FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Vaccines2021; 9(10); 1080; doi: 10.3390/vaccines9101080

History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis.

Abstract: The fungus-like microorganism causes pythiosis, a life-threatening infectious disease increasingly reported worldwide. Antimicrobial drugs are ineffective. Radical surgery is an essential treatment. Pythiosis can resume post-surgically. Immunotherapy using antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment. This review aims at providing up-to-date information of the immunotherapeutic PIA, with the focus on its history, preparation, clinical application, outcome, mechanism, and recent advances, in order to promote the proper use and future development of this treatment modality. crude extract is the primary source of immunotherapeutic antigens. Based on 967 documented human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy reduced disease morbidity and mortality. Concerning clinical outcomes, 19.4% of PIA-immunized human patients succumbed to vascular pythiosis instead of 41.0% in unimmunized cases. PIA immunotherapy may not provide an advantage in a local infection of the eye. Both PIA-immunized and unimmunized horses with pythiosis showed a similar survival rate of ~70%; however, demands for surgical intervention were much lesser in the immunized cases (22.8% vs. 75.2%). The proposed PIA action involves switching the non-protective T-helper-2 to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity. By exploring the available genome data, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids are potential sources of the immunotherapeutic antigens worth investigating. The PIA therapeutic property needs improvement for a better prognosis of pythiosis patients.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-09-26 PubMed ID: 34696188PubMed Central: PMC8539095DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101080Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper explores the history and application of immunotherapy using Pythium antigens (PIA) for treating Pythiosis, a deadly infection caused by a fungus-like microorganism called Pythium. The research offers a review of the clinical outcomes, mechanisms, and recent advancements in this modality to help optimize its use and encourage future development.

Pythiosis and the Ineffectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Pythiosis is a severe infection brought about by Pythium, a fungus-like microorganism. It’s a globally reported health issue that poses a significant threat to the lives of both humans and animals.
  • Traditional antimicrobial drugs don’t effectively treat this disease, and radical surgery is often required as a primary treatment method. Yet, recurrence of pythiosis after surgical intervention is common.

Immunotherapy Using Pythium Antigens (PIA)

  • Immunotherapy utilizing Pythium antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment for pythiosis. Pythium’s crude extract is the primary source of these immunotherapeutic antigens.
  • The paper reports that based on 967 human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy decreased disease morbidity and mortality.
  • In human patients, PIA immunotherapy reduced the death rate from vascular pythiosis to 19.4%, compared with 41.0% in cases that did not receive the immunization.
  • In contrast, PIA immunotherapy appeared to offer no advantage against infections located in the eye.

PIA Immunization in Horses

  • Equally, the survival rate of PIA-immunized and non-immunized horses with pythiosis was around 70%; nevertheless, the demand for surgical intervention was much lower in cases where immunization was used (22.8% compared with 75.2%).

Mechanism and Future Development of PIA Immunotherapy

  • The proposed mechanism of PIA immunotherapy involves the transition of non-protective T-helper-2 immunity to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity.
  • Researchers believe that analyzing genome data from Pythium can help uncover synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids, which can potentially enhance the therapeutic value of immunotherapeutic antigens.
  • The researchers highlight the need for improvement of the PIA therapeutic property to enhance the prognosis of pythiosis patients.

Cite This Article

APA
Yolanda H, Krajaejun T. (2021). History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis. Vaccines (Basel), 9(10), 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101080

Publication

Vaccines
ISSN: 2076-393X
NlmUniqueID: 101629355
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 10
PII: 1080

Researcher Affiliations

Yolanda, Hanna
  • Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
  • Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia.
Krajaejun, Theerapong
  • Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.

Grant Funding

  • RSA6280092 / Thailand Research Fund
  • CF_63008 / Mahidol University

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 288 references
  1. Rathi A, Chakrabarti A, Agarwal T, Pushker N, Patil M, Kamble H, Titiyal JS, Mohan R, Kashyap S, Sharma S, Sen S, Satpathy G, Sharma N. Pythium Keratitis Leading to Fatal Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis.. Cornea 2018 Apr;37(4):519-522.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001504pubmed: 29319595google scholar: lookup
  2. Chitasombat MN, Petchkum P, Horsirimanont S, Sornmayura P, Chindamporn A, Krajaejun T. Vascular pythiosis of carotid artery with meningitis and cerebral septic emboli: A case report and literature review.. Med Mycol Case Rep 2018 Sep;21:57-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2018.05.003pmc: PMC6022254pubmed: 30013898google scholar: lookup
  3. Souto EPF, Maia LA, Olinda RG, Galiza GJN, Kommers GD, Miranda-Neto EG, Dantas AFM, Riet-Correa F. Pythiosis in the Nasal Cavity of Horses.. J Comp Pathol 2016 Aug-Oct;155(2-3):126-129.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.06.005pubmed: 27406311google scholar: lookup
  4. Santurio JM, Argenta JS, Schwendler SE, Cavalheiro AS, Pereira DI, Zanette RA, Alves SH, Dutra V, Silva MC, Arruda LP, Nakazato L, Colodel EM. Granulomatous rhinitis associated with Pythium insidiosum infection in sheep.. Vet Rec 2008 Aug 30;163(9):276-7.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.163.9.276pubmed: 18757907google scholar: lookup
  5. Alfaro AA, Mendoza L. Four cases of equine bone lesions caused by Pythium insidiosum.. Equine Vet J 1990 Jul;22(4):295-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04273.xpubmed: 2209529google scholar: lookup
  6. Berryessa NA, Marks SL, Pesavento PA, Krasnansky T, Yoshimoto SK, Johnson EG, Grooters AM. Gastrointestinal pythiosis in 10 dogs from California.. J Vet Intern Med 2008 Jul-Aug;22(4):1065-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0123.xpubmed: 18647164google scholar: lookup
  7. Pan JH, Kerkar SP, Siegenthaler MP, Hughes M, Pandalai PK. A complicated case of vascular Pythium insidiosum infection treated with limb-sparing surgery.. Int J Surg Case Rep 2014;5(10):677-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2014.05.018pmc: PMC4189057pubmed: 25194603google scholar: lookup
  8. Hung C, Leddin D. Keratitis caused by Pythium insidiosum in an immunosuppressed patient with Crohn's disease.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014 Oct;12(10):A21-2.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.023pubmed: 24793025google scholar: lookup
  9. Murdoch D, Parr D. Pythium insidiosum keratitis.. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1997 May;25(2):177-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01304.xpubmed: 9267609google scholar: lookup
  10. Permpalung N, Worasilchai N, Chindamporn A. Human Pythiosis: Emergence of Fungal-Like Organism.. Mycopathologia 2020 Oct;185(5):801-812.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-019-00412-0pubmed: 31845178google scholar: lookup
  11. Marques S.A., Bagagli E., Bosco S.M.G., Camargo R.M.P., Marques M.E.A.. Pythium Insidiosum: Report of the First Case of Human Infection in Brazil. An. Bras. Dermatol. 2006;81:483–485.
    doi: 10.1590/S0365-05962006000500012google scholar: lookup
  12. Franco DM, Aronson JF, Hawkins HK, Gallagher JJ, Mendoza L, McGinnis MR, Williams-Bouyer N. Systemic Pythium insidiosum in a pediatric burn patient.. Burns 2010 Aug;36(5):e68-71.
    doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.08.005pubmed: 19875237google scholar: lookup
  13. Chitasombat MN, Larbcharoensub N, Chindamporn A, Krajaejun T. Clinicopathological features and outcomes of pythiosis.. Int J Infect Dis 2018 Jun;71:33-41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.03.021pubmed: 29653202google scholar: lookup
  14. Purcell KL, Johnson PJ, Kreeger JM, Wilson DA. Jejunal obstruction caused by a Pythium insidiosum granuloma in a mare.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994 Jul 15;205(2):337-9.
    pubmed: 7928616
  15. Kepler D, Cole R, Lee-Fowler T, Koehler J, Shrader S, Newton J. Pulmonary pythiosis in a canine patient.. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019 Mar;60(2):E20-E23.
    doi: 10.1111/vru.12516pubmed: 28547920google scholar: lookup
  16. Rossato C., Fiss L., Sperotto V., Cardona R., Silva R.. Pythiosis with Atypical Location in the Soft Palate in a Horse in Southern Brazil. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2018;70:641–643.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-9568google scholar: lookup
  17. Salas Y, Márquez A, Canelón J, Perazzo Y, Colmenárez V, López JA. Equine pythiosis: report in crossed bred (Criole Venezuelan) horses.. Mycopathologia 2012 Dec;174(5-6):511-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-012-9562-7pubmed: 22772508google scholar: lookup
  18. De Souto E.P.F., Maia L.Â., Assis D.M., de Miranda Neto E.G., Kommers G.D., de Galiza G.J.N., Riet-Correa F., Dantas A.F.M.. Mastitis by Pythium Insidiosum in Mares. Acta Sci. Vet. 2019;47:387.
    doi: 10.22456/1679-9216.91877google scholar: lookup
  19. Cardona-Álvarez J., Vargas-Vilória M., Patarroyo-Salcedo J.. Cutaneous Pythiosis in Horses Treated with Triamcinolone Acetonide. Part 1. Clinical Characterization. Rev. MVZ Córdoba 2016;21:5511–5524.
    doi: 10.21897/rmvz.825google scholar: lookup
  20. Rivierre C, Laprie C, Guiard-Marigny O, Bergeaud P, Berthelemy M, Guillot J. Pythiosis in Africa.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Mar;11(3):479-81.
    pmc: PMC3298269pubmed: 15757572doi: 10.3201/eid1103.040697google scholar: lookup
  21. Krockenberger MB, Swinney G, Martin P, Rothwell TR, Malik R. Sequential opportunistic infections in two German Shepherd dogs.. Aust Vet J 2011 Jan;89(1-2):9-14.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00666.xpubmed: 21250949google scholar: lookup
  22. Sohn Y.S., Kim D.Y., Kweon O.K., Seo I. bok. Enteric Pythiosis in a Jindo Dog. Korean J. Vet. Res. 1996;36:447–451.
  23. Chindamporn A, Kammarnjessadakul P, Kesdangsakonwut S, Banlunara W. A case of canine cutaneous pythiosis in Thailand.. Access Microbiol 2020;2(4):acmi000109.
    doi: 10.1099/acmi.0.000109pmc: PMC7523628pubmed: 33005872google scholar: lookup
  24. Fortin JS, Calcutt MJ, Kim DY. Sublingual pythiosis in a cat.. Acta Vet Scand 2017 Sep 26;59(1):63.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-017-0330-zpmc: PMC5615467pubmed: 28950884google scholar: lookup
  25. Dowst M, Pavuk A, Vilela R, Vilela C, Mendoza L. An unusual case of cutaneous feline pythiosis.. Med Mycol Case Rep 2019 Dec;26:57-60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.10.004pmc: PMC6849338pubmed: 31737473google scholar: lookup
  26. Souto EPF, Maia LA, Virgínio JP, Carneiro RS, Kommers GD, Riet-Correa F, Galiza GJN, Dantas AFM. Pythiosis in cats in northeastern Brazil.. J Mycol Med 2020 Sep;30(3):101005.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101005pubmed: 32522404google scholar: lookup
  27. Duncan D., Hodgin C., Bauer R., Brignac M.. Cutaneous Pythiosis in Four Cats. Proceedings of the 43rd Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists 1992 Volume 29:429.
  28. Heck LC, Bianchi MV, Pereira PR, Lorenzett MP, de Lorenzo C, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D, Sonne L. GASTRIC PYTHIOSIS IN A BACTRIAN CAMEL ( BACTRIANUS CAMELUS).. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018 Sep;49(3):784-787.
    doi: 10.1638/2017-0195.1pubmed: 30212327google scholar: lookup
  29. Wellehan JF, Farina LL, Keoughan CG, Lafortune M, Grooters AM, Mendoza L, Brown M, Terrell SP, Jacobson ER, Heard DJ. Pythiosis in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).. J Zoo Wildl Med 2004 Dec;35(4):564-8.
    doi: 10.1638/03-098pubmed: 15732604google scholar: lookup
  30. Pesavento PA, Barr B, Riggs SM, Eigenheer AL, Pamma R, Walker RL. Cutaneous pythiosis in a nestling white-faced ibis.. Vet Pathol 2008 Jul;45(4):538-41.
    doi: 10.1354/vp.45-4-538pubmed: 18587102google scholar: lookup
  31. Souto E., Pessoa C., Pessoa A., Trost M., Kommers G., Correa F., Dantas A.. Esophageal Pythiosis in an Ostrich (Struthio Camelus). Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2019;71:1081–1084.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-10666google scholar: lookup
  32. Vilela R, Montalva C, Luz C, Humber RA, Mendoza L. Pythium insidiosum isolated from infected mosquito larvae in central Brazil.. Acta Trop 2018 Sep;185:344-348.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.014pubmed: 29920234google scholar: lookup
  33. Camus AC, Grooters AM, Aquilar RE. Granulomatous pneumonia caused by Pythium insidiosum in a central American jaguar, Panthera onca.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2004 Nov;16(6):567-71.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870401600612pubmed: 15586573google scholar: lookup
  34. Otta S.K., Praveena P.E., Raj R.A., Saravanan P., Priya M.S., Amarnath C.B., Bhuvaneswari T., Panigrahi A., Ravichandran P.. Pythium Insidiosum as a New Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen for Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus Vannamei. Indian J. Geo Mar. Sci. 2018;47:1036–1041.
  35. De Cock AW, Mendoza L, Padhye AA, Ajello L, Kaufman L. Pythium insidiosum sp. nov., the etiologic agent of pythiosis.. J Clin Microbiol 1987 Feb;25(2):344-9.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.2.344-349.1987pmc: PMC265897pubmed: 3818928google scholar: lookup
  36. Gaastra W, Lipman LJ, De Cock AW, Exel TK, Pegge RB, Scheurwater J, Vilela R, Mendoza L. Pythium insidiosum: an overview.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Nov 20;146(1-2):1-16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.07.019pubmed: 20800978google scholar: lookup
  37. Supabandhu J, Fisher MC, Mendoza L, Vanittanakom N. Isolation and identification of the human pathogen Pythium insidiosum from environmental samples collected in Thai agricultural areas.. Med Mycol 2008 Feb;46(1):41-52.
    doi: 10.1080/13693780701513840pubmed: 17885956google scholar: lookup
  38. Vanittanakom N, Szekely J, Khanthawong S, Sawutdeechaikul P, Vanittanakom P, Fisher MC. Molecular detection of Pythium insidiosum from soil in Thai agricultural areas.. Int J Med Microbiol 2014 May;304(3-4):321-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.11.016pubmed: 24444720google scholar: lookup
  39. Presser JW, Goss EM. Environmental sampling reveals that Pythium insidiosum is ubiquitous and genetically diverse in North Central Florida.. Med Mycol 2015 Sep;53(7):674-83.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myv054pubmed: 26229152google scholar: lookup
  40. Mar Htun Z, Laikul A, Pathomsakulwong W, Yurayart C, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Kumsang Y, Payattikul P, Sae-Chew P, Rujirawat T, Jittorntam P, Jaturapaktrarak C, Chongtrakool P, Krajaejun T. Identification and Biotyping of Pythium insidiosum Isolated from Urban and Rural Areas of Thailand by Multiplex PCR, DNA Barcode, and Proteomic Analyses.. J Fungi (Basel) 2021 Mar 24;7(4).
    doi: 10.3390/jof7040242pmc: PMC8063814pubmed: 33804838google scholar: lookup
  41. Mendoza L, Hernandez F, Ajello L. Life cycle of the human and animal oomycete pathogen Pythium insidiosum.. J Clin Microbiol 1993 Nov;31(11):2967-73.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.11.2967-2973.1993pmc: PMC266174pubmed: 8263182google scholar: lookup
  42. Fonseca AO, Botton Sde A, Nogueira CE, Corrêa BF, Silveira Jde S, de Azevedo MI, Maroneze BP, Santurio JM, Pereira DI. In vitro reproduction of the life cycle of Pythium insidiosum from kunkers' equine and their role in the epidemiology of pythiosis.. Mycopathologia 2014 Feb;177(1-2):123-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-013-9720-6pubmed: 24326464google scholar: lookup
  43. Krajaejun T, Sathapatayavongs B, Pracharktam R, Nitiyanant P, Leelachaikul P, Wanachiwanawin W, Chaiprasert A, Assanasen P, Saipetch M, Mootsikapun P, Chetchotisakd P, Lekhakula A, Mitarnun W, Kalnauwakul S, Supparatpinyo K, Chaiwarith R, Chiewchanvit S, Tananuvat N, Srisiri S, Suankratay C, Kulwichit W, Wongsaisuwan M, Somkaew S. Clinical and epidemiological analyses of human pythiosis in Thailand.. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Sep 1;43(5):569-76.
    doi: 10.1086/506353pubmed: 16886148google scholar: lookup
  44. Maia LA, Olinda RG, Araújo TF, Firmino PR, Nakazato L, Neto EG, Riet-Correa F, Dantas AF. Cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (Equus asinus) in Brazil.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016 Jul;28(4):436-9.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638716651467pubmed: 27271986google scholar: lookup
  45. Thieman KM, Kirkby KA, Flynn-Lurie A, Grooters AM, Bacon NJ. Diagnosis and treatment of truncal cutaneous pythiosis in a dog.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011 Nov 1;239(9):1232-5.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.239.9.1232pubmed: 21999797google scholar: lookup
  46. Dos Santos C.E., Ubiali D.G., Pescador C.A., Zanette R.A., Santurio J.M., Marques L.C.. Epidemiological Survey of Equine Pythiosis in the Brazilian Pantanal and Nearby Areas: Results of 76 Cases. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:270–274.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.06.003google scholar: lookup
  47. Bernheim D, Dupont D, Aptel F, Dard C, Chiquet C, Normand AC, Piarroux R, Cornet M, Maubon D. Pythiosis: Case report leading to new features in clinical and diagnostic management of this fungal-like infection.. Int J Infect Dis 2019 Sep;86:40-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.06.011pubmed: 31212104google scholar: lookup
  48. Soares L.M.C., Schenkel D.M., Rosa J.M.A., Azevedo L.S., Tineli T.R., Dutra V., Colodel E.M., Pescador C.A.. Feline Subcutaneous Pythiosis. Cienc. Rural. 2019;49:e20180448.
    doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20180448google scholar: lookup
  49. Elkhenany H., Nabil S., Abu-Ahmed H., Mahmoud H., Korritum A., Khalifa H.. Treeatment and Outcome of Horses with Cutaneous Pythiosis, and Meta-Analysis of Similar Reports. Slov. Vet. Res. 2019;56:281–291.
  50. Laohapensang K, Rutherford RB, Supabandhu J, Vanittanakom N. Vascular pythiosis in a thalassemic patient.. Vascular 2009 Jul-Aug;17(4):234-8.
    doi: 10.2310/6670.2008.00073pubmed: 19698307google scholar: lookup
  51. Prasertwitayakij N, Louthrenoo W, Kasitanon N, Thamprasert K, Vanittanakom N. Human pythiosis, a rare cause of arteritis: case report and literature review.. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2003 Dec;33(3):204-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2003.09.003pubmed: 14671729google scholar: lookup
  52. Dhirachaikulpanich D, Soraprajum K, Boonsopon S, Pinitpuwadol W, Lourthai P, Punyayingyong N, Tesavibul N, Choopong P. Epidemiology of keratitis/scleritis-related endophthalmitis in a university hospital in Thailand.. Sci Rep 2021 May 27;11(1):11217.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90815-1pmc: PMC8160326pubmed: 34045630google scholar: lookup
  53. Maeno S, Oie Y, Sunada A, Tanibuchi H, Hagiwara S, Makimura K, Nishida K. Successful medical management of Pythium insidiosum keratitis using a combination of minocycline, linezolid, and chloramphenicol.. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2019 Sep;15:100498.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.100498pmc: PMC6593348pubmed: 31289761google scholar: lookup
  54. He H, Liu H, Chen X, Wu J, He M, Zhong X. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pythium Insidiosum Corneal Ulcer in a Chinese Child: A Case Report and Literature Review.. Am J Case Rep 2016 Dec 27;17:982-988.
    doi: 10.12659/AJCR.901158pmc: PMC5207016pubmed: 28025573google scholar: lookup
  55. Manço M.H., Ferreira S.K., Perossi I.F.S., Klein M., Pelógia M.E.S., Carra G.J.U., de Souza C.D.D., Costa M.T., Bosco S., Moraes P.C.. Metastatic Calcification and Granulomatous Grastroenteritis Associated to Pythium Insidiosum in a Dog. Braz. J. Vet. Pathol. 2021;14:50–55.
  56. Hummel J, Grooters A, Davidson G, Jennings S, Nicklas J, Birkenheuer A. Successful management of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog using itraconazole, terbinafine, and mefenoxam.. Med Mycol 2011 Jul;49(5):539-42.
    doi: 10.3109/13693786.2010.543705pubmed: 21174493google scholar: lookup
  57. Parambeth JC, Lawhon SD, Mansell J, Wu J, Clark SD, Sutton D, Gibas C, Wiederhold NP, Myers AN, Johnson MC, Levine GJ, Schlemmer S, Ruoff C, Isaiah A, Creevy KE. Gastrointestinal pythiosis with concurrent presumptive gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in a Boxer dog.. Vet Clin Pathol 2019 Mar;48(1):83-88.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12720pubmed: 30897244google scholar: lookup
  58. Reis JL Jr, de Carvalho EC, Nogueira RH, Lemos LS, Mendoza L. Disseminated pythiosis in three horses.. Vet Microbiol 2003 Oct 30;96(3):289-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.005pubmed: 14559176google scholar: lookup
  59. Jaeger GH, Rotstein DS, Law JM. Prostatic pythiosis in a dog.. J Vet Intern Med 2002 Sep-Oct;16(5):598-602.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02394.xpubmed: 12322713google scholar: lookup
  60. Heath JA, Kiehn TE, Brown AE, LaQuaglia MP, Steinherz LJ, Bearman G, Wong M, Steinherz PG. Pythium insidiosum pleuropericarditis complicating pneumonia in a child with leukemia.. Clin Infect Dis 2002 Sep 15;35(6):E60-4.
    doi: 10.1086/342303pubmed: 12203186google scholar: lookup
  61. Chitasombat MN, Jongkhajornpong P, Lekhanont K, Krajaejun T. Recent update in diagnosis and treatment of human pythiosis.. PeerJ 2020;8:e8555.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.8555pmc: PMC7036273pubmed: 32117626google scholar: lookup
  62. Grooters AM, Whittington A, Lopez MK, Boroughs MN, Roy AF. Evaluation of microbial culture techniques for the isolation of Pythium insidiosum from equine tissues.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002 Jul;14(4):288-94.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870201400403pubmed: 12152807google scholar: lookup
  63. Krajaejun T, Chongtrakool P, Angkananukul K, Brandhorst TT. Effect of temperature on growth of the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum.. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010 Nov;41(6):1462-6.
    pubmed: 21329324
  64. Tondolo JS, Loreto ES, Denardi LB, Mario DA, Alves SH, Santurio JM. A simple, rapid and inexpensive screening method for the identification of Pythium insidiosum.. J Microbiol Methods 2013 Apr;93(1):52-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.02.002pubmed: 23419825google scholar: lookup
  65. Martins TB, Kommers GD, Trost ME, Inkelmann MA, Fighera RA, Schild AL. A comparative study of the histopathology and immunohistochemistry of pythiosis in horses, dogs and cattle.. J Comp Pathol 2012 Feb-Apr;146(2-3):122-31.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.06.006pubmed: 21824626google scholar: lookup
  66. Mittal R, Jena SK, Desai A, Agarwal S. Pythium Insidiosum Keratitis: Histopathology and Rapid Novel Diagnostic Staining Technique.. Cornea 2017 Sep;36(9):1124-1132.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001244pubmed: 28582375google scholar: lookup
  67. Inkomlue R, Larbcharoensub N, Karnsombut P, Lerksuthirat T, Aroonroch R, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Santanirand P, Sansopha L, Krajaejun T. Development of an Anti-Elicitin Antibody-Based Immunohistochemical Assay for Diagnosis of Pythiosis.. J Clin Microbiol 2016 Jan;54(1):43-8.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.02113-15pmc: PMC4702728pubmed: 26719582google scholar: lookup
  68. Keeratijarut A, Karnsombut P, Aroonroch R, Srimuang S, Sangruchi T, Sansopha L, Mootsikapun P, Larbcharoensub N, Krajaejun T. Evaluation of an in-house immunoperoxidase staining assay for histodiagnosis of human pythiosis.. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2009 Nov;40(6):1298-305.
    pubmed: 20578465
  69. Jaturapaktrarak C, Payattikul P, Lohnoo T, Kumsang Y, Laikul A, Pathomsakulwong W, Yurayart C, Tonpitak W, Krajaejun T. Protein A/G-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of anti-Pythium insidiosum antibodies in human and animal subjects.. BMC Res Notes 2020 Mar 6;13(1):135.
    doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-04981-ypmc: PMC7059324pubmed: 32143691google scholar: lookup
  70. Intaramat A, Sornprachum T, Chantrathonkul B, Chaisuriya P, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Jongruja N, Kumsang Y, Sandee A, Chaiprasert A, Banyong R, Santurio JM, Grooters AM, Ratanabanangkoon K, Krajaejun T. Protein A/G-based immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of pythiosis in human and animal subjects from Asia and Americas.. Med Mycol 2016 Aug 1;54(6):641-7.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myw018pubmed: 27118800google scholar: lookup
  71. Worasilchai N, Leelahavanichkul A, Permpalung N, Kuityo C, Phaisanchatchawan T, Palaga T, Reantragoon R, Chindamporn A. Antigen host response differences between the animal-type strain and human-clinical Pythium insidiosum isolates used for serological diagnosis in Thailand.. Med Mycol 2019 Jun 1;57(4):519-522.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy072pubmed: 30165659google scholar: lookup
  72. Chareonsirisuthigul T, Khositnithikul R, Intaramat A, Inkomlue R, Sriwanichrak K, Piromsontikorn S, Kitiwanwanich S, Lowhnoo T, Yingyong W, Chaiprasert A, Banyong R, Ratanabanangkoon K, Brandhorst TT, Krajaejun T. Performance comparison of immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunochromatography and hemagglutination for serodiagnosis of human pythiosis.. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013 May;76(1):42-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.02.025pubmed: 23537786google scholar: lookup
  73. Jindayok T, Piromsontikorn S, Srimuang S, Khupulsup K, Krajaejun T. Hemagglutination test for rapid serodiagnosis of human pythiosis.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009 Jul;16(7):1047-51.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00113-09pmc: PMC2708401pubmed: 19494087google scholar: lookup
  74. Krajaejun T, Imkhieo S, Intaramat A, Ratanabanangkoon K. Development of an immunochromatographic test for rapid serodiagnosis of human pythiosis.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009 Apr;16(4):506-9.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00276-08pmc: PMC2668273pubmed: 19225072google scholar: lookup
  75. Krajaejun T, Kunakorn M, Niemhom S, Chongtrakool P, Pracharktam R. Development and evaluation of an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for early diagnosis and monitoring of human pythiosis.. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002 Mar;9(2):378-82.
    doi: 10.1128/CDLI.9.2.378-382.2002pmc: PMC119942pubmed: 11874882google scholar: lookup
  76. Kulandai LT, Lakshmipathy D, Sargunam J. Novel Duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Rapid Detection of Pythium insidiosum Directly From Corneal Specimens of Patients With Ocular Pythiosis.. Cornea 2020 Jun;39(6):775-778.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002284pubmed: 32118672google scholar: lookup
  77. Rujirawat T, Sridapan T, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Kumsang Y, Sae-Chew P, Tonpitak W, Krajaejun T. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based multiplex PCR for identification and genotyping of the oomycete Pythium insidiosum from humans, animals and the environment.. Infect Genet Evol 2017 Oct;54:429-436.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.004pubmed: 28826756google scholar: lookup
  78. Worasilchai N, Chaumpluk P, Chakrabarti A, Chindamporn A. Differential diagnosis for pythiosis using thermophilic helicase DNA amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (tHDA-RFLP).. Med Mycol 2018 Feb 1;56(2):216-224.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx033pubmed: 28525598google scholar: lookup
  79. Htun ZM, Rotchanapreeda T, Rujirawat T, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Kumsang Y, Sae-Chew P, Payattikul P, Yurayart C, Limsivilai O, Sonthayanon P, Mangmee S, Chongtrakool P, Krajaejun T. Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Identification of Pythium insidiosum.. Int J Infect Dis 2020 Dec;101:149-159.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1430pubmed: 32987181google scholar: lookup
  80. Lohnoo T, Jongruja N, Rujirawat T, Yingyon W, Lerksuthirat T, Nampoon U, Kumsang Y, Onpaew P, Chongtrakool P, Keeratijarut A, Brandhorst TT, Krajaejun T. Efficiency comparison of three methods for extracting genomic DNA of the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum.. J Med Assoc Thai 2014 Mar;97(3):342-8.
    pubmed: 25123015
  81. Keeratijarut A, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Rujirawat T, Srichunrusami C, Onpeaw P, Chongtrakool P, Brandhorst TT, Krajaejun T. Detection of the oomycete Pythium insidiosum by real-time PCR targeting the gene coding for exo-1,3-β-glucanase.. J Med Microbiol 2015 Sep;64(9):971-977.
    doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000117pubmed: 26296566google scholar: lookup
  82. Keeratijarut A., Lohnoo T., Yingyong W., Nampoon U., Lerksuthirat T., Onpaew P., Chongtrakool P., Krajaejun T.. PCR Amplification of a Putative Gene for Exo-1, 3-β-Glucanase to Identify the Pathogenic Oomycete Pythium Insidiosum. Asian Biomed. 2014;8:637–644.
    doi: 10.5372/1905-7415.0805.338google scholar: lookup
  83. Krajaejun T, Lohnoo T, Jittorntam P, Srimongkol A, Kumsang Y, Yingyong W, Rujirawat T, Reamtong O, Mangmee S. Assessment of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification and biotyping of the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum.. Int J Infect Dis 2018 Dec;77:61-67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.09.006pubmed: 30218817google scholar: lookup
  84. Mani R, Vilela R, Kettler N, Chilvers MI, Mendoza L. Identification of Pythium insidiosum complex by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.. J Med Microbiol 2019 Apr;68(4):574-584.
    doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000941pubmed: 30735118google scholar: lookup
  85. Reagan KL, Marks SL, Pesavento PA, Della Maggiore A, Zhu BY, Grooters AM. Successful management of 3 dogs with colonic pythiosis using itraconzaole, terbinafine, and prednisone.. J Vet Intern Med 2019 May;33(3):1434-1439.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15506pmc: PMC6524395pubmed: 31004383google scholar: lookup
  86. Shenep JL, English BK, Kaufman L, Pearson TA, Thompson JW, Kaufman RA, Frisch G, Rinaldi MG. Successful medical therapy for deeply invasive facial infection due to Pythium insidiosum in a child.. Clin Infect Dis 1998 Dec;27(6):1388-93.
    doi: 10.1086/515042pubmed: 9868648google scholar: lookup
  87. Dória RG, Carvalho MB, Freitas SH, Laskoski LM, Colodel EM, Mendonça FS, Silva MA, Grigoletto R, Fantinato Neto P. Evaluation of intravenous regional perfusion with amphotericin B and dimethylsulfoxide to treat horses for pythiosis of a limb.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jul 16;11:152.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0472-zpmc: PMC4502520pubmed: 26174778google scholar: lookup
  88. Triscott JA, Weedon D, Cabana E. Human subcutaneous pythiosis.. J Cutan Pathol 1993 Jun;20(3):267-71.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1993.tb00654.xpubmed: 8366216google scholar: lookup
  89. Tonpitak W, Pathomsakulwong W, Sornklien C, Krajaejun T, Wutthiwithayaphong S. First confirmed case of nasal pythiosis in a horse in Thailand.. JMM Case Rep 2018 Jan;5(1):e005136.
    doi: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005136pmc: PMC5857371pubmed: 29568533google scholar: lookup
  90. Susaengrat N, Torvorapanit P, Plongla R, Chuleerarux N, Manothummetha K, Tuangsirisup J, Worasilchai N, Chindamporn A, Permpalung N. Adjunctive antibacterial agents as a salvage therapy in relapsed vascular pythiosis patients.. Int J Infect Dis 2019 Nov;88:27-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.08.032pubmed: 31493524google scholar: lookup
  91. Agarwal S, Iyer G, Srinivasan B, Benurwar S, Agarwal M, Narayanan N, Lakshmipathy M, Radhika N, Rajagopal R, Krishnakumar S, K LT. Clinical profile, risk factors and outcome of medical, surgical and adjunct interventions in patients with Pythiuminsidiosum keratitis.. Br J Ophthalmol 2019 Mar;103(3):296-300.
    doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311804pubmed: 30206158google scholar: lookup
  92. Atiba A, Ghazy A, Hamad MH. Evaluating the efficacy of surgical excision and topical dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the treatment of equine cutaneous pythiosis.. Iran J Vet Res 2020 Fall;21(4):301-307.
    pmc: PMC7871735pubmed: 33584843
  93. Lemos G., Petrucci L., Vieira V., di Filippo P.. Treatment of Equine Cutaneous Pythiosis with Triamcinolone Acetate and Potassium Iodide. Rev. Acad. Cienc. Anim. 2018;16:e162507.
  94. Awadin W., Mosbah E., Zaghloul A., Loreto É., Zanette R.. Scrotal Pythiosis in a Draft Horse. J. Vet. Sci. Med. Diagn. 2013;2:1000120.
  95. Lerksuthirat T, Sangcakul A, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Rujirawat T, Krajaejun T. Evolution of the Sterol Biosynthetic Pathway of Pythium insidiosum and Related Oomycetes Contributes to Antifungal Drug Resistance.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017 Apr;61(4).
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.02352-16pmc: PMC5365696pubmed: 28115356google scholar: lookup
  96. Chatterjee S, Agrawal D. Azithromycin in the Management of Pythium insidiosum Keratitis.. Cornea 2018 Feb;37(2):e8-e9.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001419pubmed: 29095755google scholar: lookup
  97. Ramappa M, Nagpal R, Sharma S, Chaurasia S. Successful Medical Management of Presumptive Pythium insidiosum Keratitis.. Cornea 2017 Apr;36(4):511-514.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001162pubmed: 28207431google scholar: lookup
  98. Loreto ES, Tondolo JS, Pilotto MB, Alves SH, Santurio JM. New insights into the in vitro susceptibility of Pythium insidiosum.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014 Dec;58(12):7534-7.
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.02680-13pmc: PMC4249561pubmed: 25223997google scholar: lookup
  99. Jesus FP, Loreto ÉS, Ferreiro L, Alves SH, Driemeier D, Souza SO, França RT, Lopes ST, Pilotto MB, Ludwig A, Azevedo MI, Ribeiro TC, Tondolo JS, Santurio JM. In Vitro and In Vivo Antimicrobial Activities of Minocycline in Combination with Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Tigecycline against Pythium insidiosum.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016 Jan;60(1):87-91.
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.01480-15pmc: PMC4704155pubmed: 26459895google scholar: lookup
  100. Worasilchai N, Chindamporn A, Plongla R, Torvorapanit P, Manothummetha K, Chuleerarux N, Permpalung N. In Vitro Susceptibility of Thai Pythium insidiosum Isolates to Antibacterial Agents.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020 Mar 24;64(4).
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.02099-19pmc: PMC7179303pubmed: 32015039google scholar: lookup
  101. Jesus FP, Ferreiro L, Loreto ÉS, Pilotto MB, Ludwig A, Bizzi K, Tondolo JS, Zanette RA, Alves SH, Santurio JM. In vitro synergism observed with azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, or tigecycline in association with antifungal agents against Pythium insidiosum.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014 Sep;58(9):5621-5.
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.02349-14pmc: PMC4135807pubmed: 25001300google scholar: lookup
  102. Yolanda H, Krajaejun T. Review of methods and antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing against Pythium insidiosum.. Heliyon 2020 Apr;6(4):e03737.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03737pmc: PMC7160450pubmed: 32322727google scholar: lookup
  103. Ahirwar LK, Kalra P, Sharma S, Mohamed A, Mittal R, Das S, Bagga B. Linezolid shows high safety and efficacy in the treatment of Pythium insidiosum keratitis in a rabbit model.. Exp Eye Res 2021 Jan;202:108345.
    doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108345pubmed: 33157127google scholar: lookup
  104. Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Screening of antibacterial drugs for antimicrobial activity against Pythium insidiosum.. Med Mycol 2019 Jun 1;57(4):523-525.
    pubmed: 30929019doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy056google scholar: lookup
  105. Mosbah E., Karrouf G.I., Younis E.A., Saad H.S., Ahdy A., Zaghloul A.E.. Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Pythiosis in Draft Horses: Report of 33 Cases in Egypt. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2012;32:164–169.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.08.014google scholar: lookup
  106. Permpalung N, Worasilchai N, Plongla R, Upala S, Sanguankeo A, Paitoonpong L, Mendoza L, Chindamporn A. Treatment outcomes of surgery, antifungal therapy and immunotherapy in ocular and vascular human pythiosis: a retrospective study of 18 patients.. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015;70(6):1885-92.
    doi: 10.1093/jac/dkv008pubmed: 25630647google scholar: lookup
  107. Thitithanyanont A, Mendoza L, Chuansumrit A, Pracharktam R, Laothamatas J, Sathapatayavongs B, Lolekha S, Ajello L. Use of an immunotherapeutic vaccine to treat a life-threatening human arteritic infection caused by Pythium insidiosum.. Clin Infect Dis 1998 Dec;27(6):1394-400.
    doi: 10.1086/515043pubmed: 9868649google scholar: lookup
  108. Narkwiboonwong T., Watanakijthavonkul K., Paocharern P., Singsakul A., Wongsa A., Woracharoensri N., Worasilchai N., Chindamporn A., Panoi A., Methipisit T.. Cerebral Pythiosis: A Case Report of Pythium Insidiosum Infection Presented with Brain Abscess. J. Infect. Dis. Antimicrob. Agents. 2011;28:129–132.
  109. Sermsathanasawadi N, Praditsuktavorn B, Hongku K, Wongwanit C, Chinsakchai K, Ruangsetakit C, Hahtapornsawan S, Mutirangura P. Outcomes and factors influencing prognosis in patients with vascular pythiosis.. J Vasc Surg 2016 Aug;64(2):411-417.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.12.024pubmed: 26951999google scholar: lookup
  110. Wanachiwanawin W, Thianprasit M, Fucharoen S, Chaiprasert A, Sudasna N, Ayudhya N, Sirithanaratkul N, Piankijagum A. Fatal arteritis due to Pythium insidiosum infection in patients with thalassaemia.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993 May-Jun;87(3):296-8.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(93)90135-Dpubmed: 8236397google scholar: lookup
  111. de Souza Silveira Valente J, Braga CQ, Brasil CL, Baptista CT, Reis GF, Panagio LA, Nakazato G, de Oliveira Hübner S, Soares MP, de Avila Botton S, Pereira DIB. In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles.. Med Mycol 2019 Oct 1;57(7):858-863.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy147pubmed: 30597067google scholar: lookup
  112. Valente JSS, Brasil CL, Braga CQ, Zamboni R, Sallis ESV, Albano APN, Zambrano CG, Franz HC, Pötter L, Panagio LA, Reis GF, Botton SA, Pereira DIB. Biogenic silver nanoparticles in the treatment of experimental pythiosis Bio-AgNP in pythiosis therapy.. Med Mycol 2020 Oct 1;58(7):913-918.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myz141pubmed: 32030424google scholar: lookup
  113. Xu L, Wang YY, Huang J, Chen CY, Wang ZX, Xie H. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, medical applications and biosafety.. Theranostics 2020;10(20):8996-9031.
    doi: 10.7150/thno.45413pmc: PMC7415816pubmed: 32802176google scholar: lookup
  114. Pires L, Bosco Sde M, da Silva NF Jr, Kurachi C. Photodynamic therapy for pythiosis.. Vet Dermatol 2013 Feb;24(1):130-6.e30.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01112.xpubmed: 23331689google scholar: lookup
  115. Pires L, Bosco Sde M, Baptista MS, Kurachi C. Photodynamic therapy in Pythium insidiosum - an in vitro study of the correlation of sensitizer localization and cell death.. PLoS One 2014;9(1):e85431.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085431pmc: PMC3897455pubmed: 24465559google scholar: lookup
  116. Carrijo B.N., Pires R.H., Costa G.B., Guiotto F.G., Rodrigues V.S., Ferreira J.C.. Ozone Gas and Ozonized Sunflower Oil as Alternative Therapies against Pythium Insidiosum Isolated from Dogs. Ozone Sci. Eng. 2021:1–9.
    doi: 10.1080/01919512.2021.1937511google scholar: lookup
  117. Ferreira JC, Pires RH, Costa GBD, Carrijo BN, Guiotto FG, Rodrigues VS. The In Vitro Effect of Ozone Therapy Against Equine Pythium insidiosum.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021 Mar;98:103305.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103305pubmed: 33663716google scholar: lookup
  118. Paz GSD, Camargo GG, Cury JE, Apolonio EVP, Garces HG, Prado ACD, Chechi JL, Oliveira AL, Watanabe MJ, Bagagli E, Bosco SMG. Outbreak of equine pythiosis in a southeastern region of Brazil: Environmental isolation and phylogeny.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022 May;69(3):1617-1624.
    pubmed: 33991402doi: 10.1111/tbed.14135google scholar: lookup
  119. Miller RI. Treatment of equine phycomycosis by immunotherapy and surgery.. Aust Vet J 1981 Aug;57(8):377-82.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb00526.xpubmed: 7342944google scholar: lookup
  120. Mendoza L, Alfaro AA. Equine pythiosis in Costa Rica: report of 39 cases.. Mycopathologia 1986 May;94(2):123-9.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00437377pubmed: 3088454google scholar: lookup
  121. Mendoza L, Mandy W, Glass R. An improved Pythium insidiosum-vaccine formulation with enhanced immunotherapeutic properties in horses and dogs with pythiosis.. Vaccine 2003 Jun 20;21(21-22):2797-804.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00225-1pubmed: 12798620google scholar: lookup
  122. Santurio JM, Leal AT, Leal AB, Festugatto R, Lubeck I, Sallis ES, Copetti MV, Alves SH, Ferreiro L. Three types of immunotherapics against pythiosis insidiosi developed and evaluated.. Vaccine 2003 Jun 2;21(19-20):2535-40.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00035-5pubmed: 12744888google scholar: lookup
  123. Mendoza L, Villalobos J, Calleja CE, Solis A. Evaluation of two vaccines for the treatment of pythiosis insidiosi in horses.. Mycopathologia 1992 Aug;119(2):89-95.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00443939pubmed: 1435952google scholar: lookup
  124. Videla R, van Amstel S, O'neill SH, Frank LA, Newman SJ, Vilela R, Mendoza L. Vulvar pythiosis in two captive camels (Camelus dromedarius).. Med Mycol 2012 Feb;50(2):219-24.
    doi: 10.3109/13693786.2011.588970pubmed: 21696258google scholar: lookup
  125. Gaddis KL, Brinkman EL. What Is Your Diagnosis?. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017 Jun 1;250(11):1231-1233.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.250.11.1231pubmed: 28509645google scholar: lookup
  126. Miller RI, Wold D, Lindsay WA, Beadle RE, McClure JJ, McClure JR, McCoy DJ. Complications associated with immunotherapy of equine phycomycosis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983 Jun 1;182(11):1227-9.
    pubmed: 6863139
  127. Permpalung N, Worasilchai N, Manothummetha K, Torvorapanit P, Ratanawongphaibul K, Chuleerarux N, Plongla R, Chindamporn A. Clinical outcomes in ocular pythiosis patients treated with a combination therapy protocol in Thailand: A prospective study.. Med Mycol 2019 Nov 1;57(8):923-928.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myz013pubmed: 30805615google scholar: lookup
  128. Santos C.E.P., Santurio J.M., Colodel E.M., Juliano R.S., Silva J.A., Marques L.C.. Contribution to the Study of Cutaneous Pythiosis in Equidae from Northern Pantanal, Brazil. Ars Vet. 2011;27:134–140.
  129. Pereira DI, Botton SA, Azevedo MI, Motta MA, Lobo RR, Soares MP, Fonseca AO, Jesus FP, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Canine gastrointestinal pythiosis treatment by combined antifungal and immunotherapy and review of published studies.. Mycopathologia 2013 Oct;176(3-4):309-15.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-013-9683-7pubmed: 23918089google scholar: lookup
  130. Grant D, Glass R, Hansen R, Vilela R, Mendoza L. Cutaneous pythiosis in a Red Brangus beef calf cured by immunotherapy.. Med Mycol Case Rep 2016 Dec;14:1-3.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.11.005pmc: PMC5154966pubmed: 27995050google scholar: lookup
  131. Wanachiwanawin W, Mendoza L, Visuthisakchai S, Mutsikapan P, Sathapatayavongs B, Chaiprasert A, Suwanagool P, Manuskiatti W, Ruangsetakit C, Ajello L. Efficacy of immunotherapy using antigens of Pythium insidiosum in the treatment of vascular pythiosis in humans.. Vaccine 2004 Sep 9;22(27-28):3613-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.031pubmed: 15315840google scholar: lookup
  132. Thanathanee O, Enkvetchakul O, Rangsin R, Waraasawapati S, Samerpitak K, Suwan-apichon O. Outbreak of Pythium keratitis during rainy season: a case series.. Cornea 2013 Feb;32(2):199-204.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3182535841pubmed: 22902492google scholar: lookup
  133. Miller RI, Olcott BM, Archer M. Cutaneous pythiosis in beef calves.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985 May 1;186(9):984-6.
    pubmed: 3997656
  134. Mendoza L, Nicholson V, Prescott JF. Immunoblot analysis of the humoral immune response to Pythium insidiosum in horses with pythiosis.. J Clin Microbiol 1992 Nov;30(11):2980-3.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.11.2980-2983.1992pmc: PMC270563pubmed: 1452669google scholar: lookup
  135. Dixon DM, Casadevall A, Klein B, Mendoza L, Travassos L, Deepe GS Jr. Development of vaccines and their use in the prevention of fungal infections.. Med Mycol 1998;36 Suppl 1:57-67.
    pubmed: 9988493
  136. Mendoza A.L.. Method and Vaccine for Treatment of Pythiosis Insidiosi in Humans and Lower Animals. U.S. Patent 6287573 B1. 2001 September 11.
  137. Mendoza A.L.. Vaccine for Preventing Pythiosis in Humans and Animals. U.S. Patent 6833136 B2. 2004 December 21.
  138. Mendoza A.L.. Method and Vaccine for Treatment of Pythiosis Insidiosi in Humans and Lower Animals. U.S. Patent 7846458 B1. 2010 December 7.
  139. White SD, Ghoddusi M, Grooters AM, Jones K. Cutaneous pythiosis in a nontravelled California horse.. Vet Dermatol 2008 Dec;19(6):391-4.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00690.xpubmed: 18699814google scholar: lookup
  140. Schmiedt CW, Stratton-Phelps M, Torres BT, Bell D, Uhl EW, Zimmerman S, Epstein J, Cornell KK. Treatment of intestinal pythiosis in a dog with a combination of marginal excision, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012 Aug 1;241(3):358-63.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.241.3.358pubmed: 22812473google scholar: lookup
  141. Oldenhoff W, Grooters A, Pinkerton ME, Knorr J, Trepanier L. Cutaneous pythiosis in two dogs from Wisconsin, USA.. Vet Dermatol 2014 Feb;25(1):52-e21.
    doi: 10.1111/vde.12101pubmed: 24372864google scholar: lookup
  142. Loreto É.S., Tondolo J.S., Zanette R.A., Alves S.H., Santurio J.M.. Update on Pythiosis Immunobiology and Immunotherapy. World J. Immunol. 2014;4:88–97.
    doi: 10.5411/wji.v4.i2.88google scholar: lookup
  143. Loreto E.S., Tondolo J.S., Santurio J.M.. Chapter 13. Pythium insidiosum–An Emerging Mammalian Pathogen. Pythium: Diagnosis, Diseases and Management CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2020. p. 1983.
  144. Santurio J.M., Catto J.B., Leal A.B.M., Leal A.T.. Tratamento Imunoterápico da Pitiose Equina. Comunicado Técnico. Embrapa Gado de Corte 2001.
  145. Chindamporn A, Vilela R, Hoag KA, Mendoza L. Antibodies in the sera of host species with pythiosis recognize a variety of unique immunogens in geographically divergent Pythium insidiosum strains.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009 Mar;16(3):330-6.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00429-08pmc: PMC2650877pubmed: 19116305google scholar: lookup
  146. Mendoza A.L., Glass R.L., Hansen R.D.. Pythium Immunotherapy. U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2011/0159042 A1. 2011 June 30.
  147. Bosco Sde M, Bagagli E, Araújo JP Jr, Candeias JM, de Franco MF, Alencar Marques ME, Mendoza L, de Camargo RP, Alencar Marques S. Human pythiosis, Brazil.. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 May;11(5):715-8.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1105.040943pmc: PMC3320381pubmed: 15890126google scholar: lookup
  148. Imwidthaya P. Human pythiosis in Thailand.. Postgrad Med J 1994 Aug;70(826):558-60.
    doi: 10.1136/pgmj.70.826.558pmc: PMC2397701pubmed: 7937448google scholar: lookup
  149. Reanpang T, Orrapin S, Orrapin S, Arworn S, Kattipatanapong T, Srisuwan T, Vanittanakom N, Lekawanvijit SP, Rerkasem K. Vascular Pythiosis of the Lower Extremity in Northern Thailand: Ten Years' Experience.. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2015 Sep;14(3):245-50.
    doi: 10.1177/1534734615599652pubmed: 26286930google scholar: lookup
  150. Lekhanont K, Chuckpaiwong V, Chongtrakool P, Aroonroch R, Vongthongsri A. Pythium insidiosum keratitis in contact lens wear: a case report.. Cornea 2009 Dec;28(10):1173-7.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e318199fa41pubmed: 19730096google scholar: lookup
  151. Worasilchai N, Permpalung N, Chongsathidkiet P, Leelahavanichkul A, Mendoza AL, Palaga T, Reantragoon R, Finkelman M, Sutcharitchan P, Chindamporn A. Monitoring Anti-Pythium insidiosum IgG Antibodies and (1→3)-β-d-Glucan in Vascular Pythiosis.. J Clin Microbiol 2018 Aug;56(8).
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00610-18pmc: PMC6062813pubmed: 29848566google scholar: lookup
  152. Sudjaritruk T, Sirisanthana V. Successful treatment of a child with vascular pythiosis.. BMC Infect Dis 2011 Jan 29;11:33.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-33pmc: PMC3039579pubmed: 21276255google scholar: lookup
  153. Laohapensang K., Rerkasem K., Supabandhu J., Vanittanakom N.. Necrotizing Arteritis Due to Emerging Pythium Insidiosum Infection in Patients with Thalassemia: Rapid Diagnosis with PCR and Serological Tests. Int. J. Angiol. 2005;14:123–128.
    doi: 10.1007/s00547-005-2012-3google scholar: lookup
  154. Pupaibool J, Chindamporn A, Patrakul K, Suankratay C, Sindhuphak W, Kulwichit W. Human pythiosis.. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Mar;12(3):517-8.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1203.051044pmc: PMC3291453pubmed: 16710978google scholar: lookup
  155. Salipante SJ, Hoogestraat DR, SenGupta DJ, Murphey D, Panayides K, Hamilton E, Castañeda-Sánchez I, Kennedy J, Monsaas PW, Mendoza L, Stephens K, Dunn JJ, Cookson BT. Molecular diagnosis of subcutaneous Pythium insidiosum infection by use of PCR screening and DNA sequencing.. J Clin Microbiol 2012 Apr;50(4):1480-3.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.06126-11pmc: PMC3318510pubmed: 22205808google scholar: lookup
  156. Schloemer N.J., Lincoln A.H., Mikhailov T.A., Collins C.L., Di Rocco J.R., Kehl S.C., Chusid M.J.. Fatal Disseminated Pythium Insidiosum Infection in a Child with Diamond-Blackfan Anemia. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. 2013;21:e24–e26.
    doi: 10.1097/IPC.0b013e318278f3b5google scholar: lookup
  157. Keoprasom N, Chularojanamontri L, Chayakulkeeree M, Chaiprasert A, Wanachiwanawin W, Ruangsetakit C. Vascular pythiosis in a thalassemic patient presenting as bilateral leg ulcers.. Med Mycol Case Rep 2012 Dec 8;2:25-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2012.12.002pmc: PMC3885954pubmed: 24432209google scholar: lookup
  158. Hahtapornsawan S, Wongwanit C, Chinsakchai K, Hongku K, Sermsathanasawadi N, Ruangsetakit C, Mutirangura P. Suprainguinal vascular pythiosis: effective long-term outcome of aggressive surgical eradication.. Ann Vasc Surg 2014 Oct;28(7):1797.e1-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2014.04.020pubmed: 24911809google scholar: lookup
  159. Khunkhet S, Rattanakaemakorn P, Rajatanavin N. Pythiosis presenting with digital gangrene and subcutaneous nodules mimicking medium vessel vasculitis.. JAAD Case Rep 2015 Nov;1(6):399-402.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.09.005pmc: PMC4809401pubmed: 27051792google scholar: lookup
  160. Kirzhner M, Arnold SR, Lyle C, Mendoza LL, Fleming JC. Pythium insidiosum: A Rare Necrotizing Orbital and Facial Infection.. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015 Mar;4(1):e10-3.
    doi: 10.1093/jpids/piu015pubmed: 26407370google scholar: lookup
  161. Sathapatayavongs B, Leelachaikul P, Prachaktam R, Atichartakarn V, Sriphojanart S, Trairatvorakul P, Jirasiritham S, Nontasut S, Eurvilaichit C, Flegel T. Human pythiosis associated with thalassemia hemoglobinopathy syndrome.. J Infect Dis 1989 Feb;159(2):274-80.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/159.2.274pubmed: 2644370google scholar: lookup
  162. Tanphaichitra D. Tropical disease in the immunocompromised host: melioidosis and pythiosis.. Rev Infect Dis 1989 Nov-Dec;11 Suppl 7:S1629-43.
    doi: 10.1093/clinids/11.Supplement_7.S1629pubmed: 2602781google scholar: lookup
  163. Chetchotisakd P, Pairojkul C, Porntaveevudhi O, Sathapatayavongs B, Mairiang P, Nuntirooj K, Patjanasoontorn B, Saew OT, Chaiprasert AK, Haswell-Elkins MR. Human pythiosis in Srinagarind Hospital: one year's experience.. J Med Assoc Thai 1992 Apr;75(4):248-54.
    pubmed: 1402450
  164. Torvorapanit P, Chuleerarux N, Plongla R, Worasilchai N, Manothummetha K, Thongkam A, Langsiri N, Diewsurin J, Kongsakpaisan P, Bansong R, Susaengrat N, Wattanasoontornsakul W, Chindamporn A, Permpalung N. Clinical Outcomes of Radical Surgery and Antimicrobial Agents in Vascular Pythiosis: A Multicenter Prospective Study.. J Fungi (Basel) 2021 Feb 4;7(2).
    doi: 10.3390/jof7020114pmc: PMC7913857pubmed: 33557064google scholar: lookup
  165. Virgile R, Perry HD, Pardanani B, Szabo K, Rahn EK, Stone J, Salkin I, Dixon DM. Human infectious corneal ulcer caused by Pythium insidiosum.. Cornea 1993 Jan;12(1):81-3.
    doi: 10.1097/00003226-199301000-00015pubmed: 8458239google scholar: lookup
  166. Badenoch PR, Coster DJ, Wetherall BL, Brettig HT, Rozenbilds MA, Drenth A, Wagels G. Pythium insidiosum keratitis confirmed by DNA sequence analysis.. Br J Ophthalmol 2001 Apr;85(4):502-3.
    doi: 10.1136/bjo.85.4.496gpmc: PMC1723941pubmed: 11302134google scholar: lookup
  167. Krajaejun T, Pracharktam R, Wongwaisayawan S, Rochanawutinon M, Kunakorn M, Kunavisarut S. Ocular pythiosis: is it under-diagnosed?. Am J Ophthalmol 2004 Feb;137(2):370-2.
    doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00908-5pubmed: 14962441google scholar: lookup
  168. Badenoch PR, Mills RA, Chang JH, Sadlon TA, Klebe S, Coster DJ. Pythium insidiosum keratitis in an Australian child.. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009 Nov;37(8):806-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02135.xpubmed: 19878227google scholar: lookup
  169. Tanhehco TY, Stacy RC, Mendoza L, Durand ML, Jakobiec FA, Colby KA. Pythium insidiosum keratitis in Israel.. Eye Contact Lens 2011 Mar;37(2):96-8.
    doi: 10.1097/ICL.0b013e3182043114pubmed: 21252687google scholar: lookup
  170. Barequet IS, Lavinsky F, Rosner M. Long-term follow-up after successful treatment of Pythium insidiosum keratitis in Israel.. Semin Ophthalmol 2013 Jul;28(4):247-50.
    pubmed: 23627654doi: 10.3109/08820538.2013.788676google scholar: lookup
  171. Del Castillo-Jiménez MC, Baptista-Díaz N, Montero J, Pascual A. [Pythium insidiosum ocular infection].. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013 Feb;31(2):118-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2012.07.012pubmed: 22981326google scholar: lookup
  172. Sharma S, Balne PK, Motukupally SR, Das S, Garg P, Sahu SK, Arunasri K, Manjulatha K, Mishra DK, Shivaji S. Pythium insidiosum keratitis: clinical profile and role of DNA sequencing and zoospore formation in diagnosis.. Cornea 2015 Apr;34(4):438-42.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000349pubmed: 25738236google scholar: lookup
  173. Lelievre L, Borderie V, Garcia-Hermoso D, Brignier AC, Sterkers M, Chaumeil C, Lortholary O, Lanternier F. Imported pythium insidiosum keratitis after a swim in Thailand by a contact lens-wearing traveler.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015 Feb;92(2):270-3.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0380pmc: PMC4347328pubmed: 25535313google scholar: lookup
  174. Ros Castellar F, Sobrino Jiménez C, del Hierro Zarzuelo A, Herrero Ambrosio A, Boto de Los Bueis A. Intraocular minocycline for the treatment of ocular pythiosis.. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2017 Jun 1;74(11):821-825.
    doi: 10.2146/ajhp160248pubmed: 28546303google scholar: lookup
  175. Raghavan A, Bellamkonda P, Mendoza L, Rammohan R. Pythium insidiosum and Acanthamoeba keratitis in a contact lens user.. BMJ Case Rep 2018 Dec 3;11(1).
    doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226386pmc: PMC6301630pubmed: 30567163google scholar: lookup
  176. Agarwal S, Iyer G, Srinivasan B, Agarwal M, Panchalam Sampath Kumar S, Therese LK. Clinical profile of pythium keratitis: perioperative measures to reduce risk of recurrence.. Br J Ophthalmol 2018 Feb;102(2):153-157.
    doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310604pubmed: 28903964google scholar: lookup
  177. Anutarapongpan O, Thanathanee O, Worrawitchawong J, Suwan-Apichon O. Role of Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Pythium insidiosum Keratitis.. Cornea 2018 Feb;37(2):156-161.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001466pubmed: 29176453google scholar: lookup
  178. Neufeld A, Seamone C, Maleki B, Heathcote JG. Pythium insidiosum keratitis: a pictorial essay of natural history.. Can J Ophthalmol 2018 Apr;53(2):e48-e50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.07.002pubmed: 29631838google scholar: lookup
  179. . Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Outcomes of Rare Genera Fungal Keratitis in China. 2020.
  180. Puangsricharern V, Chotikkakamthorn P, Tulvatana W, Kittipibul T, Chantaren P, Reinprayoon U, Kasetsuwan N, Satitpitakul V, Worasilchai N, Chindamporn A. Clinical Characteristics, Histopathology, and Treatment Outcomes of Pythium Keratitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.. Clin Ophthalmol 2021;15:1691-1701.
    doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S303721pmc: PMC8080432pubmed: 33935486google scholar: lookup
  181. Gurnani B, Christy J, Narayana S, Rajkumar P, Kaur K, Gubert J. Retrospective multifactorial analysis of Pythium keratitis and review of literature.. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021 May;69(5):1095-1101.
    doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1808_20pmc: PMC8186601pubmed: 33913840google scholar: lookup
  182. Vishwakarma P, Mohanty A, Kaur A, Das S, Priyadarshini SR, Mitra S, Mittal R, Sahu SK. Pythium keratitis: Clinical profile, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and histopathology features post-treatment at a tertiary eye care center in Eastern India.. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021 Jun;69(6):1544-1552.
    pmc: PMC8302330pubmed: 34011738doi: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2356_20google scholar: lookup
  183. Nonpassopon M, Jongkhajornpong P, Aroonroch R, Koovisitsopit A, Lekhanont K. Predisposing Factors, Clinical Presentations, and Outcomes of Contact Lens-Related Pythium Keratitis.. Cornea 2021 Nov 1;40(11):1413-1419.
    doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002651pubmed: 33470674google scholar: lookup
  184. Hasika R, Lalitha P, Radhakrishnan N, Rameshkumar G, Prajna NV, Srinivasan M. Pythium keratitis in South India: Incidence, clinical profile, management, and treatment recommendation.. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 Jan;67(1):42-47.
    pmc: PMC6324135pubmed: 30574890doi: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_445_18google scholar: lookup
  185. Bagga B, Sharma S, Madhuri Guda SJ, Nagpal R, Joseph J, Manjulatha K, Mohamed A, Garg P. Leap forward in the treatment of Pythium insidiosum keratitis.. Br J Ophthalmol 2018 Dec;102(12):1629-1633.
    doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311360pubmed: 29545414google scholar: lookup
  186. Bagga B, Kate A, Mohamed A, Sharma S, Das S, Mitra S. Successful Strategic Management of Pythium insidiosum Keratitis with Antibiotics.. Ophthalmology 2021 Jan;128(1):169-172.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.05.046pubmed: 32505693google scholar: lookup
  187. Gurnani B, Narayana S, Christy J, Rajkumar P, Kaur K, Gubert J. Successful management of pediatric pythium insidiosum keratitis with cyanoacrylate glue, linezolid, and azithromycin: Rare case report.. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022 Sep;32(5):NP87-NP91.
    doi: 10.1177/11206721211006564pubmed: 33779337google scholar: lookup
  188. Leal A.B.M., Leal A.T., Santurio J.M., Kommers G.D., Catto J.B.. Pitiose Eqüina No Pantanal Brasileiro: Aspectos Clínico-Patológicos de Casos Típicos e Atípicos. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2001;21:151–156.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2001000400005google scholar: lookup
  189. Sallis E.S.V., Pereira D.I.B., Raffi M.B.. Pitiose Cutânea Em Eqüinos: 14 Casos. Cienc. Rural. 2003;33:899–903.
    doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782003000500017google scholar: lookup
  190. Álvarez J.C., García L.R., Garay O.V.. Pythiosis Cutánea Equina En Córdoba, Colombia. Reporte de Cinco Casos. Rev. Científica 2010;20:590–594.
  191. Dykstra MJ, Sharp NJ, Olivry T, Hillier A, Murphy KM, Kaufman L, Kunkle GA, Pucheu-Haston C. A description of cutaneous-subcutaneous pythiosis in fifteen dogs.. Med Mycol 1999 Dec;37(6):427-33.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-280X.1999.00248.xpubmed: 10647124google scholar: lookup
  192. Hensel P, Greene CE, Medleau L, Latimer KS, Mendoza L. Immunotherapy for treatment of multicentric cutaneous pythiosis in a dog.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003 Jul 15;223(2):215-8, 197.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.215pubmed: 12875449google scholar: lookup
  193. Carrera M.V., Peixoto R.M., Gouveia G.V., Pessoa C.R., Jesus F.P., Santurio J.M., Botton S.A., Costa M.M.. Pitiose Em Ovinos Nos Estados de Pernambuco e Bahia. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2013;33:476–482.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2013000400011google scholar: lookup
  194. Thomas R.C., Lewis D.T.. Pythiosis in Dogs and Cats. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 1998;20:63–72.
  195. Dos Santos C.E.P., Juliano R.S., Santurio J.M., Marques L.C.. Eficácia Da Imunoterapia No Tratamento de Pitiose Facial Em Equino. Acta Sci. Vet. 2011;39:955.
  196. Maroneze B.P., Botton S.A., Mota M.A., Lobo R.R., Soares M.P., Valente J.S.S., Azevedo M.I., Ribeiro T.C., Sallis E.S.V., da Silveira D.H.. Terapia Combinada No Tratamento de Pitiose Gastrointestinal Em Um Canino. Acta Sci. Vet. 2012;40:s36.
  197. D’Avila P.P., Pacheco C.D.V., Pereira R.C., Daltro D.S., Ribas L.M.. Pitiose Equina Na Regiao Da Campanha Do Rio Grande Do Sul—Relato de Caso. Rev. Cient. Eletronica Med. Vet. 2011;9:1–8.
  198. Eaton S.. Osseous Involvement by Pythium Insidiosum. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 1993;15:485–488.
  199. Dowling BA, Dart AJ, Kessell AE, Pascoe RR, Hodgson DR. Cutaneous phycomycosis in two horses.. Aust Vet J 1999 Dec;77(12):780-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12942.xpubmed: 10685178google scholar: lookup
  200. De Faria Maciel I.C., Silveira J.T., Maia C.A., Sousa R.M., Oliveira N.J.F., Duarte E.R.. Pitiose Fatal Em Eqüino Tratado Inicialmente Para Habronemose Cutânea. Acta Sci. Vet. 2008;36:293–297.
    doi: 10.22456/1679-9216.17306google scholar: lookup
  201. Frey F., Velho J.R., Lins L.A., Nogueira C.E.W., Santurio J.M.. Pitiose Equina Na Região Sul Do Brasil. Rev. Port. Cienc. Vet. 2007;102:107–111.
  202. Bandeira A., Santos J., Melo M., Andrade V., Dantas A., Araujo J.. Pitiose Equina No Estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Cienc Vet. Tróp Recife-PE 2009;12:46–54.
  203. Da Silva W.P., Costa R.V.C., de Oliveira Henriques M.. Pitiose Cutânea Em Equino: Relato de Caso. Rev. Saber Digit. 2018;10:57–67.
  204. Di Filippo P.A., Lemos G.B., Meireles M.A.D., Coutinho Í., Gobbi F.P., Godinho A.. Clinical and Anatomopathological Aspects of Bone Lesions Secondary to Pythium Insidiosum in Horses. Rev. Acad. Cienc. Anim. 2020;18:e18502.
  205. Cridge H, Hughes SM, Langston VC, Mackin AJ. Mefenoxam, Itraconazole, and Terbinafine Combination Therapy for Management of Pythiosis in Dogs (Six Cases).. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020 Nov 1;56(6):307.
    doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7039pubmed: 33113560google scholar: lookup
  206. Santos CE, Marques LC, Zanette RA, Jesus FP, Santurio JM. Does immunotherapy protect equines from reinfection by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum?. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011 Aug;18(8):1397-9.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.05150-11pmc: PMC3147340pubmed: 21715582google scholar: lookup
  207. Romero A., García J., Balestié S., Malfatto F., Vicentino A., Sallis E.S.V., Schild A.L., Dutra F.. Equine Pythiosis in the Eastern Wetlands of Uruguay. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2019;39:469–475.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6256google scholar: lookup
  208. Prado L.G., Guedes A.R.M., Werneck J.G., Gomes C.A.R., Santos F.A., Anacleto T.P., Akamatsu A., Siqueira L.J.R., Malagó R.. Pitiose Cutânea Com Invasão de Articulação Em Equino. R. Bras. Med. Equina 2015;10:10–13.
  209. Dória RG, Freitas SH, Linardi RL, Mendonça Fde S, Arruda LP, Boabaid FM, Valadão CA. Treatment of pythiosis in equine limbs using intravenous regional perfusion of amphotericin B.. Vet Surg 2012 Aug;41(6):759-65.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01019.xpubmed: 22846053google scholar: lookup
  210. Salomão-Nascimento R.B., Frazão-Teixeira E., de Oliveira F.. Hepatic and Renal Analysis in Horses with Pythiosis Treated with Potassium Iodate, through the Detection of Serum Proteins, Nitrogenated Substances and Enzymes. Rev. Bras. Med. Vet. 2010;32:105–110.
  211. Worster AA, Lillich JD, Cox JH, Rush BR. Pythiosis with bone lesions in a pregnant mare.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000 Jun 1;216(11):1795-8, 1760.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1795pubmed: 10844973google scholar: lookup
  212. Sedrish SA, Moore RM, Valdes-Vasquez MA, Haynes PF, Vicek T. Adjunctive use of a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet laser for treatment of pythiosis granulomas in two horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997 Aug 15;211(4):464-5.
    pubmed: 9267509
  213. Meireles MC, Riet-Correa F, Fischman O, Zambrano AF, Zambrano MS, Ribeiro GA. Cutaneous pythiosis in horses from Brazil.. Mycoses 1993 Mar-Apr;36(3-4):139-42.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1993.tb00702.xpubmed: 8366878google scholar: lookup
  214. Chaffin MK, Schumacher J, Hooper N. Multicentric cutaneous pythiosis in a foal.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992 Jul 15;201(2):310-2.
    pubmed: 1500331
  215. Frade M.T., Diniz P.V., Olinda R.G., Maia L.A., de Galiza G.J., de Souza A.P., da Nóbrega Neto P.I., Dantas A.F.. Pythiosis in Dogs in the Semiarid Region of Northeast Brazil. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2017;37:485–490.
    doi: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000500010google scholar: lookup
  216. Firmino M., Frade M., Alves R., Maia L., Olinda R., Ximenes R., Souza A., Dantas A.. Intestinal Intussusception Secondary to Enteritis Caused by Pythium Insidiosum in a Bitch: Case Report. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2017;69:623–626.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-9107google scholar: lookup
  217. Fujimori M., Lopes E.R., Lima S.R., de Paula D.A.J., de Almeida A., Colodel E.M., Pescador C.A., Néspoli P.E.B., Nakazato L., Dutra V.. Pythium Insidiosum Colitis in a Dog: Treatment and Clinical Outcome. Cienc. Rural. 2016;46:526–529.
    doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20150081google scholar: lookup
  218. Dycus DL, Fisher C, Butler R. Surgical and Medical Treatment of Pyloric and Duodenal Pythiosis in a Dog.. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2015 Nov-Dec;51(6):385-91.
    doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6217pubmed: 26535457google scholar: lookup
  219. De Macêdo L.B., de Medeiros Oliveira I.V.P., Pimentel M.M.L., da Costa Reis P.F.C., de Macedo M.F., Filgueira K.D.. Primary Description of Pythiosis in Autochthonous Canine from the City of Mossoró, Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Hig. Sanid. Anim. 2014;8:88–109.
    doi: 10.5935/1981-2965.20140136google scholar: lookup
  220. Da Nóbrega D.F., da Silva Junior A.B., Caleffo T., dos Santos Teruya C., da Cunha O., de Marco Viott A.. Enterite Piogranulomatosa Causada Por Pythium Insidiosum Em Cão. Arch. Vet. Sci. 2013;18:611–613.
  221. Connolly SL, Frank C, Thompson CA, Van Alstine WG, Gelb H, Heng HG, Klosterman E, Kiupel M, Grooters AM. Dual infection with Pythium insidiosum and Blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog.. Vet Clin Pathol 2012 Sep;41(3):419-23.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2012.00447.xpubmed: 22747656google scholar: lookup
  222. Fernandes CP, Giordani C, Grecco FB, V Sallis ES, R Stainki D, Gaspar LF, Garcez Ribeiro CL, Nobre MO. Gastric pythiosis in a dog.. Rev Iberoam Micol 2012 Oct-Dec;29(4):235-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.riam.2012.01.002pubmed: 22306044google scholar: lookup
  223. Pereira DI, Schild AL, Motta MA, Fighera RA, Sallis ES, Marcolongo-Pereira C. Cutaneous and gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog in Brazil.. Vet Res Commun 2010 Mar;34(3):301-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-010-9354-9pubmed: 20306346google scholar: lookup
  224. Neto RT, de M G Bosco S, Amorim RL, Brandão CV, Fabris VE, Estanislau C, Bagagli E. Cutaneous pythiosis in a dog from Brazil.. Vet Dermatol 2010 Apr;21(2):202-4.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00779.xpubmed: 19706006google scholar: lookup
  225. Hunning P., Rigon G., Faraco C., Pavarini S., Sampaio D., Beheregaray W., Driemeier D.. Intestinal Obstruction by Pythium Insidiosum in a Dog: Case Report. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2010;62:801–805.
    doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352010000400006google scholar: lookup
  226. LeBlanc CJ, Echandi RL, Moore RR, Souza C, Grooters AM. Hypercalcemia associated with gastric pythiosis in a dog.. Vet Clin Pathol 2008 Mar;37(1):115-20.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00015.xpubmed: 18366554google scholar: lookup
  227. Mendoza L, Arias M, Colmenarez V, Perazzo Y. Intestinal canine pythiosis in Venezuela confirmed by serological and sequencing analysis.. Mycopathologia 2005 Feb;159(2):219-22.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-004-6618-3pubmed: 15770447google scholar: lookup
  228. Liljebjelke KA, Abramson C, Brockus C, Greene CE. Duodenal obstruction caused by infection with Pythium insidiosum in a 12-week-old puppy.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002 Apr 15;220(8):1188-91, 1162.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.1188pubmed: 11990966google scholar: lookup
  229. Helman RG, Oliver J 3rd. Pythiosis of the digestive tract in dogs from Oklahoma.. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1999 Mar-Apr;35(2):111-4.
    doi: 10.5326/15473317-35-2-111pubmed: 10102178google scholar: lookup
  230. Hnilica KA. Difficult dermatologic diagnosis. Pythiosis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998 Apr 15;212(8):1192-3.
    pubmed: 9569149
  231. Patton CS, Hake R, Newton J, Toal RL. Esophagitis due to Pythium insidiosum infection in two dogs.. J Vet Intern Med 1996 May-Jun;10(3):139-42.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02046.xpubmed: 8743213google scholar: lookup
  232. Fischer JR, Pace LW, Turk JR, Kreeger JM, Miller MA, Gosser HS. Gastrointestinal pythiosis in Missouri dogs: eleven cases.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1994 Jul;6(3):380-2.
    doi: 10.1177/104063879400600320pubmed: 7948214google scholar: lookup
  233. Howerth EW, Brown CC, Crowder C. Subcutaneous pythiosis in a dog.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1989 Jan;1(1):81-3.
    doi: 10.1177/104063878900100124pubmed: 2488655google scholar: lookup
  234. Rech R., Graça D., Barros C.. Pitiose Em Um Cão: Relato de Caso e Diagnósticos Diferenciais. Clin. Vet. 2004;50:68–72.
  235. Rodrigues A., Graça D., Fontoura C., Cavalheiro A., Henzel A., Schwendler S., Alves S., Santurio J.. Intestinal Dog Pythiosis in Brazil. J. Mycol. Med. 2006;16:37–41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2005.10.006google scholar: lookup
  236. Maia L.A., Souto E.P., Frade M.T., Pimentel L.A., Azevedo E.O., Kommers G.D., Riet-Correa F., Dantas A.F.. Pythiosis in Cattle in Northeastern Brazil. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2020;40:340–345.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6532google scholar: lookup
  237. Konradt G, Bassuino DM, Bianchi MV, Castro L, Caprioli RA, Pavarini SP, Santurio JM, Azevedo MI, Jesus FP, Driemeier D. Cutaneous Pythiosis in calves: An epidemiologic, pathologic, serologic and molecular characterization.. Med Mycol Case Rep 2016 Dec;14:24-26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.11.004pmc: PMC5192245pubmed: 28050341google scholar: lookup
  238. Santurio JM, Monteiro AB, Leal AT, Kommers GD, de Sousa RS, Catto JB. Cutaneous Pythiosis insidiosi in calves from the Pantanal region of Brazil.. Mycopathologia 1998;141(3):123-5.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1006995407665pubmed: 9755503google scholar: lookup
  239. Dos Santos C.E.P., Santurio J.M., Marques L.C.. Pitiose Em Animais de Produção No Pantanal Matogrossense. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2011;31:1083–1089.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2011001200008google scholar: lookup
  240. Gabriel A.L., Kommers G.D., Trost M.E., Barros C.S., Pereira D.B., Schwendler S.E., Santurio J.M.. Outbreak of Cutaneous Pythiosis in Cattle. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2008;28:583–587.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2008001200003google scholar: lookup
  241. Grecco F.B., Schild A.L., Quevedo P., Assis-Brasil N.D., Kommers G.D., Marcolongo-Pereira C., Soares M.P.. Cutaneous Pythiosis in Cattle in the Southern Region of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2009;29:938–942.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2009001100013google scholar: lookup
  242. Nami S, Mohammadi R, Vakili M, Khezripour K, Mirzaei H, Morovati H. Fungal vaccines, mechanism of actions and immunology: A comprehensive review.. Biomed Pharmacother 2019 Jan;109:333-344.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.075pubmed: 30399567google scholar: lookup
  243. Carvalho A., Duarte-Oliveira C., Gonçalves S.M., Campos A., Lacerda J.F., Cunha C.. Fungal Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics: Current Concepts and Future Challenges. Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep. 2017;11:16–24.
    doi: 10.1007/s12281-017-0272-ygoogle scholar: lookup
  244. Mendoza L, Newton JC. Immunology and immunotherapy of the infections caused by Pythium insidiosum.. Med Mycol 2005 Sep;43(6):477-86.
    doi: 10.1080/13693780500279882pubmed: 16320491google scholar: lookup
  245. Álvarez J.C., Viloria M.V., Ayola S.P.. Pitiose Cutânea Em Equinos: Uma Revisão. Rev. CES Med. Vet. Zootec. 2013;8:58–67.
  246. Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E, Klunker S, Meyer N, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Rhyner C, Ouaked N, Schaffartzik A, Van De Veen W, Zeller S, Zimmermann M, Akdis CA. Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011 Mar;127(3):701-21.e1-70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050pubmed: 21377040google scholar: lookup
  247. Rakich PM, Grooters AM, Tang KN. Gastrointestinal pythiosis in two cats.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005 May;17(3):262-9.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870501700310pubmed: 15945385google scholar: lookup
  248. Bernardo F.D., Conhizak C., Ambrosini F., de Jesus F.P., Santurio J.M., Kommers G.D., Elias F., Franciscato C.. Pythiosis in Sheep from Paraná, Southern Brazil. Pesqui. Vet. Bras. 2015;35:513–517.
  249. Tartor YH, Hamad MH, Abouzeid NZ, El-Belkemy FA. Equine pythiosis in Egypt: clinicopathological findings, detection, identification and genotyping of Pythium insidiosum.. Vet Dermatol 2020 Aug;31(4):298-e73.
    pubmed: 32342602doi: 10.1111/vde.12845google scholar: lookup
  250. Pereira D., Santurio J., Alves S., de Azevedo M., Silveira F., da Costa F., Sallis E., Pötter L., Ferreiro L.. Comparison between Immunotherapy and Caspofungin as Agents to Treat Experimental Pythiosis in Rabbits. J. Mycol. Med. 2008;18:129–133.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2008.05.001google scholar: lookup
  251. Tondolo JSM, Loreto ES, de Jesus FPK, Ledur PC, Verdi CM, Santurio JM. Immunotherapy based on Pythium insidiosum mycelia drives a Th1/Th17 response in mice.. Med Mycol 2020 Nov 10;58(8):1120-1125.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myaa023pubmed: 32396166google scholar: lookup
  252. Ledur PC, Tondolo JSM, Jesus FPK, Verdi CM, Loreto ÉS, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Dendritic cells pulsed with Pythium insidiosum (1,3)(1,6)-β-glucan, Heat-inactivated zoospores and immunotherapy prime naïve T cells to Th1 differentiation in vitro.. Immunobiology 2018 Mar;223(3):294-299.
    doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.033pubmed: 29074300google scholar: lookup
  253. Tondolo JSM, Ledur PC, Loreto ÉS, Verdi CM, Bitencourt PER, de Jesus FPK, Rocha JP, Alves SH, Sassaki GL, Santurio JM. Extraction, characterization and biological activity of a (1,3)(1,6)-β-d-glucan from the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum.. Carbohydr Polym 2017 Feb 10;157:719-727.
    doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.053pubmed: 27987983google scholar: lookup
  254. Garcia RB, Pastor A, Mendoza L. Mapping of Pythium insidiosum hyphal antigens and ultrastructural features using TEM.. Mycol Res 2007 Nov;111(Pt 11):1352-60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.005pubmed: 18023165google scholar: lookup
  255. Weiblen C, Zanette RA, Ribeiro TC, Pereira Dos Santos CE, Ianiski LB, Pereira DIB, Santurio JM, Botton SA. Intradermal injection of Pythium insidiosum protein antigens for improved diagnosis and treatment of pythiosis in an experimental model.. Med Mycol 2019 Oct 1;57(7):807-812.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy078pubmed: 30260397google scholar: lookup
  256. Inêz-Ferreira TM, Mendoza L, Vilela R, Andrade HM, Haddad JP, Nunes FF, Gondim IM, Guimarães TM, de Toledo VP. A Leishmania murine model to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of Pythium insidiosum proteins.. Heliyon 2017 Mar;3(3):e00278.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00278pmc: PMC5377577pubmed: 28393124google scholar: lookup
  257. Zanette RA, Bitencourt PE, Kontoyiannis DP, Fighera RA, Flores MM, Kommers GD, Silva PS, Ludwig A, Moretto MB, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Complex interaction of deferasirox and Pythium insidiosum: iron-dependent attenuation of growth in vitro and immunotherapy-like enhancement of immune responses in vivo.. PLoS One 2015;10(3):e0118932.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118932pmc: PMC4349436pubmed: 25738758google scholar: lookup
  258. Bach BC, Leal DB, Ruchel JB, Souza Vdo C, Maboni G, Dal Pozzo M, Schlemmer KB, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Immunotherapy for pythiosis: Effect on NTPDase activity in lymphocytes of an experimental model.. Biomed Pharmacother 2010 Dec;64(10):718-22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.09.016pubmed: 20970953google scholar: lookup
  259. Bach BC, Leal DB, Jaques JA, Souza Vdo C, Ruchel JB, Schlemmer KB, Zanette RA, Hecktheuer PA, de Lima Pereira P, Casali EA, Alves SH, Santurio JM. E-ADA activity in lymphocytes of an experimental model of pythiosis treated with immunotherapy.. Cell Biochem Funct 2013 Aug;31(6):476-81.
    doi: 10.1002/cbf.2921pubmed: 23086808google scholar: lookup
  260. Mendoza L, Alfaro AA, Villalobos J. Bone lesions caused by Pythium insidiosum in a horse.. J Med Vet Mycol 1988 Feb;26(1):5-12.
    doi: 10.1080/02681218880000021pubmed: 3379540google scholar: lookup
  261. Santurio J.M., Alves S.H., Pereira D.I.B., Vetvicka V., Oliveira C.. Effect of Yeast Purified β-Glucan in Experimental Treatment of Pythiosis in Rabbits. Int. Clin. Pathol. J. 2020;8:14–20.
  262. Trolezi R, Azanha JM, Paschoal NR, Chechi JL, Dias Silva MJ, Fabris VE, Vilegas W, Kaneno R, Fernandes Junior A, Bosco SM. Stryphnodendron adstringens and purified tannin on Pythium insidiosum: in vitro and in vivo studies.. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017 Feb 23;16(1):7.
    doi: 10.1186/s12941-017-0183-3pmc: PMC5324290pubmed: 28231795google scholar: lookup
  263. Pathomsakulwong W., Laikul A., Theerawatanasirikul S., Limsivilai O., Yurayart C., Phetudomsinsuk K.. Equine Pythiosis in Thailand. Proceedings of the 57th Kasetsart University Annual Conference Bangkok, Thailand. 29 January–1 February 2019; pp. 1–6.
  264. do Carmo PMS, Uzal FA, Riet-Correa F. Diseases caused by Pythium insidiosum in sheep and goats: a review.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021 Jan;33(1):20-24.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638720968937pmc: PMC7758700pubmed: 33155523google scholar: lookup
  265. Cagigi A, Loré K. Immune Responses Induced by mRNA Vaccination in Mice, Monkeys and Humans.. Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Jan 18;9(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010061pmc: PMC7831080pubmed: 33477534google scholar: lookup
  266. Paterson MJ, Caldera JR, Nguyen C, Sharma P, Castro AM, Kolar SL, Tsai CM, Limon JJ, Becker CA, Martins GA, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Harnessing antifungal immunity in pursuit of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine strategy.. PLoS Pathog 2020 Aug;16(8):e1008733.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008733pmc: PMC7446838pubmed: 32817694google scholar: lookup
  267. Singh S, Uppuluri P, Mamouei Z, Alqarihi A, Elhassan H, French S, Lockhart SR, Chiller T, Edwards JE Jr, Ibrahim AS. The NDV-3A vaccine protects mice from multidrug resistant Candida auris infection.. PLoS Pathog 2019 Aug;15(8):e1007460.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007460pmc: PMC6695204pubmed: 31381597google scholar: lookup
  268. Tondolo JSM, Loreto ÉS, Ledur PC, Jesus FPK, Silva TM, Kommers GD, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Chemically induced disseminated pythiosis in BALB/c mice: A new experimental model for Pythium insidiosum infection.. PLoS One 2017;12(5):e0177868.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177868pmc: PMC5438141pubmed: 28542438google scholar: lookup
  269. Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, de Jesus FPK, Verdi CM, Weiblen C, de Azevedo MI, Kommers GD, Santurio JM, Zanette RA, Alves SH. Efficacy of Azithromycin and Miltefosine in Experimental Systemic Pythiosis in Immunosuppressed Mice.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019 Jan;63(1).
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.01385-18pmc: PMC6325207pubmed: 30373795google scholar: lookup
  270. Oliveira LVN, Wang R, Specht CA, Levitz SM. Vaccines for human fungal diseases: close but still a long way to go.. NPJ Vaccines 2021 Mar 3;6(1):33.
    doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00294-8pmc: PMC7930017pubmed: 33658522google scholar: lookup
  271. Krajaejun T, Kunakorn M, Pracharktam R, Chongtrakool P, Sathapatayavongs B, Chaiprasert A, Vanittanakom N, Chindamporn A, Mootsikapun P. Identification of a novel 74-kiloDalton immunodominant antigen of Pythium insidiosum recognized by sera from human patients with pythiosis.. J Clin Microbiol 2006 May;44(5):1674-80.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.5.1674-1680.2006pmc: PMC1479217pubmed: 16672392google scholar: lookup
  272. Dal Ben V, Oliveira RS, Borchardt JL, Valente JSS, Brasil CL, Zambrano CG, Leite FPL, Botton SA, Pereira DIB. Protein profile of Brazilian Pythium insidiosum isolates.. Med Mycol 2018 Jun 1;56(4):485-492.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx071pubmed: 29420782google scholar: lookup
  273. Leal A., Santurio J., Leal A., Catto J., Flores E., Lubeck I., Alves S.. Characterization of the Specificity of the Humoral Response to Pythium Insidiosum Antigens. J. Mycol. Med. 2005;15:63–68.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2005.01.004google scholar: lookup
  274. Pérez RC, Luis-León JJ, Vivas JL, Mendoza L. Epizootic cutaneous pythiosis in beef calves.. Vet Microbiol 2005 Aug 10;109(1-2):121-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.04.020pubmed: 15961262google scholar: lookup
  275. Sae-Chew P, Rujirawat T, Kumsang Y, Payattikul P, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Jaturapaktrarak C, Rotchanapreeda T, Reamtong O, Srisuk T, Kittichotirat W, Krajaejun T. Automated Cell-Free Multiprotein Synthesis Facilitates the Identification of a Secretory, Oligopeptide Elicitor-Like, Immunoreactive Protein of the Oomycete Pythium insidiosum.. mSystems 2020 May 12;5(3).
    doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00196-20pmc: PMC7219551pubmed: 32398276google scholar: lookup
  276. Vanittanakom N, Supabandhu J, Khamwan C, Praparattanapan J, Thirach S, Prasertwitayakij N, Louthrenoo W, Chiewchanvit S, Tananuvat N. Identification of emerging human-pathogenic Pythium insidiosum by serological and molecular assay-based methods.. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Sep;42(9):3970-4.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.9.3970-3974.2004pmc: PMC516349pubmed: 15364977google scholar: lookup
  277. Rotchanapreeda T, Kumsang Y, Sae-Chew P, Rujirawat T, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Payattikul P, Reamtong O, Krajaejun T. Expression, purification, and characterization of the recombinant exo-1,3-β-glucanase (Exo1) of the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum.. Heliyon 2020 Jun;6(6):e04237.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04237pmc: PMC7306600pubmed: 32596527google scholar: lookup
  278. Chechi JL, Rotchanapreeda T, da Paz GS, Prado AC, Oliveira AL, Vieira JCS, Buzalaf MAR, Rodrigues AM, Santos LDD, Krajaejun T, Bosco SMG. Prospecting Biomarkers for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches in Pythiosis.. J Fungi (Basel) 2021 May 28;7(6).
    doi: 10.3390/jof7060423pmc: PMC8229905pubmed: 34071174google scholar: lookup
  279. Lerksuthirat T, Lohnoo T, Inkomlue R, Rujirawat T, Yingyong W, Khositnithikul R, Phaonakrop N, Roytrakul S, Sullivan TD, Krajaejun T. The elicitin-like glycoprotein, ELI025, is secreted by the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum and evades host antibody responses.. PLoS One 2015;10(3):e0118547.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118547pmc: PMC4368664pubmed: 25793767google scholar: lookup
  280. Keeratijarut A, Lohnoo T, Rujirawat T, Yingyong W, Kalambaheti T, Miller S, Phuntumart V, Krajaejun T. The Immunoreactive Exo-1,3-β-Glucanase from the Pathogenic Oomycete Pythium insidiosum Is Temperature Regulated and Exhibits Glycoside Hydrolase Activity.. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0135239.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135239pmc: PMC4532416pubmed: 26263509google scholar: lookup
  281. Keeratijarut A, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Sriwanichrak K, Krajaejun T. A peptide ELISA to detect antibodies against Pythium insidiosum based on predicted antigenic determinants of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase.. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2013 Jul 4;44(4):672-80.
    pubmed: 24050102
  282. Krajaejun T, Kittichotirat W, Patumcharoenpol P, Rujirawat T, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W. Data on whole genome sequencing of the oomycete Pythium insidiosum strain CBS 101555 from a horse with pythiosis in Brazil.. BMC Res Notes 2018 Dec 11;11(1):880.
    doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3968-3pmc: PMC6290497pubmed: 30537981google scholar: lookup
  283. Patumcharoenpol P, Rujirawat T, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Vanittanakom N, Kittichotirat W, Krajaejun T. Draft genome sequences of the oomycete Pythium insidiosum strain CBS 573.85 from a horse with pythiosis and strain CR02 from the environment.. Data Brief 2018 Feb;16:47-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.002pmc: PMC5847485pubmed: 29541657google scholar: lookup
  284. Ascunce MS, Huguet-Tapia JC, Braun EL, Ortiz-Urquiza A, Keyhani NO, Goss EM. Whole genome sequence of the emerging oomycete pathogen Pythium insidiosum strain CDC-B5653 isolated from an infected human in the USA.. Genom Data 2016 Mar;7:60-1.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.11.019pmc: PMC4778604pubmed: 26981361google scholar: lookup
  285. Rujirawat T, Patumcharoenpol P, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Lerksuthirat T, Tangphatsornruang S, Suriyaphol P, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Garg G, Kittichotirat W, Krajaejun T. Draft Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Oomycete Pythium insidiosum Strain Pi-S, Isolated from a Patient with Pythiosis.. Genome Announc 2015 Jun 18;3(3).
    doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00574-15pmc: PMC4472884pubmed: 26089407google scholar: lookup
  286. Kittichotirat W, Patumcharoenpol P, Rujirawat T, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Krajaejun T. Draft genome and sequence variant data of the oomycete Pythium insidiosum strain Pi45 from the phylogenetically-distinct Clade-III.. Data Brief 2017 Dec;15:896-900.
    doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.047pmc: PMC5681328pubmed: 29159227google scholar: lookup
  287. Krajaejun T, Kittichotirat W, Patumcharoenpol P, Rujirawat T, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W. Genome data of four Pythium insidiosum strains from the phylogenetically-distinct clades I, II, and III.. BMC Res Notes 2021 May 21;14(1):197.
    doi: 10.1186/s13104-021-05610-ypmc: PMC8139067pubmed: 34020710google scholar: lookup
  288. Rotchanapreeda T, Sae-Chew P, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Rujirawat T, Kumsang Y, Payattikul P, Jaturapaktrarak C, Intaramat A, Pathomsakulwong W, Yurayart C, Krajaejun T. Immunological Cross-Reactivity of Proteins Extracted from the Oomycete Pythium insidiosum and the Fungus Basidiobolus ranarum Compromises the Detection Specificity of Immunodiagnostic Assays for Pythiosis.. J Fungi (Basel) 2021 Jun 11;7(6).
    doi: 10.3390/jof7060474pmc: PMC8231275pubmed: 34208304google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 17 times.
  1. Sriwarom A, Chiewchengchol D, Saithong S, Worasilchai N, Chindamporn A. Neutrophil extracellular traps and phagocytosis in Pythium insidiosum. PLoS One 2023;18(1):e0280565.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280565pubmed: 36693041google scholar: lookup
  2. Yolanda H, Lohnoo T, Rujirawat T, Yingyong W, Kumsang Y, Sae-Chew P, Payattikul P, Krajaejun T. Selection of an Appropriate In Vitro Susceptibility Test for Assessing Anti-Pythium insidiosum Activity of Potassium Iodide, Triamcinolone Acetonide, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Ethanol. J Fungi (Basel) 2022 Oct 24;8(11).
    doi: 10.3390/jof8111116pubmed: 36354883google scholar: lookup
  3. Gurnani B, Kaur K, Agarwal S, Lalgudi VG, Shekhawat NS, Venugopal A, Tripathy K, Srinivasan B, Iyer G, Gubert J. Pythium insidiosum Keratitis: Past, Present, and Future. Ophthalmol Ther 2022 Oct;11(5):1629-1653.
    doi: 10.1007/s40123-022-00542-7pubmed: 35788551google scholar: lookup
  4. Krajaejun T, Rujirawat T, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Sae-Chew P, Reamtong O, Kittichotirat W, Patumcharoenpol P. Secretome Profiling by Proteogenomic Analysis Shows Species-Specific, Temperature-Dependent, and Putative Virulence Proteins of Pythium insidiosum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022 May 20;8(5).
    doi: 10.3390/jof8050527pubmed: 35628782google scholar: lookup
  5. Medhasi S, Chindamporn A, Worasilchai N. A Review: Antimicrobial Therapy for Human Pythiosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022 Mar 26;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11040450pubmed: 35453202google scholar: lookup
  6. Yolanda H, Krajaejun T. Global Distribution and Clinical Features of Pythiosis in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022 Feb 11;8(2).
    doi: 10.3390/jof8020182pubmed: 35205934google scholar: lookup
  7. Gurnani B, Kaur K. Immune Camouflage in Pythium insidiosum Keratitis: A Hypothesis on Molecular Mimicry and Host Pattern Recognition Receptor Evasion. Clin Ophthalmol 2025;19:4855-4873.
    doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S560311pubmed: 41446892google scholar: lookup
  8. Liu X, Diao Q, Li M, Yang Y, Liang J, Cui Z, Zhang H, He H, Huang J, Ren H, Zhou F, Shan T, Liao X, Sun J, Zhang K. Worldwide distribution of human pythosis and biological characteristics of a Pythium insidiosum strain susceptible to antibiotics from China: a dual-scale study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2025;12:1629018.
    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1629018pubmed: 41446846google scholar: lookup
  9. Medhasi S, Sriwarom A, Permpalung N, Torvorapanit P, Plongla R, Chindamporn A, Worasilchai N. Pythium insidiosum-antigen enhances neutrophil-mediated killing of zoospores. Sci Rep 2025 Feb 12;15(1):5210.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88962-wpubmed: 39939657google scholar: lookup
  10. Li M, Zhu D, Diao Q, Liu X, Bi X, Dong J, Sun J, Xi Y, Zhang K. Clinical Features, Microbiological Characteristics, and Drug Sensitivity Analysis of Rare Human Spinal Pythiosis Strain. J Fungi (Basel) 2024 Nov 22;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/jof10120812pubmed: 39728308google scholar: lookup
  11. Medhasi S, Sangphech N, Permpalung N, Torvorapanit P, Plongla R, Worasilchai N. Functional characterization of macrophages and change of Th1/Th2 balance in patients with pythiosis after Pythium insidiosum antigen immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2024 Nov 9;14(1):27363.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78756-xpubmed: 39521871google scholar: lookup
  12. Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Zanette RA. Treating Pythiosis with Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis: An Overview. J Fungi (Basel) 2024 Mar 22;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/jof10040234pubmed: 38667905google scholar: lookup
  13. Roy M, Borden J, Kasper DJ. Subcutaneous pythiosis in human treated successfully with antimicrobial treatment, debridement and immunotherapy. BMJ Case Rep 2024 Mar 18;17(3).
    doi: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258587pubmed: 38499351google scholar: lookup
  14. Leksuwankun S, Plongla R, Eamrurksiri N, Torvorapanit P, Phongkhun K, Langsiri N, Meejun T, Srisurapanont K, Thanakitcharu J, Lerttiendamrong B, Thongkam A, Manothummetha K, Chuleerarux N, Moonla C, Worasilchai N, Chindamporn A, Permpalung N, Nematollahi S. Needs assessment of a pythiosis continuing professional development program. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024 Feb;18(2):e0012004.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012004pubmed: 38408109google scholar: lookup
  15. Medhasi S, Sriwarom A, Permpalung N, Torvorapanit P, Plongla R, Chindamporn A, Worasilchai N. Ex vivo observation of Pythium insidiosum-antigen treated neutrophils on three Pythium insidiosum strains isolated from vascular pythiosis patients. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024 Dec 31;20(1):2304372.
    doi: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2304372pubmed: 38314761google scholar: lookup
  16. Yolanda H, Jearawuttanakul K, Wannalo W, Kanjanasirirat P, Borwornpinyo S, Rujirawat T, Payattikul P, Kittichotirat W, Wichadakul D, Krajaejun T. Potential anti-Pythium insidiosum therapeutics identified through screening of agricultural fungicides. Microbiol Spectr 2024 Feb 6;12(2):e0162023.
    doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01620-23pubmed: 38179943google scholar: lookup
  17. Krajaejun T, Patumcharoenpol P, Rujirawat T, Kittichotirat W, Tangphatsornruang S. MGI short-read genome assemblies of Pythium insidiosum (reclassified as Pythium periculosum) strains Pi057C3 and Pi050C3. BMC Res Notes 2023 Nov 6;16(1):316.
    doi: 10.1186/s13104-023-06587-6pubmed: 37932861google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.