Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
High density infill in cracks and protrusions from the articular calcified cartilage in osteoarthritis in standardbred horse carpal bones.
Abstract: We studied changes in articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and subchondral bone (SCB) in the third carpal bones (C3) of Standardbred racehorses with naturally-occurring repetitive loading-induced osteoarthritis (OA). Two osteochondral cores were harvested from dorsal sites from each of 15 post-mortem C3 and classified as control or as showing early or advanced OA changes from visual inspection. We re-examined X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) image sets for the presence of high-density mineral infill (HDMI) in ACC cracks and possible high-density mineralized protrusions (HDMP) from the ACC mineralizing (tidemark) front (MF) into hyaline articular cartilage (HAC). We hypothesized and we show that 20-µm µCT resolution in 10-mm diameter samples is sufficient to detect HDMI and HDMP: these are lost upon tissue decalcification for routine paraffin wax histology owing to their predominant mineral content. The findings show that µCT is sufficient to discover HDMI and HDMP, which were seen in 2/10 controls, 6/9 early OA and 8/10 advanced OA cases. This is the first report of HDMI and HDMP in the equine carpus and in the Standardbred breed and the first to rely solely on µCT. HDMP are a candidate cause for mechanical tissue destruction in OA.
Publication Date: 2015-04-28 PubMed ID: 25927581PubMed Central: PMC4463607DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059600Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The study investigates the changes in articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and subchondral bone (SCB) in the third carpal bones (C3) of Standardbred racehorses suffering from osteoarthritis (OA). Using X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT), researchers found that high-density mineral infill (HDMI) in ACC cracks and high-density mineralized protrusions (HDMP) were present in affected bones, potentially contributing to mechanical tissue destruction associated with OA.
Study Purpose and Methodology
- The research aimed to understand the changes in ACC and SCB in Standardbred racehorses suffering from naturally occurring, repetitive loading-induced OA. This was achieved by studying these horses’ C3 post-mortem.
- The team harvested two osteochondral cores from dorsal sites of each C3 from 15 horses. These cores were then classified into three groups: controls (healthy), early OA, or advanced OA based on visual inspection.
- Through the use of X-ray µCT imaging, the researchers studied the cores for HDMI in ACC cracks and possible HDMP from the ACC mineralizing front (MF) into hyaline articular cartilage (HAC).
Findings from X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography (µCT)
- The researchers postulated that a resolution of 20-µm in 10-mm diameter samples could detect HDMI and HDMP. These specific features are typically lost in tissue decalcification for regular paraffin wax histology due to their high mineral content.
- Through µCT, the scientists were able to discover HDMI and HDMP in the studied samples.
- HDMI and HDMP were observed in certain controls (2 out of 10), early OA (6 out of 9), and advanced OA cases (8 out of 10).
- This is the first study of its kind, reporting these findings in Standardbred horses’ equine carpus and relying solely on µCT.
Significance of High-Density Mineralized Protrusions (HDMP)
- HDMP have been identified as potentially responsible for mechanical tissue damage in OA, an important finding as it could lead to future understanding and improvement in OA treatments, possibly even in other species.
Cite This Article
APA
Laverty S, Lacourt M, Gao C, Henderson JE, Boyde A.
(2015).
High density infill in cracks and protrusions from the articular calcified cartilage in osteoarthritis in standardbred horse carpal bones.
Int J Mol Sci, 16(5), 9600-9611.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16059600 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S-7C6, Canada. sheila.laverty@umontreal.ca.
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S-7C6, Canada. matlacourt@gmail.com.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G-1A4, Canada. chan.gao@mail.mcgill.ca.
- Bone Engineering Labs, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital C9-133, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, QC H3G-1A4, Canada. Janet.henderson@mcgill.ca.
- Dental Physical Sciences, Oral Growth and Development, Dental Institute, Barts' and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London E1 4NS, UK. a.boyde@qmul.ac.uk.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Calcinosis / complications
- Calcinosis / diagnostic imaging
- Calcinosis / pathology
- Carpal Bones / diagnostic imaging
- Carpal Bones / pathology
- Cartilage, Articular / diagnostic imaging
- Cartilage, Articular / pathology
- Horses
- Osteoarthritis / complications
- Osteoarthritis / diagnostic imaging
- Osteoarthritis / pathology
- Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
- Stress, Mechanical
- X-Ray Microtomography
References
This article includes 20 references
- Oegema TR Jr, Carpenter RJ, Hofmeister F, Thompson RC Jr. The interaction of the zone of calcified cartilage and subchondral bone in osteoarthritis.. Microsc Res Tech 1997 May 15;37(4):324-32.
- Radin EL, Rose RM. Role of subchondral bone in the initiation and progression of cartilage damage.. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986 Dec;(213):34-40.
- Boyde A, Haroon Y, Jones SJ, Riggs CM. Three dimensional structure of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone of the horse.. Equine Vet J 1999 Mar;31(2):122-9.
- Lacourt M, Gao C, Li A, Girard C, Beauchamp G, Henderson JE, Laverty S. Relationship between cartilage and subchondral bone lesions in repetitive impact trauma-induced equine osteoarthritis.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012 Jun;20(6):572-83.
- Burr DB, Radin EL. Microfractures and microcracks in subchondral bone: are they relevant to osteoarthrosis?. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003 Nov;29(4):675-85.
- Boyde A. The real response of bone to exercise.. J Anat 2003 Aug;203(2):173-89.
- Boyde A, Firth EC. High resolution microscopic survey of third metacarpal articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone in the juvenile horse: possible implications in chondro-osseous disease.. Microsc Res Tech 2008 Jun;71(6):477-88.
- Ferguson VL, Bushby AJ, Boyde A. Nanomechanical properties and mineral concentration in articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone.. J Anat 2003 Aug;203(2):191-202.
- Boyde A, Riggs CM, Bushby AJ, McDermott B, Pinchbeck GL, Clegg PD. Cartilage damage involving extrusion of mineralisable matrix from the articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone.. Eur Cell Mater 2011 May 28;21:470-8; discussion 478.
- Eidelman N, Boyde A, Bushby AJ, Howell PG, Sun J, Newbury DE, Miller FW, Robey PG, Rider LG. Microstructure and mineral composition of dystrophic calcification associated with the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11(5):R159.
- Ley CJ, Ekman S, Hansson K, Björnsdóttir S, Boyde A. Osteochondral lesions in distal tarsal joints of Icelandic horses reveal strong associations between hyaline and calcified cartilage abnormalities.. Eur Cell Mater 2014 Mar 25;27:213-36; discussion 234-6.
- Boyde A, Davis GR, Mills D, Zikmund T, Cox TM, Adams VL, Niker A, Wilson PJ, Dillon JP, Ranganath LR, Jeffery N, Jarvis JC, Gallagher JA. On fragmenting, densely mineralised acellular protrusions into articular cartilage and their possible role in osteoarthritis.. J Anat 2014 Oct;225(4):436-46.
- Mori S, Harruff R, Burr DB. Microcracks in articular calcified cartilage of human femoral heads.. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993 Feb;117(2):196-8.
- Villanueva AR, Longo JA 3rd, Weiner G. Staining and histomorphometry of microcracks in the human femoral head.. Biotech Histochem 1994 Mar;69(2):81-8.
- Sokoloff L. Microcracks in the calcified layer of articular cartilage.. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993 Feb;117(2):191-5.
- Norrdin RW, Stover SM. Subchondral bone failure in overload arthrosis: a scanning electron microscopic study in horses.. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2006 Jul-Sep;6(3):251-7.
- Varich L, Pathria M, Resnick D, Hodler J, Bruser D, Bosch E, Trudell D, Tyson R. Patterns of central acetabular osteophytosis in osteoarthritis of the hip.. Invest Radiol 1993 Dec;28(12):1120-7.
- McCauley TR, Kornaat PR, Jee WH. Central osteophytes in the knee: prevalence and association with cartilage defects on MR imaging.. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001 Feb;176(2):359-64.
- Gold GE, McCauley TR, Gray ML, Disler DG. What's new in cartilage?. Radiographics 2003 Sep-Oct;23(5):1227-42.
- Olive J, D'Anjou MA, Girard C, Laverty S, Theoret CL. Imaging and histological features of central subchondral osteophytes in racehorses with metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis.. Equine Vet J 2009 Dec;41(9):859-64.
Citations
This article has been cited 11 times.Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
