FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
PLoS neglected tropical diseases2022; 16(2); e0010111; doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010111

Histoplasmosis in Africa: Current perspectives, knowledge gaps, and research priorities.

Abstract: Histoplasmosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The 2 variants Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Hcc) and Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii (Hcd) causes infection in humans and commonly termed classical or American histoplasmosis and African histoplasmosis, respectively. Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum (Hcf) affects equines. In recent times, there have been heightened sensitization on fungal infections such as histoplasmosis in Africa, aimed at improving awareness among relevant stakeholders, particularly healthcare workers. This effort is expected to be paralleled with increased detection of both classical and African histoplasmosis, which has remained underdiagnosed over the years. In this narrative review, we describe the current perspectives of histoplasmosis in Africa, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest research priorities. A PubMed, Google Scholar, and Africa Journal Online (AJOL) literature search was conducted for studies on histoplasmosis in Africa between 2000 and 2020. Histoplasmosis essays in medical mycology textbooks were also consulted. This narrative review was prepared from the data gathered. In the past 2 decades, histoplasmosis in general has seen a relative increase in case detection in some Africa countries, probably attributable to the gradually increasing medical mycology advocacy efforts in Africa. Histoplasmosis cases are dominated by African histoplasmosis mostly in Western and Central Africa, while classical histoplasmosis is more common in Southern and Northern Africa. Although both classical and African histoplasmosis are common in Africa, the latter is more restricted to Africa, and cases outside the continent usually have a travel history to the continent. Despite the clinical and laboratory difference between African histoplasmosis and classical histoplasmosis, it is not straightforward to distinguish them. The typical manifestation of African histoplasmosis is the appearance of lesions affecting the skin, bones, and lymph nodes and unusually linked to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. By contrast, classical histoplasmosis mostly affects the lungs and is often associated with immunosuppression, mainly HIV/AIDS. The present perspectives of histoplasmosis in Africa highlight unclear details on the true burden, strain diversity, infection route and genetic basis of African histoplasmosis, availability of specie-specific diagnostic tools, and compliance with recommended antifungal therapy. These knowledge gaps represent research questions that require scientific exploration. Despite a subtle increase in identifying histoplasmosis cases in Africa, it remains underdiagnosed and neglected in some parts of the continent. Increasing awareness and training among healthcare workers, bridging diagnostic and therapeutic gaps, and encouraging more research in Africa are crucial to improve the current perspectives of histoplasmosis in Africa.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-02-24 PubMed ID: 35202403PubMed Central: PMC8870498DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010111Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on the current scenario of histoplasmosis (a chronic disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum fungus) in Africa, acknowledging the increasing awareness and detection of the disease, while underscoring the areas where knowledge is lacking and suggesting research priorities.

Understanding Histoplasmosis

  • Histoplasmosis is caused by a type of fungus known as Histoplasma capsulatum, which has two human-infecting variations: Hcc (causing classical or American histoplasmosis) and Hcd (causing African histoplasmosis).
  • Another variation, Hcf, affects equines.
  • This disease has been underdiagnosed in the past but recent focus on fungal infections in Africa has led to improved awareness and higher detections of classical and African histoplasmosis.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers conducted an extensive literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Africa Journal Online (AJOL) for studies on histoplasmosis in Africa from 2000 – 2020.
  • Essays on histoplasmosis in medical mycology textbooks were also consulted to collate data.

Findings of the Review

  • The last two decades have seen an increase in histoplasmosis detection in certain African countries due to the rise in medical mycology advocacy efforts.
  • African histoplasmosis is more prevalent in Western and Central Africa, whereas classical histoplasmosis is more common in Southern and Northern Africa.
  • The two types of histoplasmosis have different clinical and laboratory characteristics and are challenging to distinguish. African histoplasmosis typically presents with skin, bone, and lymph node lesions, often linked to HIV/AIDS. In contrast, classical histoplasmosis mainly affects the lungs and is mostly associated with immunosuppression, especially HIV/AIDS.

Knowledge Gaps and Research Priorities

  • Despite increased detection, there are still uncertainties about the actual extent of histoplasmosis in Africa, the diversity of strains, modes of infection, and the genetic basis of African histoplasmosis.
  • Additional problems include the lack of species-specific diagnostic tools and the adherence to recommended antifungal therapy.
  • There is a clear call for more research in these areas to enhance understanding, diagnosis and treatment of histoplasmosis in Africa.

Conclusion and Recommendations

  • While the identification of histoplasmosis cases in Africa has slightly increased, it still remains underdiagnosed and neglected in some regions.
  • To improve the situation, it is crucial to enhance awareness and training of healthcare workers, bridge diagnostic and therapeutic gaps, and stimulate further research.

Cite This Article

APA
Ocansey BK, Kosmidis C, Agyei M, Dorkenoo AM, Ayanlowo OO, Oladele RO, Darre T, Denning DW. (2022). Histoplasmosis in Africa: Current perspectives, knowledge gaps, and research priorities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 16(2), e0010111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010111

Publication

PLoS neglected tropical diseases
ISSN: 1935-2735
NlmUniqueID: 101291488
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: e0010111
PII: e0010111

Researcher Affiliations

Ocansey, Bright K
  • Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Kosmidis, Chris
  • Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
  • National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Agyei, Martin
  • Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Dorkenoo, Améyo M
  • Department of Biology and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.
  • Division of Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Lomé, Togo.
Ayanlowo, Olusola O
  • Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
Oladele, Rita O
  • Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
Darre, Tchin
  • Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Lomé, Lomé, Togo.
Denning, David W
  • Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.

MeSH Terms

  • Africa
  • Animals
  • Awareness
  • Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
  • Histoplasma / genetics
  • Histoplasma / isolation & purification
  • Histoplasma / physiology
  • Histoplasmosis / microbiology
  • Histoplasmosis / psychology
  • Humans
  • Research / trends

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

This article includes 100 references
  1. Darling ST. A Protozoan general infection producing pseudotuberculosis in the lungs and focal necrosis in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.. JAMA 1906;46:1283–5.
  2. DUNCAN JT. A unique form of Histoplasma.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1947 Mar;40(4):364.
    pubmed: 20290653
  3. Oladele RO, Ayanlowo OO, Richardson MD, Denning DW. Histoplasmosis in Africa: An emerging or a neglected disease?. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 Jan;12(1):e0006046.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006046pmc: PMC5773084pubmed: 29346384google scholar: lookup
  4. Ashbee HR, Evans EG, Viviani MA, Dupont B, Chryssanthou E, Surmont I, Tomsikova A, Vachkov P, Enero B, Zala J, Tintelnot K. Histoplasmosis in Europe: report on an epidemiological survey from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology Working Group.. Med Mycol 2008 Feb;46(1):57-65.
    doi: 10.1080/13693780701591481pubmed: 17885939google scholar: lookup
  5. Shore RN, Waltersdorff RL, Edelstein MV, Teske JH. African histoplasmosis in the United States.. JAMA 1981 Feb 20;245(7):734.
    pubmed: 7463662
  6. Abrucio Neto L, Takahashi MD, Salebian A, Cucé LC. African histoplasmosis. Report of the first case in Brazil and treatment with itraconazole.. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1993 May-Jun;35(3):295-9.
    doi: 10.1590/s0036-46651993000300013pubmed: 8278762google scholar: lookup
  7. Sharmin S, Ohori A, Sano A, Kamei K, Yamaguchi M, Takeo K, Uno J, Nishimura K, Miyaji M. Histoplasma capsulatum variety duboisii isolated in Japan from an HIV-infected Ugandan patient.. Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 2003;44(4):299-306.
    doi: 10.3314/jjmm.44.299pubmed: 14615797google scholar: lookup
  8. Ehui E, Doukouré B, Kolia–Diafouka P, Aoussi E, Koffi E, Doumbia A. Intestinal histoplasmosis with Histoplasma duboisii in a patient infected by HIV–1 in Abidjan (Ivory Coast).. J AIDS Clin Res 2011;2(5):125.
  9. Régnier-Rosencher E, Dupont B, Jacobelli S, Paugam A, Carlotti A, Boitier F, Gorin I, Dupin N, Avril MF. Late occurrence of Histoplasma duboisii cutaneous and pulmonary infection 18 years after exposure.. J Mycol Med 2014 Sep;24(3):229-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.08.001pubmed: 25155354google scholar: lookup
  10. Konan L, Drogba L, Brahima D, Mesfin FB. A Case of Histoplasma duboisii Brain Abscess and Review of the Literature.. Cureus 2020 Feb 13;12(2):e6984.
    doi: 10.7759/cureus.6984pmc: PMC7075515pubmed: 32201661google scholar: lookup
  11. Paccoud O, Nervo M, Alanio A, Garcia-Hermoso D, Bougnoux ME, Mateo J, Mandonnet E, Lortholary O, Lanternier F, Adle-Biassette H. Cerebral histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii in a patient with no known immunodeficiency.. J Travel Med 2021 Jan 6;28(1).
    doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa167pubmed: 32956441google scholar: lookup
  12. N'Golet A, N'Gouoni BG, Moukassa D, Nkoua-Mbon JB. Maxillary African histoplasmosis: unusual diagnostic problems of an unusual presentation.. Pathol Res Pract 2005;200(11-12):841-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2004.07.005pubmed: 15792130google scholar: lookup
  13. Bansal RK, Suseelan AV, Gugnani HC. Orbital cyst due to Histoplasma duboisii.. Br J Ophthalmol 1977 Jan;61(1):70-1.
    doi: 10.1136/bjo.61.1.70pmc: PMC1042877pubmed: 836779google scholar: lookup
  14. Darré T, Kpatcha M, Djiwa T, Sewa E, Dorkenoo AM, Kouyaté M, Napo-Koura G. African histoplasmosis of the penis.. Oxf Med Case Reports 2020 Jun;2020(6):omaa043.
    doi: 10.1093/omcr/omaa043pmc: PMC7315929pubmed: 32617170google scholar: lookup
  15. Musoke F. Spinal African histoplasmosis simulating tuberculous spondylitis.. Afr Health Sci 2001 Aug;1(1):28-9.
    pmc: PMC2704456pubmed: 12789131
  16. Lucas AO. Cutaneous manifestations of African histoplasmosis.. Br J Dermatol 1970 May;82(5):435-47.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1970.tb02203.xpubmed: 5431549google scholar: lookup
  17. Darré T, Saka B, Mouhari-Touré A, Dorkenoo AM, Amégbor K, Pitche VP, Napo-Koura G. Histoplasmosis by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii Observed at the Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy of Lomé in Togo.. J Pathog 2017;2017:2323412.
    doi: 10.1155/2017/2323412pmc: PMC5539941pubmed: 28804654google scholar: lookup
  18. Pakasa N, Biber A, Nsiangana S, Imposo D, Sumaili E, Muhindo H, Buitrago MJ, Barshack I, Schwartz E. African Histoplasmosis in HIV-Negative Patients, Kimpese, Democratic Republic of the Congo.. Emerg Infect Dis 2018 Nov;24(11):2068-2070.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2411.180236pmc: PMC6200001pubmed: 30334708google scholar: lookup
  19. Zida A, Niamba P, Barro-Traoré F, Korsaga-Somé N, Tapsoba P, Briegel J, Guiguemdé RT. Disseminated histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii in a non-HIV patient in Burkina Faso: Case report.. J Mycol Med 2015 Jun;25(2):159-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.03.002pubmed: 25840849google scholar: lookup
  20. Minta DK, Sylla M, Traoré AM, Soukho-Kaya A, Coulibaly I, Diallo K, Théra MA, Sidibé AT, Sidibé S, Traoré HA, Pichard E, Chabasse D. [Malian first observation of disseminated African histoplasmosis with predominant bone localizations in an HIV-negative child in Bamako (Mali). Review of the literature].. J Mycol Med 2014 Jun;24(2):152-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.08.001pubmed: 24094479google scholar: lookup
  21. Diadie S, Diatta B, Ndiaye M, Gaye M, Sow D, Ndiaye MT, Seck B, Diallo S, Diop A, Diallo M, Ly F, Niang SO, Kane A, Dieng MT. [Multifocal histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii in a 22 year-old Senegalese patient without proven immunodepression].. J Mycol Med 2016 Sep;26(3):265-70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.03.004pubmed: 27158080google scholar: lookup
  22. Cardoso L, Silva C, Marques N, Veríssimo C. Tonsillar ulceration as manifestation of disseminated African histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent Portuguese host.. Med Mycol Case Rep 2017 Sep;17:14-16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.04.003pmc: PMC5466580pubmed: 28626627google scholar: lookup
  23. Valero C, Gago S, Monteiro MC, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Buitrago MJ. African histoplasmosis: new clinical and microbiological insights.. Med Mycol 2018 Jan 1;56(1):51-59.
    pubmed: 28431110doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx020google scholar: lookup
  24. Loulergue P, Bastides F, Baudouin V, Chandenier J, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Dupont B, Viard JP, Dromer F, Lortholary O. Literature review and case histories of Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii infections in HIV-infected patients.. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Nov;13(11):1647-52.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1311.070665pmc: PMC3375808pubmed: 18217546google scholar: lookup
  25. Cipriano A, Neves-Maia J, Lopes V, Fleming CE, Ferreira MA, Bathay J. African histoplasmosis in a Guinea Bissau patient with HIV-2: Case report and review.. J Mycol Med 2020 Apr;30(1):100904.
    pubmed: 31706701doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100904google scholar: lookup
  26. Tsiodras S, Drogari-Apiranthitou M, Pilichos K, Leventakos K, Kelesidis T, Buitrago MJ, Petrikkos G, Panayiotides I. An unusual cutaneous tumor: African histoplasmosis following mudbaths: case report and review.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Feb;86(2):261-3.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0557pmc: PMC3269278pubmed: 22302860google scholar: lookup
  27. Bahr NC, Antinori S, Wheat LJ, Sarosi GA. Histoplasmosis infections worldwide: thinking outside of the Ohio River valley.. Curr Trop Med Rep 2015 Jun 1;2(2):70-80.
    doi: 10.1007/s40475-015-0044-0pmc: PMC4535725pubmed: 26279969google scholar: lookup
  28. Connolly PA, Durkin MM, Lemonte AM, Hackett EJ, Wheat LJ. Detection of histoplasma antigen by a quantitative enzyme immunoassay.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Dec;14(12):1587-91.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00071-07pmc: PMC2168386pubmed: 17913863google scholar: lookup
  29. Bialek R, Feucht A, Aepinus C, Just-Nübling G, Robertson VJ, Knobloch J, Hohle R. Evaluation of two nested PCR assays for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum DNA in human tissue.. J Clin Microbiol 2002 May;40(5):1644-7.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1644-1647.2002pmc: PMC130935pubmed: 11980934google scholar: lookup
  30. Bracca A, Tosello ME, Girardini JE, Amigot SL, Gomez C, Serra E. Molecular detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum in human clinical samples.. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Apr;41(4):1753-5.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.4.1753-1755.2003pmc: PMC153865pubmed: 12682178google scholar: lookup
  31. Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, Baddley JW, McKinsey DS, Loyd JE, Kauffman CA. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Oct 1;45(7):807-25.
    doi: 10.1086/521259pubmed: 17806045google scholar: lookup
  32. Haselow DT, Fields V, Fialkowski V, Gibbons–Burgener S, Jackson B, Pedati C. Standardized surveillance case definition for histoplasmosis.. Position Statement 16–ID–02: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists 2016.
  33. World Health Organization. Second WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics.. World Health Organization 2019.
  34. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Diagnosing and Managing Disseminated Histoplasmosis among People Living with HIV. 2020.
  35. Gugnani HC. Histoplasmosis in Africa: a review.. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2000 Oct-Dec;42(4):271-7.
    pubmed: 15597674
  36. Pellaton C, Cavassini M, Jaton-Ogay K, Carron PN, Christen-Zaech S, Calandra T, Bille J, Hauser PM. Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii infection in a patient with AIDS: rapid diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction-sequencing.. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 May;64(1):85-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.01.001pubmed: 19304436google scholar: lookup
  37. Therby A, Polotzanu O, Khau D, Monnier S, Greder Belan A, Eloy O. [Aspergillus galactomannan assay for the management of histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii in HIV-infected patients: education from a clinical case].. J Mycol Med 2014 Jun;24(2):166-70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.01.002pubmed: 24636196google scholar: lookup
  38. Esteves C, Rego Costa FR, Macedo C, Paiva D, Portugal R, Madureira AJ. African Histoplasmosis.. Acta Radiol Portuguesa 2016; 109(28):5154.
  39. Kipyegon KE, Musyoki SK, Kariuki SM. Detection of Histoplasma Capsulatum in domestic chicken droppings in Olenguruone, Nakuru County.. Eu Sci J 2017;13:15.
  40. Develoux M, Amona FM, Hennequin C. Histoplasmosis Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii: A Comprehensive Review of Cases From 1993 to 2019.. Clin Infect Dis 2021 Aug 2;73(3):e543-e549.
    pubmed: 32887981doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1304google scholar: lookup
  41. Oladele RO, Toriello C, Ogunsola FT, Ayanlowo OO, Foden P, Fayemiwo AS, Osaigbovo II, Iwuafor AA, Shettima S, Ekundayo HA, Richardson MD, Denning DW. Prior subclinical histoplasmosis revealed in Nigeria using histoplasmin skin testing.. PLoS One 2018;13(5):e0196224.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196224pmc: PMC5942784pubmed: 29742119google scholar: lookup
  42. Garcia-Guiñon A, Torres-Rodríguez JM, Ndidongarte DT, Cortadellas F, Labrín L. Disseminated histoplasmosis by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii in a paediatric patient from the Chad Republic, Africa.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 Jun;28(6):697-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s10096-008-0668-2pubmed: 19005708google scholar: lookup
  43. Vieira R, Botelho MM, Lima C, Lázaro A, Martins ML. Intra–abdominal abscess: A clinical manifestation of African histoplasmosis.. J Mycol Med 2009. Jun 1;19(2):134–7.
  44. Gumbs MA, Girishkumar H, Yousuf A, Levy L, Patel M, Narasimha V. Histoplasmosis of the small bowel in patients with AIDS.. Postgrad Med J 2000 Jun;76(896):367-9.
    doi: 10.1136/pmj.76.896.367pmc: PMC1741627pubmed: 10824055google scholar: lookup
  45. Akinyoola AL, Onayemi O, Famurewa OC. African histoplasmosis - masquerading as a malignant bone tumour.. Trop Doct 2006 Oct;36(4):250-1.
    doi: 10.1258/004947506778604922pubmed: 17034712google scholar: lookup
  46. Richaud C, Chandesris MO, Lanternier F, Benzaquen-Forner H, Garcia-Hermoso D, Picard C, Catherinot E, Bougnoux ME, Lortholary O. Imported African histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent patient 40 years after staying in a disease-endemic area.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Nov;91(5):1011-4.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0731pmc: PMC4228866pubmed: 25246691google scholar: lookup
  47. Muotoe-Okafor FA, Gugnani HC, Gugnani A, Okafor G. Antibodies to antigens of Histoplasma, Blastomyces and Candida in HIV patients and carriers in Nigeria.. Mycoses 2000;43(5):173-5.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2000.00568.xpubmed: 10948814google scholar: lookup
  48. Minta DK, Dembélé M, Lorre G, Diallo DA, Traoré HA, Chabasse D. [African histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii): a case report from Mali].. Sante 2005 Jul-Sep;15(3):195-9.
    pubmed: 16207583
  49. Mudawi HM, Elamin EM, Baraka OZ, El-Hassan AM. Addison's disease due to Histoplasma duboisii infection of the adrenal glands.. Saudi Med J 2008 Jun;29(6):904-6.
    pubmed: 18521476
  50. Katchy AU, Eyesan SU, Awotunde TO, Adesina SA, Ayandele BO, Sabageh D. Histoplasma duboisii of the femoral bone.. J Res Med Sci 2019;24:19.
    doi: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_97_18pmc: PMC6450135pubmed: 31007689google scholar: lookup
  51. N'dri Oka D, Varlet G, Kakou M, Zunon-Kipre Y, Broalet E, Ba Zeze V. [Spondylodiscitis due to Histoplasma duboisii. Report of two cases and review of the literature].. Neurochirurgie 2001 Sep;47(4):431-4.
    pubmed: 11493872
  52. Arlet JB, Furco-Mazzantini A, Huerre M, Neuville S, Molina JM. African histoplasmosis infection with peritoneal involvement.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004 Apr;23(4):342-4.
    doi: 10.1007/s10096-003-1089-xpubmed: 15015032google scholar: lookup
  53. Ndiaye D, Diallo M, Sene PD, Ndiaye M, Ndir O. [Disseminated histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii in Senegal. A case in HIV-infected patient].. J Mycol Med 2011 Mar;21(1):60-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2010.12.004pubmed: 24451506google scholar: lookup
  54. Gonçalves D, Ferraz C, Vaz L. Posaconazole as rescue therapy in African histoplasmosis.. Braz J Infect Dis 2013 Jan-Feb;17(1):102-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.06.027pmc: PMC9427377pubmed: 23312726google scholar: lookup
  55. Agyei M, Annan JK, Ofori A, Tannor EK, Adjei EK. African histoplasmosis–an underdiagnosed tropical disease in Ghana.. World J Adv Res Rev 2020;7(1):178–82.
  56. Saka B, Akakpo S, Teclessou J, Mahamadou G, Mouhari–Toure A, Kombaté K. Disseminated Histoplasmosis Due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii in a Non–HIV Patient in Togo: A Case Report.. Glob J Dermatol Venereol 2018. Dec 16;6:1–4.
  57. Ahogo KC, Kanga K, Kouassi KA, Sylvanus K, Allou AS. African cutaneous histoplasmosis: two particular pediatric forms.. Eur J Pediatr Dermatol 2018. Jul 1;28(3).
  58. Ahogo KC, Sangaré A, Gbery IP, Ecra E, Kaloga M, Kassi K, Kouamé K, Kourouma AK, Abadjinan A, Kacou DE, Kanga JM. [Cutaneous histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum variety duboisii in an immune competent child. About one case in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire].. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2009 Aug;102(3):147-9.
    pubmed: 19739407
  59. Kouassi YI, Ahogo KC, Koui BB, Ecra EJ, Kouassi KA, Kaloga M. Histoplasmosis to Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum: a lethal form in an immunocompetent patient.. Rev Int Sci Med 2016;18:123–6.
  60. Borges-Costa J, Marques T, Soares-Almeida L, Sacramento-Marques M. Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis as a presentation of AIDS in a patient from the Congo: the role of skin biopsy.. Trop Doct 2011 Oct;41(4):251-2.
    doi: 10.1258/td.2011.110140pubmed: 21908478google scholar: lookup
  61. Rivasi F, Casali B, Nanetti A, Collina G, Mazzoni A. Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum occurring in an HIV-positive Ghanaian immigrant to Italy. Identification of H. capsulatum DNA by PCR from paraffin sample.. APMIS 2001 Nov;109(11):721-5.
    doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-138.xpubmed: 11900050google scholar: lookup
  62. Murata M, Furusyo N, Otaguro S, Nabeshima S, Ariyama I, Hayashi J. HIV infection with concomitant cerebral toxoplasmosis and disseminated histoplasmosis in a 45-year-old man.. J Infect Chemother 2007 Feb;13(1):51-5.
    doi: 10.1007/s10156-006-0486-3pmc: PMC7101794pubmed: 17334730google scholar: lookup
  63. Débat Zoguéreh D, Bigel ML, Billy C, Perronne V, Richardin F, Granier F. [Disseminated histoplasmosis revealed by peripheral blood smear in an African immigrant with AIDS].. Med Mal Infect 2008 Apr;38(4):228-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2007.10.009pubmed: 18178049google scholar: lookup
  64. Mandengue CE, Lindou J, Mandeng N, Takuefou B, Nouedoui C, Atangana P, Fonkoua MC. [Fatal miliary tuberculosis in an HIV-infected Cameroon woman: disseminated histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum capsulatum].. Med Trop (Mars) 2011 Dec;71(6):615-7.
    pubmed: 22393632
  65. Inojosa W, Rossi MC, Laurino L, Giobbia M, Fuser R, Carniato A, Farina F, De Pieri M, Baldasso F, Forner G, Scotton P. Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from West-Africa: report of four imported cases in Italy.. Infez Med 2011 Mar;19(1):49-55.
    pubmed: 21471748
  66. Souza BC, Munerato MC. Oral manifestation of histoplasmosis on the palate.. An Bras Dermatol 2017;92(5 Suppl 1):107-109.
    doi: 10.1590/abd1806–4841.20175751pmc: PMC5726694pubmed: 29267463google scholar: lookup
  67. Dawood H. A case of immune reconstitution syndrome to disseminated histoplasmosis.. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 2011 Sep-Oct;10(5):277-9.
    doi: 10.1177/1545109711408316pubmed: 21593404google scholar: lookup
  68. Ebenye CM. A case of disseminated histoplasmosis detected in peripheral blood smear staining revealing AIDS at terminal phase in a female patient from cameroon.. Case Rep Med 2012;2012:215207.
    pmc: PMC3522125pubmed: 23251167doi: 10.1155/2012/215207google scholar: lookup
  69. Scarlata F, Imburgia C, Trizzino M, Titone L. [Leprosy-like cutaneous presentation of Histoplasma capsulatum infection in an African HIV+ patient].. Infez Med 2012 Sep;20(3):211-3.
    pubmed: 22992563
  70. de Hoog SH, Blok WL, van Ogtrop ML, van den Berk GE. An unusual peripheral blood smear.. Neth J Med 2014 Jul;72(6):332, 336.
    pubmed: 25319861
  71. Mandengue Ebenye C, Takuefou Mfangam B, Nouédoui C, Atangana PJ. [Disseminated histoplasmosis treated by boluses of fluconazole].. Med Sante Trop 2015 Jan-Mar;25(1):110-1.
    doi: 10.1684/mst.2014.0332pubmed: 24854365google scholar: lookup
  72. Murphy RA, Gounder L, Manzini TC, Ramdial PK, Castilla C, Moosa MY. Challenges in the management of disseminated progressive histoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in resource-limited settings.. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015 Jan;2(1):ofv025.
    doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofv025pmc: PMC4438904pubmed: 26034774google scholar: lookup
  73. Nalwanga D, Henning L. If It Looks Like a Duck, Swims Like a Duck, and Quacks Like a Duck--Does It Have to Be a Duck?. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Apr;10(4):e0004430.
    pmc: PMC4849779pubmed: 27124154doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004430google scholar: lookup
  74. Dieng T, Massaly A, Sow D, Vellaissamy S, Sylla K, Tine RC, Dieng Y, Hennequin C. Amplification of blood smear DNA to confirm disseminated histoplasmosis.. Infection 2017 Oct;45(5):687-690.
    doi: 10.1007/s15010-017-0989-0pubmed: 28214953google scholar: lookup
  75. Zanotti P, Chirico C, Gulletta M, Ardighieri L, Casari S, Roldan EQ, Izzo I, Pinsi G, Lorenzin G, Facchetti F, Castelli F, Focà E. Disseminated Histoplasmosis as AIDS-presentation. Case Report and Comprehensive Review of Current Literature.. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018;10(1):e2018040.
    doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2018.040pmc: PMC6039081pubmed: 30002796google scholar: lookup
  76. Zhang C, Sander MA. An immigrant with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presenting with a rash: A case report.. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019;7:2050313X19829616.
    doi: 10.1177/2050313X19829616pmc: PMC6399754pubmed: 30854204google scholar: lookup
  77. Mandengue CE, Ngandjio A, Atangana PJ. Histoplasmosis in HIV-Infected Persons, Yaoundé, Cameroon.. Emerg Infect Dis 2015 Nov;21(11):2094-6.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2111.150278pmc: PMC4622240pubmed: 26488076google scholar: lookup
  78. Mabiala Babela JR, Mboutol Mandavo C, Nika Evrard R, Ossibi Ibara B, Lamah L, Ollandzobo Ikobo LC, Mouko A, Peko JF. [African histoplamosis. A report of three pediatric cases].. J Mycol Med 2017 Jun;27(2):133-138.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.01.013pubmed: 28462780google scholar: lookup
  79. Elansari R, Abada R, Rouadi S, Roubal M, Mahtar M. Histoplasma capsulatum sinusitis: Possible way of revelation to the disseminated form of histoplasmosis in HIV patients: Case report and literature review.. Int J Surg Case Rep 2016;24:97-100.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.03.010pmc: PMC4885113pubmed: 27227446google scholar: lookup
  80. Fakhfakh N, Abdelmlak R, Aissa S, Kallel A, Boudawara Y, Bel Hadj S, Ben Romdhane N, Touiri Ben Aissa H, Kallel K. Disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosed in the bone marrow of an HIV-infected patient: First case imported in Tunisia.. J Mycol Med 2018 Mar;28(1):211-214.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.02.008pubmed: 29519625google scholar: lookup
  81. Boukassa L, Kinata BS, Ekouélé–Mbaki HB, Ngackosso OB, Péko JF. Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii: A rare cause of isolated scalp abscess.. Heal Sci Dis 2018;19(1):99–100.
  82. Macharia AM, Walong EO. Disseminated histoplasmosis in a paediatric patient at a referral hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.. Pan Afr Med J 2019;34:139.
    pmc: PMC7906550pubmed: 33708308doi: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.139.20685google scholar: lookup
  83. Pamnani R, Rajab JA, Githang'a J, Kasmani R. Disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosed on bone marrow aspirate cytology: report of four cases.. East Afr Med J 2009 Dec;86(12 Suppl):S102-5.
    pubmed: 21591519doi: 10.4314/eamj.v86i12.62918google scholar: lookup
  84. Okoko AR, Bowassa GE, Oko A, Gathse A, Mapapa–Miakassissa RL, Mbika–Cardorelle A. Histoplasmose généralisée chez un enfant immunocompétent au VIH.. Med Afr Noire 2010;57(12):590–2.
  85. Pakasa NM, Ajebo E, Kingebeni GN, Nyessi D, Jouvion G. Lymphadenitis due to Histoplasmosis capsulatum var. capsulatum: Unawareness or rare occurrence in the Democratic Republic of Congo? Unusual original report with first immunohistochemical phenotyping of the fungus.. Ann Afr Med 2020. Sep;13(4).
  86. Bahr NC, Sarosi GA, Meya DB, Bohjanen PR, Richer SM, Swartzentruber S, Halupnick R, Jarrett D, Wheat LJ, Boulware DR. Seroprevalence of histoplasmosis in Kampala, Uganda.. Med Mycol 2016 Mar;54(3):295-300.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myv081pmc: PMC4837699pubmed: 26527637google scholar: lookup
  87. Sacoor MF. Disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis with laryngeal involvement in a setting of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.. South Afr J HIV Med 2017;18(1):693.
    pmc: PMC5842979pubmed: 29568629doi: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v18i1.693google scholar: lookup
  88. Ngatse-Oko A, Péko JF, Ntsiba H, Ngolet A, Kokolo J, Ondzoto M, Carme B, Moyikoua A. [Pathological fracture revealing an osseous histoplasmosis. A case report on a 60-year patient].. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2006 Oct;99(4):227-9.
    pubmed: 17111967
  89. Eboulabeka GK, Ngolet A. Fronto–orbital–palpebral swelling indicative of African histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii in a 13–month–old infant. About a clinical observation and review of the literature.. Med Afr Noire 2011;58:144–8.
  90. Paugam A, Pécoulas PE de, Bourée P. African young girl with sores of the elbow, cold abcesses and Molluscum–like cutaneous lesions.. Lett Infect 2014;7(4):126–9.
  91. Kasuga T, Taylor JW, White TJ. Phylogenetic relationships of varieties and geographical groups of the human pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum Darling.. J Clin Microbiol 1999 Mar;37(3):653-63.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.37.3.653-663.1999pmc: PMC84508pubmed: 9986828google scholar: lookup
  92. Kasuga T, White TJ, Koenig G, McEwen J, Restrepo A, Castañeda E, Da Silva Lacaz C, Heins-Vaccari EM, De Freitas RS, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Qin Z, Negroni R, Carter DA, Mikami Y, Tamura M, Taylor ML, Miller GF, Poonwan N, Taylor JW. Phylogeography of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum.. Mol Ecol 2003 Dec;12(12):3383-401.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01995.xpubmed: 14629354google scholar: lookup
  93. Sepúlveda VE, Márquez R, Turissini DA, Goldman WE, Matute DR. Genome Sequences Reveal Cryptic Speciation in the Human Pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum.. mBio 2017 Dec 5;8(6).
    doi: 10.1128/mBio.01339-17pmc: PMC5717386pubmed: 29208741google scholar: lookup
  94. Teixeira Mde M, Patané JS, Taylor ML, Gómez BL, Theodoro RC, de Hoog S, Engelthaler DM, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Felipe MS, Barker BM. Worldwide Phylogenetic Distributions and Population Dynamics of the Genus Histoplasma.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Jun;10(6):e0004732.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004732pmc: PMC4889077pubmed: 27248851google scholar: lookup
  95. Gladieux P. Updates in the Language of Histoplasma Biodiversity.. mBio 2018 May 8;9(3).
    doi: 10.1128/mBio.00181-18pmc: PMC5941069pubmed: 29739908google scholar: lookup
  96. Hensel M, Hoffmann AR, Gonzales M, Owston MA, Dick EJ Jr. Phylogenetic analysis of Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii in baboons from archived formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues.. Med Mycol 2019 Feb 1;57(2):256-259.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy003pmc: PMC6704345pubmed: 29471422google scholar: lookup
  97. Ameni G. Epidemiology of equine histoplasmosis (epizootic lymphangitis) in carthorses in Ethiopia.. Vet J 2006 Jul;172(1):160-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.025pubmed: 16772141google scholar: lookup
  98. Kneale M, Bartholomew JS, Davies E, Denning DW. Global access to antifungal therapy and its variable cost.. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016 Dec;71(12):3599-3606.
    doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw325pubmed: 27516477google scholar: lookup
  99. Amona FM, Denning DW, Moukassa D, Develoux M, Hennequin C. Histoplasmosis in the Republic of Congo dominated by African histoplasmosis, Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021 May;15(5):e0009318.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009318pmc: PMC8101734pubmed: 33956817google scholar: lookup
  100. Hay R, Denning DW, Bonifaz A, Queiroz-Telles F, Beer K, Bustamante B, Chakrabarti A, Chavez-Lopez MG, Chiller T, Cornet M, Estrada R, Estrada-Chavez G, Fahal A, Gomez BL, Li R, Mahabeer Y, Mosam A, Soavina Ramarozatovo L, Rakoto Andrianarivelo M, Rapelanoro Rabenja F, van de Sande W, Zijlstra EE. The Diagnosis of Fungal Neglected Tropical Diseases (Fungal NTDs) and the Role of Investigation and Laboratory Tests: An Expert Consensus Report.. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019 Sep 24;4(4).
    pmc: PMC6958312pubmed: 31554262doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040122google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 19 times.
  1. Souza DC, Rodrigues-Neto AA, Monnerat GMB, Sardou M, Hottz PL, Oliveira J, McBenedict B, Vilte RMCV, Fonseca SC, Martins EB. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis: a case series from an outbreak in Southeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023;65:e45.
    doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946202365045pubmed: 37610941google scholar: lookup
  2. Szvalb AD, Yepez Guevara E, Euscher E, Nahmod KA, Kontoyiannis DP. Acute Peritoneal Histoplasmosis Mimicking Ovarian Cancer and Review of the Literature on Histoplasma Peritonitis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023 Jan;10(1):ofac705.
    doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac705pubmed: 36686636google scholar: lookup
  3. Kurniawan AJ, Mok JE, Putra A, Surja SS. How Histoplasma Evades the Human Immune System. Acta Med Acad 2025 Dec;54(3):220-237.
    doi: 10.5644/ama2006-124.494pubmed: 41626844google scholar: lookup
  4. Ahmed A, Mohamed NS, Siddig EE. Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Medico-Veterinary Fungal Diseases in Africa: Harnessing a Multisectoral One Health Strategy for Cost-Effective Prevention and Preparedness. J Fungi (Basel) 2025 Jul 30;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/jof11080569pubmed: 40863521google scholar: lookup
  5. Mapengo RE, Maphanga TG, Jofre GI, Rader JA, Turissini DA, Birkhead M, Kwabia SA, Sepúlveda VE, Buitrago MJ, Teixeira MdM, Barker BM, Alanio A, Sturny-Leclère A, Garcia-Hermoso D, Govender NP, Matute DR. Genomic epidemiology of Histoplasma in Africa. mBio 2025 Sep 10;16(9):e0056425.
    doi: 10.1128/mbio.00564-25pubmed: 40762488google scholar: lookup
  6. Quan Y, Zhou X, Belmonte-Lopes R, Li N, Wahyuningsih R, Chowdhary A, Hawksworth DL, Stielow JB, Walsh TJ, Zhang S, Teixeira MM, Matute D, de Hoog S, Wu D. Potential predictive value of phylogenetic novelties in clinical fungi, illustrated by Histoplasma. IMA Fungus 2025;16:e145658.
    doi: 10.3897/imafungus.16.145658pubmed: 40453382google scholar: lookup
  7. Schmidt TE, Vieceli T, Damasceno LS, Kimuda S, Pasqualotto AC, Bahr NC. Evolving Epidemiology, Improving Diagnostic Tests and Their Importance for the Correct Diagnosis of Histoplasmosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2025 Mar 4;11(3).
    doi: 10.3390/jof11030196pubmed: 40137234google scholar: lookup
  8. El Yamani L, Kaddar K, Belharti K, Zizi N, Dikhaye S. Disseminated African Histoplasmosis in an Immunocompetent Patient in Morocco: A Case Report. Cureus 2025 Jan;17(1):e77668.
    doi: 10.7759/cureus.77668pubmed: 39968428google scholar: lookup
  9. Eichenberger EM, Little JS, Baddley JW. Histoplasmosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2025 Mar;39(1):145-161.
    doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2024.11.009pubmed: 39701897google scholar: lookup
  10. Sleightholm R, Hodson DZ, So I, Avula H, Batra J. Disseminated histoplasmosis from western Mexico-rethinking our geographic distribution of endemic fungal species: a case report and review of literature. J Med Case Rep 2024 Nov 8;18(1):540.
    doi: 10.1186/s13256-024-04856-xpubmed: 39511652google scholar: lookup
  11. García-Martín JM, Muro A, Fernández-Soto P. Diagnosis of Human Endemic Mycoses Caused by Thermally Dimorphic Fungi: From Classical to Molecular Methods. J Fungi (Basel) 2024 Sep 6;10(9).
    doi: 10.3390/jof10090637pubmed: 39330397google scholar: lookup
  12. Dao A, Kim HY, Halliday CL, Oladele R, Rickerts V, Govender MMed NP, Shin JH, Heim J, Ford NP, Nahrgang SA, Gigante V, Beardsley J, Sati H, Morrissey CO, Alffenaar JW, Alastruey-Izquierdo A. Histoplasmosis: A systematic review to inform the World Health Organization of a fungal priority pathogens list. Med Mycol 2024 Jun 27;62(6).
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myae039pubmed: 38935903google scholar: lookup
  13. Sepúlveda VE, Goldman WE, Matute DR. Genotypic diversity, virulence, and molecular genetic tools in Histoplasma. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024 Jun 27;88(2):e0007623.
    doi: 10.1128/mmbr.00076-23pubmed: 38819148google scholar: lookup
  14. Cornell TR, Conteh B, Drammeh L, Jeffang F, Sallah E, Kijera A, Jarju M, Karim M, Khan E, Ceesay PO, Manneh E, Wootton DG, Pinchbeck G, Scantlebury CE. Histoplasma seropositivity and environmental risk factors for exposure in a general population in Upper River Region, The Gambia: A cross-sectional study. One Health 2024 Jun;18:100717.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100717pubmed: 38576541google scholar: lookup
  15. Chen L, Hu D, Zhang C, Wu T, Cheng X, Hagen F, Zhu H, Deng S. Histoplasmosis: An epidemiological and clinical update in China, review and a case report. Mycology 2024;15(1):101-109.
    doi: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2259934pubmed: 38558846google scholar: lookup
  16. Jackson RT, Lunn TJ, DeAnglis IK, Ogola JG, Webala PW, Forbes KM. Frequent and intense human-bat interactions occur in buildings of rural Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024 Feb;18(2):e0011988.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011988pubmed: 38412171google scholar: lookup
  17. Barros N, Wheat LJ. Histoplasmosis in Solid Organ Transplantation. J Fungi (Basel) 2024 Feb 2;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/jof10020124pubmed: 38392796google scholar: lookup
  18. Bongomin F, Kibone W, Atulinda L, Morgan B, Ocansey B, Storer ISR, van Rhijn N, Muzoora C, Denning DW, Hamer DH. Frequency of fungal pathogens in autopsy studies of people who died with HIV in Africa: a scoping review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024 May;30(5):592-600.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.12.016pubmed: 38145865google scholar: lookup
  19. Gugnani HC, Denning DW. Infection of bats with Histoplasma species. Med Mycol 2023 Aug 2;61(8).
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myad080pubmed: 37553137google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,608 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.