolescent attitudes regarding ski or snowboard helmet use.. WMJ 2010 Feb;109(1):28-30.
    pmc: PMC2957671pubmed: 20942297
  38. Evans B, Gervais JT, Heard K, Valley M, Lowenstein SR. Ski patrollers: reluctant role models for helmet use.. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2009 Mar;16(1):9-14.
    doi: 10.1080/17457300902732045pmc: PMC2663786pubmed: 19225971google scholar: lookup
  39. Cundy TP, Systermans BJ, Cundy WJ, Cundy PJ, Briggs NE, Robinson JB. Helmets for snow sports: prevalence, trends, predictors and attitudes to use.. J Trauma 2010 Dec;69(6):1486-90.
    doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181fee31cpubmed: 21150527google scholar: lookup
  40. Thompson K, Nesci C. Over-riding concerns: Developing safe relations in the high-risk interspecies sport of eventing. Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport. 2013.
    doi: 10.1177/1012690213513266google scholar: lookup
  41. Thompson K, Birke L. The horse has got to want to help: Human-animal habituses and networks in amateur show jumping. Routledge; London, UK: 2013.
  42. Callaghan JE, Lazard L. 'Please don't put the whole dang thing out there!': a discursive analysis of internet discussions around infant feeding.. Psychol Health 2012;27(8):938-55.
    doi: 10.1080/08870446.2011.634294pubmed: 22165901google scholar: lookup
  43. Rodriquez J. Narrating dementia: self and community in an online forum.. Qual Health Res 2013 Sep;23(9):1215-27.
    doi: 10.1177/1049732313501725pubmed: 23907588google scholar: lookup
  44. Flynn M A, Stana A. Social support in a men’s online eating disorder forum. Int. J. Men’s Health. 2012;11:150–169.
    doi: 10.3149/jmh.1102.150google scholar: lookup
  45. Green J, Willis K, Hughes E, Small R, Welch N, Gibbs L, Daly J. Generating best evidence from qualitative research: the role of data analysis.. Aust N Z J Public Health 2007 Dec;31(6):545-50.
  46. McManus P, Albrecht G, Graham R. The Global Horseracing Industry: Social, Economic, Environmental and Ethical Perspectives. Routledge; London, UK: 2012.
  47. Racing Australia. Australian Rules of Racing. [(accessed on 23 February 2015)]. Available online: http://www.australianracingboard.com.au/racing_rules.aspx.
  48. Ruedl G, Brunner F, Kopp M, Burtscher M. Impact of a ski helmet mandatory on helmet use on Austrian ski slopes.. J Trauma 2011 Oct;71(4):1085-7.
    doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31821e7e91pubmed: 21986749google scholar: lookup
  49. Dannenberg AL, Gielen AC, Beilenson PL, Wilson MH, Joffe A. Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns: an evaluation of strategies to increase children's helmet use.. Am J Public Health 1993 May;83(5):667-74.
    doi: 10.2105/AJPH.83.5.667pmc: PMC1694700pubmed: 8484446google scholar: lookup
  50. Gielen AC, Joffe A, Dannenberg AL, Wilson ME, Beilenson PL, DeBoer M. Psychosocial factors associated with the use of bicycle helmets among children in counties with and without helmet use laws.. J Pediatr 1994 Feb;124(2):204-10.
    doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(94)70304-3pubmed: 8301423google scholar: lookup
  51. Thompson K. Theorising Rider-Horse Relations: An Ethnographic Illustration of the Centaur Metaphor in the Spanish Bullfight. Brill; Leiden, The Netherlands: 2011.
  52. Schuurman N. Blogging situated emotions in human-horse relationships. Emot. Space Soc. 2014;13:1–8.
  53. Hawson L A, McLean A N, McGreevy P D. The roles of equine ethology and applied learning theory in horse-related human injuries. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2010;5:324–338.
  54. Hausberger M, Roche H, Henry S, Visser E K. A review of the human-horse relationship. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;109:1–24.
  55. McGreevy PD. The advent of equitation science.. Vet J 2007 Nov;174(3):492-500.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.09.008pubmed: 17157542google scholar: lookup
  56. Ladewig J. Human safety and horse welfare-two sides of the same coin. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 2011;6:292–293.
  57. Thompson K. For pets’ sake, save yourself: Motivating emergency and disaster preparedness through relations of animal guardianship. Aust. J. Emerg. Manag. 2015;30:43–46.
  58. Nelson DE, Rivara FP, Condie C. Helmets and horseback riders.. Am J Prev Med 1994 Jan-Feb;10(1):15-9.
    pubmed: 8172726
  59. Ritter N, Vance C. The determinants of bicycle helmet use: evidence from Germany.. Accid Anal Prev 2011 Jan;43(1):95-100.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.07.016pubmed: 21094302google scholar: lookup
  60. Cassidy R L. Horse People: Thoroughbred Culture in Lexington and Newmarket. JHU Press; Baltimore, MD, USA: 2010.
  61. Krumeich A, Weijts W, Reddy P, Meijer-Weitz A. The benefits of anthropological approaches for health promotion research and practice.. Health Educ Res 2001 Apr;16(2):121-30.
    doi: 10.1093/her/16.2.121pubmed: 11345657google scholar: lookup
  62. Thompson K, McGreevy P, McManus P. A Critical Review of Horse-Related Risk: A Research Agenda for Safer Mounts, Riders and Equestrian Cultures.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 17;5(3):561-75.
    pmc: PMC4598694pubmed: 26479374doi: 10.3390/ani5030372google scholar: lookup
  63. Zuckerman M. The sensation seeking scale v (SSS-V): Still reliable and valid. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2007;43:1303–1305.

Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
  1. Riley CB, Padalino B, Rogers CW, Thompson KR. Human Injuries Associated with the Transport of Horses by Road. Animals (Basel) 2023 May 10;13(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13101594pubmed: 37238024google scholar: lookup
  2. Chapman M, Thompson K. Preventing and Investigating Horse-Related Human Injury and Fatality in Work and Non-Work Equestrian Environments: A Consideration of the Workplace Health and Safety Framework. Animals (Basel) 2016 May 6;6(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6050033pubmed: 27164148google scholar: lookup
  3. Ikinger CM, Baldamus J, Spiller A. Factors Influencing the Safety Behavior of German Equestrians: Attitudes towards Protective Equipment and Peer Behaviors. Animals (Basel) 2016 Feb 18;6(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6020014pubmed: 26901229google scholar: lookup
  4. DeAraugo J, McLaren S, McManus P, McGreevy PD. Improving the Understanding of Psychological Factors Contributing to Horse-Related Accident and Injury: Context, Loss of Focus, Cognitive Errors and Rigidity. Animals (Basel) 2016 Feb 15;6(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6020012pubmed: 26891333google scholar: lookup
  5. Thompson K, Matthews C. Inroads into Equestrian Safety: Rider-Reported Factors Contributing to Horse-Related Accidents and Near Misses on Australian Roads. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 22;5(3):592-609.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5030374pubmed: 26479376google scholar: lookup
  6. Thompson K, McGreevy P, McManus P. A Critical Review of Horse-Related Risk: A Research Agenda for Safer Mounts, Riders and Equestrian Cultures. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 17;5(3):561-75.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5030372pubmed: 26479374google scholar: lookup