FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Can Vet J / Historical aspects of Potomac horse fever in Ontario (1924-2...
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne2013; 54(6); 565-572;

Historical aspects of Potomac horse fever in Ontario (1924-2010).

Abstract: In the summer of 1924 Dr. Frank W. Schofield conducted investigations into an endemic disease of horses in the Kent and Essex counties of Ontario. According to farmers in these counties the disease had existed in this region for at least 50 years previously. The clinical, pathological, histopathological, and epidemiological findings outlined in Schofield's detailed report strongly suggest that this endemic disease was what was designated in 1979 as "Potomac horse fever" (PHF). This assumption is further substantiated by transmission experiments involving horses and laboratory animals that were conducted by Schofield utilizing horse feces, whole blood, and mayflies. The aim of this paper is to present Schofield's detailed investigations and findings and to compare these with PHF research conducted from 1979 to 2010 that ultimately led to the discovery of Neorickettsia risticii as the etiological agent and to elucidation of the organism's complex life cycle. À l’été de 1924, le D Frank W. Schofield a réalisé des enquêtes sur une maladie endémique des chevaux dans les comtés de Kent et d’Essex de l’Ontario. Selon les fermiers de ces comtés, la maladie existait dans cette région depuis au moins 50 ans. Les résultats cliniques, pathologiques, histopathologiques et épidémiologiques présentés dans le rapport détaillé de Schofield suggèrent fortement que cette maladie endémique était celle qui a été désignée en 1979 comme la «fièvre du Potomac». Cette supposition est aussi appuyée par des expériences de transmission portant sur des chevaux et des animaux de laboratoire qui ont été réalisées par Schofield à l’aide de fèces de chevaux, de sang total et de mouches de mai. Cet article a pour but de présenter les enquêtes et les résultats détaillés de Schofield et de les comparer avec la recherche sur la fièvre du Potomac réalisée de 1979 à 2010 qui a donné lieu à la découverte de comme agent étiologique et à l’élucidation du cycle de vie complexe de l’organisme.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2013-10-25 PubMed ID: 24155447PubMed Central: PMC3659452
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Historical Article
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article examines the work of Dr. Frank W. Schofield in 1924, who investigated a disease in horses endemic to certain regions of Ontario. The findings strongly suggest this disease was Potomac horse fever (PHF), only officially identified in 1979. The paper compares Schofield’s detailed research and findings with more recent research on PHF up to 2010, which introduced Neorickettsia risticii as the causative agent, providing insight into the organism’s complex life cycle.

Overview of Potomac Horse Fever (PHF)

  • Potomac Horse Fever is a disease affecting horses that was officially identified in 1979, predominantly in the United States, but it is believed to have been present much earlier.
  • Potomac Horse Fever is caused by the bacterium Neorickettsia risticii.
  • This disease is typically associated with freshwater habitats where the intermediate hosts of the bacteria, such as certain aquatic insects like mayflies and caddisflies, are present.

Schofield’s Research Work on Potomac Horse Fever in 1924

  • In the summer of 1924, Dr. Frank W. Schofield undertook research investigating a disease that was endemic to horses in Kent and Essex counties of Ontario.
  • According to local farmers, this disease had been present in the region for at least 50 years prior to Schofield’s study.
  • Based on Schofield’s clinical, pathological, histopathological, and epidemiological findings, the study suggests that this endemic disease was indeed Potomac horse fever.
  • Schofield also conducted transmission experiments using horse feces, whole blood, and mayflies with both horses and lab animals, further supporting his supposition.

Comparison with Recent PHF Research

  • This research article’s main aim is to juxtapose Schofield’s detailed investigations and findings with contemporary PHF research conducted from 1979 to 2010.
  • The recent research has led to the discovery of Neorickettsia risticii as the etiological (causative) agent for Potomac horse fever.
  • Additionally, modern research has also unraveled the complex life cycle of Neorickettsia risticii, shedding more light on the disease’s transmission and manifestation.

Cite This Article

APA
Baird JD, Arroyo LG. (2013). Historical aspects of Potomac horse fever in Ontario (1924-2010). Can Vet J, 54(6), 565-572.

Publication

The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne
ISSN: 0008-5286
NlmUniqueID: 0004653
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 6
Pages: 565-572

Researcher Affiliations

Baird, John D
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.
Arroyo, Luis G

    MeSH Terms

    • Anaplasmataceae Infections / epidemiology
    • Anaplasmataceae Infections / history
    • Anaplasmataceae Infections / microbiology
    • Anaplasmataceae Infections / veterinary
    • Animals
    • History, 20th Century
    • History, 21st Century
    • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
    • Horse Diseases / history
    • Horse Diseases / microbiology
    • Horses
    • Neorickettsia risticii / isolation & purification

    References

    This article includes 59 references
    1. Schofield FW. An investigation into an endemic disease of horses (occurring chiefly in Kent and Essex counties of the Province of Ontario). Report of the Ontario Veterinary College 1924. 1925;49:41–49.
    2. Knowles RC, Anderson CW, Shipley WD, Whitlock RH, Perry BD, Davidson JP. Acute equine diarrhea syndrome (AEDS): A preliminary report. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1983;29:353–356.
    3. Whitlock RH, Palmer JE, Benson CE, Acland HM, Jenny A, Ristic M. Potomac horse fever: Clinical characteristics and diagnostic features. Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 1984;27:103–124.
    4. Palmer JE. Potomac horse fever. Current Therapy in Equine Medicine 2 1987. pp. 92–93.
    5. Palmer JE, Benson CE. Studies on oral transmission of Potomac horse fever.. J Vet Intern Med 1994 Mar-Apr;8(2):87-92.
      pubmed: 8046681doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03203.xgoogle scholar: lookup
    6. Ehrich M, Perry BD, Troutt HF, Dellers RW, Magnusson RA. Acute diarrhea in horses of the Potomac River area: examination for clostridial toxins.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984 Aug 15;185(4):433-5.
      pubmed: 6469842
    7. Perry BD, Palmer JE, Troutt HF. A case-control study of Potomac horse fever. Prev Vet Med 1986;4:69–82.
    8. Palmer JE. Potomac horse fever.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993 Aug;9(2):399-410.
      pubmed: 8358652doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30406-6google scholar: lookup
    9. Perry BD, Schmidtmann ET, Rice RM, Hansen JW, Fletcher M, Turner EC, Robl MG, Hahn NE. Epidemiology of Potomac horse fever: an investigation into the possible role of non-equine mammals.. Vet Rec 1989 Jul 22;125(4):83-6.
      pubmed: 2773237doi: 10.1136/vr.125.4.83google scholar: lookup
    10. Palmer JE, Whitlock RH, Benson CE. Equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever): recognition of the disease in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Idaho, and Connecticut.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 Jul 15;189(2):197-9.
      pubmed: 3744978
    11. Madigan JE, DeRock E, Lavan RP. Clinical significance of a recent serologic survey on the incidence of Potomac horse fever in California. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1988;34:571–576.
    12. Holland CJ, Weiss E, Burgdorfer W, Cole AI, Kakoma I. Ehrlichia risticii sp. nov.: Etiological agent of equine monocytic ehrlichosis (synonym, Potomac horse fever). Int J Syst Bacteriol 1985;35:524–526.
    13. Dutta SK, Penney BE, Myrup AC, Robl MG, Rice RM. Disease features in horses with induced equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever).. Am J Vet Res 1988 Oct;49(10):1747-51.
      pubmed: 3189992
    14. Ziemer EL, Whitlock RH, Palmer JE, Spencer PA. Clinical and hematologic variables in ponies with experimentally induced equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever).. Am J Vet Res 1987 Jan;48(1):63-7.
      pubmed: 3826843
    15. Atwill ER, Mohammed HO, de la Rua-Domenech R. Geographical variation of seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii (equine monocytic ehrlichiosis) of horses in New York state.. Equine Vet J 1994 Mar;26(2):143-7.
      pubmed: 8575378doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04354.xgoogle scholar: lookup
    16. Madigan J, Pusterla N. Life cycle of Potomac horse fever — implications for diagnosis, treatment, and control: A review. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 2005;51:158–162.
    17. Jenny AL. National Veterinary Sciences Laboratories (USDA) report. Am Assoc Equine Practnr Newsletter 1984;2:64–66.
    18. Rikihisa Y, Perry B, Cordes D. Rickettsial link with acute equine diarrhoea.. Vet Rec 1984 Oct 13;115(15):390.
      pubmed: 6506415doi: 10.1136/vr.115.15.390-agoogle scholar: lookup
    19. Ristic M, Holland CJ, Dawson JE, Sessions J, Palmer J. Diagnosis of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever) by indirect immunofluorescence.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 Jul 1;189(1):39-46.
      pubmed: 3525479
    20. Palmer JE, Benson CE, Whitlock RH. Resistance to development of equine ehrlichial colitis in experimentally inoculated horses and ponies.. Am J Vet Res 1990 May;51(5):763-5.
      pubmed: 2337274
    21. Rikihisa Y, Perry BD, Cordes DO. Ultrastructural study of ehrlichial organisms in the large colons of ponies infected with Potomac horse fever.. Infect Immun 1985 Sep;49(3):505-12.
      pmc: PMC261190pubmed: 4030091doi: 10.1128/iai.49.3.505-512.1985google scholar: lookup
    22. Ristic M, Holland CJ, Khondowe M. An overview of research on ehrlichiosis.. Eur J Epidemiol 1991 May;7(3):246-52.
      pubmed: 1884776doi: 10.1007/bf00145673google scholar: lookup
    23. . Causative agent of Potomac horse fever.. Vet Rec 1984 Nov 24;115(21):554-5.
      pubmed: 6516201doi: 10.1136/vr.115.21.554google scholar: lookup
    24. . Causative agent of Potomac horse fever.. Vet Rec 1984 Nov 24;115(21):554-5.
      pubmed: 6516201doi: 10.1136/vr.115.21.554google scholar: lookup
    25. Holland CJ, Ristic M, Cole AI, Johnson P, Baker G, Goetz T. Isolation, experimental transmission, and characterization of causative agent of Potomac horse fever.. Science 1985 Feb 1;227(4686):522-4.
      pubmed: 3880925doi: 10.1126/science.3880925google scholar: lookup
    26. Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC, Rikihisa Y, Rurangirwa FR. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila.. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2001 Nov;51(Pt 6):2145-2165.
      pubmed: 11760958doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-6-2145google scholar: lookup
    27. Perry BD, Rikihisa Y, Saunders GK. Intradermal transmission of Potomac horse fever.. Vet Rec 1985 Mar 2;116(9):246-7.
      pubmed: 4002597doi: 10.1136/vr.116.9.246google scholar: lookup
    28. Palmer JE, Benson CE. Oral transmission of Ehrlichia risticii resulting in Potomac horse fever.. Vet Rec 1988 Jun 25;122(26):635.
      pubmed: 3407128doi: 10.1136/vr.122.26.635google scholar: lookup
    29. Shapiro J, Thomson G. Potomac horse fever in eastern Ontario.. Can Vet J 1995 Jul;36(7):448.
      pmc: PMC1686982pubmed: 7585427
    30. Pusterla N, Madigan JE. Neorickettsia risticii. Equine Infectious Diseases 2007. pp. 357–362.
    31. Goetz TE, Holland CJ, Dawson JE, Ristic M, Skibbe K, Keegan KG, Johnson PJ, Schaeffer DJ, Baker GJ. Monthly prevalence (in 1986) of antibody titers against equine monocytic ehrlichiosis in apparently healthy horses in Illinois.. Am J Vet Res 1989 Nov;50(11):1936-9.
      pubmed: 2694868
    32. Kanter M, Mott J, Ohashi N, Fried B, Reed S, Lin YC, Rikihisa Y. Analysis of 16S rRNA and 51-kilodalton antigen gene and transmission in mice of Ehrlichia risticii in virgulate trematodes from Elimia livescens snails in Ohio.. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Sep;38(9):3349-58.
      pmc: PMC87385pubmed: 10970382doi: 10.1128/jcm.38.9.3349-3358.2000google scholar: lookup
    33. Rikihisa Y, Dumler JS, Dasch GA. Genus III. Neorickettsia. The Proteobacteria, Part C The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. Bergey’s Manual®of Systematic Bacteriology 2005. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. pp. 132–137.
    34. Ferrão CM, Aboud-Dutra AE, Lopes RS, Candeias ML, Gazêta GS. Equine monocytic ehrlichosis (EME) in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2007;59:1575–1578.
    35. Madigan JE, Barlough JE, Rikihisa Y, Wen B, Miller PE, Sampson TJ. Identification of an enzootic diarrhea (“Shasta River Crud”) in northern California as Potomac horse fever. J Equine Vet Sci 1997;17:270–272.
    36. Dutra F, Schuch LF, Delucchi E, Curcio BR, Coimbra H, Raffi MB, Dellagostin O, Riet-Correa F. Equine monocytic Ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever) in horses in Uruguay and southern Brazil.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001 Sep;13(5):433-7.
      pubmed: 11580069doi: 10.1177/104063870101300514google scholar: lookup
    37. Vidor E, Bissuel G, Moreau Y, Madec JL, Cadore JL. Sérologie positive à Ehrlichia risticii chez une jument présentant un tableau d’ehrlichiose équine. Pract Vet Equine 1988;20:5–10.
    38. van der Kolk JH, Bernadina WE, Visser IJ. [A horse seropositive for Ehrlichia risticii].. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1991 Jan 15;116(2):69-72.
      pubmed: 1996460
    39. Biswas B, Mukherjee D, Mattingly-Napier BL, Dutta SK. Diagnostic application of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia risticii in equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever).. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Oct;29(10):2228-33.
      pmc: PMC270303pubmed: 1939575doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.10.2228-2233.1991google scholar: lookup
    40. Mott J, Rikihisa Y, Zhang Y, Reed SM, Yu CY. Comparison of PCR and culture to the indirect fluorescent-antibody test for diagnosis of Potomac horse fever.. J Clin Microbiol 1997 Sep;35(9):2215-9.
      pmc: PMC229942pubmed: 9276390doi: 10.1128/jcm.35.9.2215-2219.1997google scholar: lookup
    41. Biswas B, Vemulapalli R, Dutta SK. Detection of Ehrlichia risticii from feces of infected horses by immunomagnetic separation and PCR.. J Clin Microbiol 1994 Sep;32(9):2147-51.
      pmc: PMC263957pubmed: 7814538doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.9.2147-2151.1994google scholar: lookup
    42. McLaughlin B, Gough J. Potomac horse fever in southwestern Ontario.. Can Vet J 1996 Jun;37(6):367-8.
      pmc: PMC1576412pubmed: 8689598
    43. Chae JS, Pusterla N, Johnson E, Derock E, Lawler SP, Madigan JE. Infection of aquatic insects with trematode metacercariae carrying Ehrlichia risticii, the cause of Potomac horse fever.. J Med Entomol 2000 Jul;37(4):619-25.
      pubmed: 10916305doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-37.4.619google scholar: lookup
    44. Pusterla N, Madigan JE, Chae JS, DeRock E, Johnson E, Pusterla JB. Helminthic transmission and isolation of Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of Potomac horse fever, by using trematode stages from freshwater stream snails.. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Mar;38(3):1293-7.
      pmc: PMC88611pubmed: 10699046doi: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.1293-1297.2000google scholar: lookup
    45. Barlough JE, Reubel GH, Madigan JE, Vredevoe LK, Miller PE, Rikihisa Y. Detection of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, in freshwater stream snails (Pleuroceridae: Juga spp.) from northern California.. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998 Aug;64(8):2888-93.
      pmc: PMC106788pubmed: 9687446doi: 10.1128/aem.64.8.2888-2893.1998google scholar: lookup
    46. Reubel GH, Barlough JE, Madigan JE. Production and characterization of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, from snails (Pleuroceridae: Juga spp.) in aquarium culture and genetic comparison to equine strains.. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Jun;36(6):1501-11.
      pmc: PMC104868pubmed: 9620368doi: 10.1128/jcm.36.6.1501-1511.1998google scholar: lookup
    47. Gibson KE, Rikihisa Y, Zhang C, Martin C. Neorickettsia risticii is vertically transmitted in the trematode Acanthatrium oregonense and horizontally transmitted to bats.. Environ Microbiol 2005 Feb;7(2):203-12.
      pubmed: 15658987doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00683.xgoogle scholar: lookup
    48. Lin M, Zhang C, Gibson K, Rikihisa Y. Analysis of complete genome sequence of Neorickettsia risticii: causative agent of Potomac horse fever.. Nucleic Acids Res 2009 Oct;37(18):6076-91.
      pmc: PMC2764437pubmed: 19661282doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp642google scholar: lookup
    49. Rikihisa Y. New findings on members of the family Anaplasmataceae of veterinary importance.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 Oct;1078:438-45.
      pubmed: 17114752doi: 10.1196/annals.1374.083google scholar: lookup
    50. Gibson KE, Rikihisa Y. Molecular link of different stages of the trematode host of Neorickettsia risticii to Acanthatrium oregonense.. Environ Microbiol 2008 Aug;10(8):2064-73.
      pubmed: 18422641doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01625.xgoogle scholar: lookup
    51. Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Johnson E, Chae JS, Pusterla JB, Derock E, Lawler SP. Transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, using naturally infected aquatic insects and helminth vectors: preliminary report.. Equine Vet J 2000 Jul;32(4):275-9.
      pubmed: 10952374doi: 10.2746/042516400777032219google scholar: lookup
    52. Mott J, Muramatsu Y, Seaton E, Martin C, Reed S, Rikihisa Y. Molecular analysis of Neorickettsia risticii in adult aquatic insects in Pennsylvania, in horses infected by ingestion of insects, and isolated in cell culture.. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Feb;40(2):690-3.
      pmc: PMC153368pubmed: 11825999doi: 10.1128/jcm.40.2.690-693.2002google scholar: lookup
    53. Madigan JE, Rikihisa Y, Palmer JE, DeRock E, Mott J. Evidence for a high rate of false-positive results with the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Ehrlichia risticii antibody in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Dec 1;207(11):1448-53.
      pubmed: 7493874
    54. Rikihisa Y, Dumler JS, Dasch GA. Rickettsial diseases. Equine Internal Medicine 2004. 2nd ed. pp. 96–109.
    55. Rikihisa Y, Johnson GC, Wang YZ, Reed SM, Fertel R, Cooke HJ. Loss of absorptive capacity for sodium and chloride in the colon causes diarrhoea in Potomac horse fever.. Res Vet Sci 1992 May;52(3):353-62.
      pubmed: 1352409doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(92)90037-3google scholar: lookup
    56. Wilson JH, Pusterla N, Bengfort JM, Arney L. Incrimination of mayflies as a vector of Potomac horse fever in an outbreak in Minnesota. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 2006;52:324–328.
    57. Cavaletto JF, Nalepa TF, Fanslow DL, Schloesser DW. Temporal variation of energy reserves in mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia spp.) from Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie. Freshw Biol 2003;48:1726–1738.
    58. Corkum LD, Ciborowski JJ, Poulin RG. Effects of emergence date and maternal size on egg development and sizes of eggs and first-instar nymphs of a semelparous aquatic insect.. Oecologia 1997 Jun;111(1):69-75.
      pubmed: 28307507doi: 10.1007/s004420050209google scholar: lookup
    59. Corkum LD, Ciborowski JJH, Dolan DM. Timing of Hexagenia (Ephemeridae Ephemeroptera) mayfly swarms. Can J Zool 2006;84:1616–1622.

    Citations

    This article has been cited 8 times.
    1. Gomez DE, Leclere M, Arroyo LG, Li L, John E, Afonso T, Payette F, Darby S. Acute diarrhea in horses: A multicenter Canadian retrospective study (2015 to 2019).. Can Vet J 2022 Oct;63(10):1033-1042.
      pubmed: 36185796
    2. Budachetri K, Lin M, Yan Q, Chien RC, Hostnik LD, Haanen G, Leclère M, Waybright W, Baird JD, Arroyo LG, Rikihisa Y. Real-Time PCR Differential Detection of Neorickettsia findlayensis and N. risticii in Cases of Potomac Horse Fever.. J Clin Microbiol 2022 Jul 20;60(7):e0025022.
      doi: 10.1128/jcm.00250-22pubmed: 35695520google scholar: lookup
    3. Uzal FA, Arroyo LG, Navarro MA, Gomez DE, Asín J, Henderson E. Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May;34(3):354-375.
      doi: 10.1177/10406387211057469pubmed: 34763560google scholar: lookup
    4. Willette JA, Kopper JJ, Kogan CJ, Seguin MA, Schott HC. Effect of season and geographic location in the United States on detection of potential enteric pathogens or toxin genes in horses ≥6-mo-old.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May;34(3):407-411.
      doi: 10.1177/10406387211056054pubmed: 34763559google scholar: lookup
    5. Arroyo LG, Moore A, Bedford S, Gomez DE, Teymournejad O, Xiong Q, Budachetri K, Bekebrede H, Rikihisa Y, Baird JD. Potomac horse fever in Ontario: Clinical, geographic, and diagnostic aspects.. Can Vet J 2021 Jun;62(6):622-628.
      pubmed: 34219771
    6. Kingry L, Sheldon S, Oatman S, Pritt B, Anacker M, Bjork J, Neitzel D, Strain A, Berry J, Sloan L, Respicio-Kingry L, Dietrich E, Bloch K, Moncayo A, Srinivasamoorthy G, Hu B, Hinckley A, Mead P, Kugeler K, Petersen J. Targeted Metagenomics for Clinical Detection and Discovery of Bacterial Tick-Borne Pathogens.. J Clin Microbiol 2020 Oct 21;58(11).
      doi: 10.1128/JCM.00147-20pubmed: 32878950google scholar: lookup
    7. Teymournejad O, Lin M, Bekebrede H, Kamr A, Toribio RE, Arroyo LG, Baird JD, Rikihisa Y. Isolation and Molecular Analysis of a Novel Neorickettsia Species That Causes Potomac Horse Fever.. mBio 2020 Feb 25;11(1).
      doi: 10.1128/mBio.03429-19pubmed: 32098825google scholar: lookup
    8. Xiong Q, Bekebrede H, Sharma P, Arroyo LG, Baird JD, Rikihisa Y. An Ecotype of Neorickettsia risticii Causing Potomac Horse Fever in Canada.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016 Oct 1;82(19):6030-6.
      doi: 10.1128/AEM.01366-16pubmed: 27474720google scholar: lookup
    Subscribe to our newsletter
    Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.