FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Int J Mol Sci / High density infill in cracks and protrusions from the artic...
International journal of molecular sciences2015; 16(5); 9600-9611; doi: 10.3390/ijms16059600

High density infill in cracks and protrusions from the articular calcified cartilage in osteoarthritis in standardbred horse carpal bones.

Abstract: We studied changes in articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and subchondral bone (SCB) in the third carpal bones (C3) of Standardbred racehorses with naturally-occurring repetitive loading-induced osteoarthritis (OA). Two osteochondral cores were harvested from dorsal sites from each of 15 post-mortem C3 and classified as control or as showing early or advanced OA changes from visual inspection. We re-examined X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) image sets for the presence of high-density mineral infill (HDMI) in ACC cracks and possible high-density mineralized protrusions (HDMP) from the ACC mineralizing (tidemark) front (MF) into hyaline articular cartilage (HAC). We hypothesized and we show that 20-µm µCT resolution in 10-mm diameter samples is sufficient to detect HDMI and HDMP: these are lost upon tissue decalcification for routine paraffin wax histology owing to their predominant mineral content. The findings show that µCT is sufficient to discover HDMI and HDMP, which were seen in 2/10 controls, 6/9 early OA and 8/10 advanced OA cases. This is the first report of HDMI and HDMP in the equine carpus and in the Standardbred breed and the first to rely solely on µCT. HDMP are a candidate cause for mechanical tissue destruction in OA.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-04-28 PubMed ID: 25927581PubMed Central: PMC4463607DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059600Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates the changes in articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and subchondral bone (SCB) in the third carpal bones (C3) of Standardbred racehorses suffering from osteoarthritis (OA). Using X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT), researchers found that high-density mineral infill (HDMI) in ACC cracks and high-density mineralized protrusions (HDMP) were present in affected bones, potentially contributing to mechanical tissue destruction associated with OA.

Study Purpose and Methodology

  • The research aimed to understand the changes in ACC and SCB in Standardbred racehorses suffering from naturally occurring, repetitive loading-induced OA. This was achieved by studying these horses’ C3 post-mortem.
  • The team harvested two osteochondral cores from dorsal sites of each C3 from 15 horses. These cores were then classified into three groups: controls (healthy), early OA, or advanced OA based on visual inspection.
  • Through the use of X-ray µCT imaging, the researchers studied the cores for HDMI in ACC cracks and possible HDMP from the ACC mineralizing front (MF) into hyaline articular cartilage (HAC).

Findings from X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography (µCT)

  • The researchers postulated that a resolution of 20-µm in 10-mm diameter samples could detect HDMI and HDMP. These specific features are typically lost in tissue decalcification for regular paraffin wax histology due to their high mineral content.
  • Through µCT, the scientists were able to discover HDMI and HDMP in the studied samples.
  • HDMI and HDMP were observed in certain controls (2 out of 10), early OA (6 out of 9), and advanced OA cases (8 out of 10).
  • This is the first study of its kind, reporting these findings in Standardbred horses’ equine carpus and relying solely on µCT.

Significance of High-Density Mineralized Protrusions (HDMP)

  • HDMP have been identified as potentially responsible for mechanical tissue damage in OA, an important finding as it could lead to future understanding and improvement in OA treatments, possibly even in other species.

Cite This Article

APA
Laverty S, Lacourt M, Gao C, Henderson JE, Boyde A. (2015). High density infill in cracks and protrusions from the articular calcified cartilage in osteoarthritis in standardbred horse carpal bones. Int J Mol Sci, 16(5), 9600-9611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16059600

Publication

International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
NlmUniqueID: 101092791
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 5
Pages: 9600-9611

Researcher Affiliations

Laverty, Sheila
  • Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S-7C6, Canada. sheila.laverty@umontreal.ca.
Lacourt, Mathieu
  • Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S-7C6, Canada. matlacourt@gmail.com.
Gao, Chan
  • Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G-1A4, Canada. chan.gao@mail.mcgill.ca.
Henderson, Janet E
  • Bone Engineering Labs, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital C9-133, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, QC H3G-1A4, Canada. Janet.henderson@mcgill.ca.
Boyde, Alan
  • Dental Physical Sciences, Oral Growth and Development, Dental Institute, Barts' and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London E1 4NS, UK. a.boyde@qmul.ac.uk.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Calcinosis / complications
  • Calcinosis / diagnostic imaging
  • Calcinosis / pathology
  • Carpal Bones / diagnostic imaging
  • Carpal Bones / pathology
  • Cartilage, Articular / diagnostic imaging
  • Cartilage, Articular / pathology
  • Horses
  • Osteoarthritis / complications
  • Osteoarthritis / diagnostic imaging
  • Osteoarthritis / pathology
  • Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
  • Stress, Mechanical
  • X-Ray Microtomography

References

This article includes 20 references
  1. Oegema TR Jr, Carpenter RJ, Hofmeister F, Thompson RC Jr. The interaction of the zone of calcified cartilage and subchondral bone in osteoarthritis.. Microsc Res Tech 1997 May 15;37(4):324-32.
    doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970515)37:4<324::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-Kpubmed: 9185154google scholar: lookup
  2. Radin EL, Rose RM. Role of subchondral bone in the initiation and progression of cartilage damage.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986 Dec;(213):34-40.
    pubmed: 3780104
  3. Boyde A, Haroon Y, Jones SJ, Riggs CM. Three dimensional structure of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone of the horse.. Equine Vet J 1999 Mar;31(2):122-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03805.xpubmed: 10213424google scholar: lookup
  4. Lacourt M, Gao C, Li A, Girard C, Beauchamp G, Henderson JE, Laverty S. Relationship between cartilage and subchondral bone lesions in repetitive impact trauma-induced equine osteoarthritis.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012 Jun;20(6):572-83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.02.004pubmed: 22343573google scholar: lookup
  5. Burr DB, Radin EL. Microfractures and microcracks in subchondral bone: are they relevant to osteoarthrosis?. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003 Nov;29(4):675-85.
    doi: 10.1016/S0889-857X(03)00061-9pubmed: 14603577google scholar: lookup
  6. Boyde A. The real response of bone to exercise.. J Anat 2003 Aug;203(2):173-89.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00213.xpmc: PMC1571152pubmed: 12924818google scholar: lookup
  7. Boyde A, Firth EC. High resolution microscopic survey of third metacarpal articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone in the juvenile horse: possible implications in chondro-osseous disease.. Microsc Res Tech 2008 Jun;71(6):477-88.
    doi: 10.1002/jemt.20575pubmed: 18320577google scholar: lookup
  8. Ferguson VL, Bushby AJ, Boyde A. Nanomechanical properties and mineral concentration in articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone.. J Anat 2003 Aug;203(2):191-202.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00193.xpmc: PMC1571155pubmed: 12924819google scholar: lookup
  9. Boyde A, Riggs CM, Bushby AJ, McDermott B, Pinchbeck GL, Clegg PD. Cartilage damage involving extrusion of mineralisable matrix from the articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone.. Eur Cell Mater 2011 May 28;21:470-8; discussion 478.
    pubmed: 21623571doi: 10.22203/ecm.v021a35google scholar: lookup
  10. Eidelman N, Boyde A, Bushby AJ, Howell PG, Sun J, Newbury DE, Miller FW, Robey PG, Rider LG. Microstructure and mineral composition of dystrophic calcification associated with the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11(5):R159.
    doi: 10.1186/ar2841pmc: PMC2787294pubmed: 19857267google scholar: lookup
  11. Ley CJ, Ekman S, Hansson K, Björnsdóttir S, Boyde A. Osteochondral lesions in distal tarsal joints of Icelandic horses reveal strong associations between hyaline and calcified cartilage abnormalities.. Eur Cell Mater 2014 Mar 25;27:213-36; discussion 234-6.
    pubmed: 24668595doi: 10.22203/ecm.v027a16google scholar: lookup
  12. Boyde A, Davis GR, Mills D, Zikmund T, Cox TM, Adams VL, Niker A, Wilson PJ, Dillon JP, Ranganath LR, Jeffery N, Jarvis JC, Gallagher JA. On fragmenting, densely mineralised acellular protrusions into articular cartilage and their possible role in osteoarthritis.. J Anat 2014 Oct;225(4):436-46.
    doi: 10.1111/joa.12226pmc: PMC4174026pubmed: 25132002google scholar: lookup
  13. Mori S, Harruff R, Burr DB. Microcracks in articular calcified cartilage of human femoral heads.. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993 Feb;117(2):196-8.
    pubmed: 7678956
  14. Villanueva AR, Longo JA 3rd, Weiner G. Staining and histomorphometry of microcracks in the human femoral head.. Biotech Histochem 1994 Mar;69(2):81-8.
    doi: 10.3109/10520299409106266pubmed: 7515700google scholar: lookup
  15. Sokoloff L. Microcracks in the calcified layer of articular cartilage.. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993 Feb;117(2):191-5.
    pubmed: 8427570
  16. Norrdin RW, Stover SM. Subchondral bone failure in overload arthrosis: a scanning electron microscopic study in horses.. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2006 Jul-Sep;6(3):251-7.
    pubmed: 17142946
  17. Varich L, Pathria M, Resnick D, Hodler J, Bruser D, Bosch E, Trudell D, Tyson R. Patterns of central acetabular osteophytosis in osteoarthritis of the hip.. Invest Radiol 1993 Dec;28(12):1120-7.
    doi: 10.1097/00004424-199312000-00007pubmed: 8307715google scholar: lookup
  18. McCauley TR, Kornaat PR, Jee WH. Central osteophytes in the knee: prevalence and association with cartilage defects on MR imaging.. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001 Feb;176(2):359-64.
    doi: 10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760359pubmed: 11159074google scholar: lookup
  19. Gold GE, McCauley TR, Gray ML, Disler DG. What's new in cartilage?. Radiographics 2003 Sep-Oct;23(5):1227-42.
    doi: 10.1148/rg.235035113pubmed: 14518449google scholar: lookup
  20. Olive J, D'Anjou MA, Girard C, Laverty S, Theoret CL. Imaging and histological features of central subchondral osteophytes in racehorses with metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis.. Equine Vet J 2009 Dec;41(9):859-64.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X448481pubmed: 20383982google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Kurz B, Lange T, Voelker M, Hart ML, Rolauffs B. Articular Cartilage-From Basic Science Structural Imaging to Non-Invasive Clinical Quantitative Molecular Functional Information for AI Classification and Prediction.. Int J Mol Sci 2023 Oct 7;24(19).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms241914974pubmed: 37834422google scholar: lookup
  2. Evans LAE, Pitsillides AA. Structural clues to articular calcified cartilage function: A descriptive review of this crucial interface tissue.. J Anat 2022 Oct;241(4):875-895.
    doi: 10.1111/joa.13728pubmed: 35866709google scholar: lookup
  3. Kaspiris A, Chronopoulos E, Vasiliadis E, Khaldi L, Melissaridou D, Iliopoulos ID, Savvidou OD. Sex, but not age and bone mass index positively impact on the development of osteochondral micro-defects and the accompanying cellular alterations during osteoarthritis progression.. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2022 Mar;8(1):41-50.
    doi: 10.1002/cdt3.16pubmed: 35620158google scholar: lookup
  4. Shepherd RF, Kerns JG, Ranganath LR, Gallagher JA, Taylor AM. "Lessons from Rare Forms of Osteoarthritis".. Calcif Tissue Int 2021 Sep;109(3):291-302.
    doi: 10.1007/s00223-021-00896-3pubmed: 34417863google scholar: lookup
  5. Boyde A. The Bone Cartilage Interface and Osteoarthritis.. Calcif Tissue Int 2021 Sep;109(3):303-328.
    doi: 10.1007/s00223-021-00866-9pubmed: 34086084google scholar: lookup
  6. Lombardi AF, Tang Q, Wong JH, Williams JL, Jerban S, Ma Y, Jang H, Du J, Chang EY. High-Density Mineralized Protrusions and Central Osteophytes: Associated Osteochondral Junction Abnormalities in Osteoarthritis.. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020 Dec 5;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10121051pubmed: 33291470google scholar: lookup
  7. Zhou X, Cao H, Yuan Y, Wu W. Biochemical Signals Mediate the Crosstalk between Cartilage and Bone in Osteoarthritis.. Biomed Res Int 2020;2020:5720360.
    doi: 10.1155/2020/5720360pubmed: 32337258google scholar: lookup
  8. Martig S, Hitchens PL, Stevenson MA, Whitton RC. Subchondral bone morphology in the metacarpus of racehorses in training changes with distance from the articular surface but not with age.. J Anat 2018 Jun;232(6):919-930.
    doi: 10.1111/joa.12794pubmed: 29446086google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.