FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Infect Immun / Hemagglutination by equine infectious anemia virus.
Infection and immunity1976; 14(2); 325-331; doi: 10.1128/iai.14.2.325-331.1976

Hemagglutination by equine infectious anemia virus.

Abstract: Equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus which was propagated on an equine dermal cell line agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. Viral fluids containing about 10(7.5) mean tissue culture infective doses/ml showed hemagglutinating (HA) titers ranging from 16 to 32 units/0.05 ml. Results of cesium chloride equilibrium density gradient centrifugation revealed that the hemagglutinin was inseparable from the virus particles. The hemagglutination reaction persisted over a wide range of temperature and pH, and the absence of divalent cations did not decrease its activity. The HA activity was stable at 4 degrees C but not at 56 degreesC. The activity was destroyed by virus-disrupting lipid solvents and moderately sensitive to a proteolytic enzyme. Neuraminidase enhanced HA activity slightly. Phospholipase C had no effect on HA titer, although it completely inactivated infectivity. It was relatively stable to ultraviolet irradiation. Thus, the hemagglutinin appears to be closely associated with virus particles, and its activity is dependent on the presence of its lipids and proteins. Hemagglutination was inhibited by sera from horses infected with EIA virus. Hemagglutinin receptors on the erythrocytes were inactivated by a proteolytic enzyme and formaldehyde but were not influenced by neuraminidase, sodium deoxycholate, or KIO4.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1976-08-01 PubMed ID: 9361PubMed Central: PMC420886DOI: 10.1128/iai.14.2.325-331.1976Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates how the equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus affects guinea pig red blood cells. The findings reveal that the virus induces hemagglutination, a process which causes these cells to clump together. The exact mechanism behind this reaction involves numerous factors including temperature, pH, lipid and protein presence, and receptors on the erythrocyte surface.

Virus Propagation and Hemagglutination

  • The EIA virus was made to multiply on a type of horse skin cell line and could form clumps with red blood cells from guinea pigs.
  • The virus needs to reach a certain concentration in the cell culture to bring about these clumps. This hemagglutination was quantified using hemagglutinating units.

Characteristics of Hemagglutination

  • The researchers identified that the hemagglutination could not be separated from the actual virus particles using a technique called cesium chloride equilibrium density gradient centrifugation.
  • The hemagglutination remained effective across a large range of temperatures and environmental pH and did not require divalent cations, which are ions with double positive charge.

Stability of Hemagglutination Activity

  • The hemagglutination activity remained stable at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius but was disrupted when exposed to a temperature of 56 degrees Celsius.
  • Hemagglutination activity could also be destroyed using virus-disrupting lipid solvents and was somewhat sensitive to an enzyme that can break down proteins.

Influence of Enzymes and Light on Hemagglutination

  • The enzyme neuraminidase slightly increased hemagglutination activity, but another enzyme called phospholipase C did not affect it, although it did inactivate the virus’s ability to infect cells.
  • Ultraviolet light had minimal impact on the hemagglutination activity.

Receptors on Red Blood Cells

  • The hemagglutination reaction could be stopped by serum (the liquid part of blood) from horses infected with the EIA virus.
  • The receptors involved in hemagglutination on the red blood cells could be inactivated by a protein-breaking enzyme and a chemical called formaldehyde, but were not affected by neuraminidase, sodium deoxycholate, or KIO4 (potassium periodate).

To summarize, the activity of hemagglutination by the EIA virus is reliant on both the lipid and protein components of the virus, and is associated with the virus particles. The virus’s ability to agglutinate red blood cells could be stopped by serum from EIA-infected horses and inactivation of receptors on the surface of red blood cells.

Cite This Article

APA
Sentsui H, Kono Y. (1976). Hemagglutination by equine infectious anemia virus. Infect Immun, 14(2), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.14.2.325-331.1976

Publication

Infection and immunity
ISSN: 0019-9567
NlmUniqueID: 0246127
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 325-331

Researcher Affiliations

Sentsui, H
    Kono, Y

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Chloroform / pharmacology
      • Complement Fixation Tests
      • Deoxycholic Acid / pharmacology
      • Equartevirus / immunology
      • Ether / pharmacology
      • Formaldehyde / pharmacology
      • Guinea Pigs
      • Hemagglutination / radiation effects
      • Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
      • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
      • Neuraminidase / pharmacology
      • Periodic Acid / pharmacology
      • Phospholipases / pharmacology
      • RNA Viruses / immunology
      • Species Specificity
      • Temperature
      • Trypsin / pharmacology
      • Ultraviolet Rays

      References

      This article includes 22 references
      1. Kono Y, Kobayashi K, Fukunaga Y. Antigenic drift of equine infectious anemia virus in chronically infected horses.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1973;41(1):1-10.
        pubmed: 4123810doi: 10.1007/BF01249923google scholar: lookup
      2. Nakajima H, Tajima M, Tanaka S, Ushimi C. Physicochemical studies of equine infectionus anemia virus. 3. Purification and electron microscopic observation of the virus.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1969;28(3):348-60.
        pubmed: 4195623doi: 10.1007/BF01240949google scholar: lookup
      3. Kono Y, Kobayashi K. Complement fixation test of equine infectious anemia. I. Specificity of the test.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1966 Winter;6(4):194-203.
        pubmed: 4292231
      4. Kono Y, Kobayashi K. Complement fixation test of equine infectious anemia. II. Relationship between CF antibody response and the disease.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1966 Winter;6(4):204-7.
        pubmed: 4292232
      5. Kono Y, Kobayashi K. Specificity of assay of equine infectious anemia virus in horse leukocyte culture.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1967 Fall;7(3):138-44.
        pubmed: 4295385
      6. Kono Y. Characteristics of the complement-fixing antigen of equine infectious anemia virus.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1968 Fall;8(3):117-21.
        pubmed: 4305805
      7. Kono Y. Viremia and immunological responses in horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1969 Spring;9(1):1-9.
        pubmed: 4306393
      8. Tajima M, Nakajima H, Ito Y. Electron microscopy of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1969 Oct;4(4):521-7.
        pubmed: 4311413doi: 10.1128/JVI.4.4.521-527.1969google scholar: lookup
      9. Kono Y, Yoshino T, Fukanaga Y. Growth characteristics of equine infectious anemia virus in horse leukocyte cultures. Brief report.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1970;30(2):252-6.
        pubmed: 4318580doi: 10.1007/BF01250196google scholar: lookup
      10. Nakajima H, Tanaka S, Ushimi C. Physicochemical studies of equine infectious anemia virus. IV. Determination of the nucleic acid type in the virus.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1970;31(3):273-80.
        pubmed: 4321449doi: 10.1007/BF01253762google scholar: lookup
      11. Kono Y, Kobayashi K, Fukunaga Y. Distribution of equine infectious anemia virus in horses infected with the virus.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1971 Spring;11(1):11-20.
        pubmed: 4325551
      12. Kono Y, Kobayashi K, Fukunaga Y. Serological comparison among various strains of equine infectious anemia virus.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1971;34(3):202-8.
        pubmed: 4330134doi: 10.1007/BF01242993google scholar: lookup
      13. Coggins L, Norcross NL, Nusbaum SR. Diagnosis of equine infectious anemia by immunodiffusion test.. Am J Vet Res 1972 Jan;33(1):11-8.
        pubmed: 4333633
      14. Howe C, Lee LT. Virus-erythrocyte interactions.. Adv Virus Res 1972;17:1-50.
        pubmed: 4348510doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60746-0google scholar: lookup
      15. Nakajima H, Mizuno Y, Yasuda K, Ushimi C. Physicochemical studies of equine infectious anemia virus. V. Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on virus infectivity.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1973;41(1):135-7.
        pubmed: 4352062doi: 10.1007/BF01249939google scholar: lookup
      16. Malmquist WA, Barnett D, Becvar CS. Production of equine infectious anemia antigen in a persistently infected cell line.. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1973;42(4):361-70.
        pubmed: 4358259doi: 10.1007/BF01250717google scholar: lookup
      17. Schäfer W, Szántó J. [Studies on mouse leukemia viruses. II. Demonstration of a virus-specific hemagglutinin].. Z Naturforsch B 1969 Oct;24(10):1324-31.
        pubmed: 4391360
      18. Nowinski RC, Old LJ, Sarkar NH, Moore DH. Common properties of the oncogenic RNA viruses (oncornaviruses).. Virology 1970 Dec;42(4):1152-7.
        pubmed: 5489229doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90367-3google scholar: lookup
      19. Kuwert E, Wiktor TJ, Sokol F, Koprowski H. Hemagglutination by rabies virus.. J Virol 1968 Dec;2(12):1381-92.
        pubmed: 5754504doi: 10.1128/JVI.2.12.1381-1392.1968google scholar: lookup
      20. ISHII S. EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA OR SWAMP FEVER.. Adv Vet Sci 1963;8:263-98.
        pubmed: 14272338
      21. STEIN CD, MOTT LO, GATES DW. Some observations on carriers of equine infectious anemia.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1955 Apr;126(937):277-86.
        pubmed: 14353779
      22. Nakajima H, Ushimi C. Immunodiffusion studies of purified equine infectious anemia virus.. Infect Immun 1971 Mar;3(3):373-7.
        pubmed: 16557982doi: 10.1128/iai.3.3.373-377.1971google scholar: lookup

      Citations

      This article has been cited 6 times.
      1. Sellon DC. Equine infectious anemia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993 Aug;9(2):321-36.
        doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30399-1pubmed: 8395326google scholar: lookup
      2. Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, McGuire TC. The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus. Virus Res 1994 May;32(2):111-38.
        doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90038-8pubmed: 8067050google scholar: lookup
      3. Sentsui H, Kono Y. Hemagglutination of several strains of equine infectious anemia virus. Arch Virol 1981;67(1):75-84.
        doi: 10.1007/BF01314604pubmed: 6263225google scholar: lookup
      4. Hübschle OJ. Bluetongue virus hemagglutination and its inhibition by specific sera. Arch Virol 1980;64(2):133-40.
        doi: 10.1007/BF01318017pubmed: 6247995google scholar: lookup
      5. Sentsui H, Kono Y. Complement-mediated hemolysis of horse erythrocytes treated with equine infectious anemia virus. Arch Virol 1987;95(1-2):53-66.
        doi: 10.1007/BF01311334pubmed: 3036045google scholar: lookup
      6. Clabough DL, Gebhard D, Flaherty MT, Whetter LE, Perry ST, Coggins L, Fuller FJ. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol 1991 Nov;65(11):6242-51.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.11.6242-6251.1991pubmed: 1717720google scholar: lookup
      Subscribe to our newsletter
      Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.