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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vaccines (Basel) / History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis.
Vaccines2021; 9(10); 1080; doi: 10.3390/vaccines9101080

History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis.

Abstract: The fungus-like microorganism causes pythiosis, a life-threatening infectious disease increasingly reported worldwide. Antimicrobial drugs are ineffective. Radical surgery is an essential treatment. Pythiosis can resume post-surgically. Immunotherapy using antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment. This review aims at providing up-to-date information of the immunotherapeutic PIA, with the focus on its history, preparation, clinical application, outcome, mechanism, and recent advances, in order to promote the proper use and future development of this treatment modality. crude extract is the primary source of immunotherapeutic antigens. Based on 967 documented human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy reduced disease morbidity and mortality. Concerning clinical outcomes, 19.4% of PIA-immunized human patients succumbed to vascular pythiosis instead of 41.0% in unimmunized cases. PIA immunotherapy may not provide an advantage in a local infection of the eye. Both PIA-immunized and unimmunized horses with pythiosis showed a similar survival rate of ~70%; however, demands for surgical intervention were much lesser in the immunized cases (22.8% vs. 75.2%). The proposed PIA action involves switching the non-protective T-helper-2 to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity. By exploring the available genome data, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids are potential sources of the immunotherapeutic antigens worth investigating. The PIA therapeutic property needs improvement for a better prognosis of pythiosis patients.
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Publication Date: 2021-09-26 PubMed ID: 34696188PubMed Central: PMC8539095DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101080Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper explores the history and application of immunotherapy using Pythium antigens (PIA) for treating Pythiosis, a deadly infection caused by a fungus-like microorganism called Pythium. The research offers a review of the clinical outcomes, mechanisms, and recent advancements in this modality to help optimize its use and encourage future development.

Pythiosis and the Ineffectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Pythiosis is a severe infection brought about by Pythium, a fungus-like microorganism. It’s a globally reported health issue that poses a significant threat to the lives of both humans and animals.
  • Traditional antimicrobial drugs don’t effectively treat this disease, and radical surgery is often required as a primary treatment method. Yet, recurrence of pythiosis after surgical intervention is common.

Immunotherapy Using Pythium Antigens (PIA)

  • Immunotherapy utilizing Pythium antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment for pythiosis. Pythium’s crude extract is the primary source of these immunotherapeutic antigens.
  • The paper reports that based on 967 human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy decreased disease morbidity and mortality.
  • In human patients, PIA immunotherapy reduced the death rate from vascular pythiosis to 19.4%, compared with 41.0% in cases that did not receive the immunization.
  • In contrast, PIA immunotherapy appeared to offer no advantage against infections located in the eye.

PIA Immunization in Horses

  • Equally, the survival rate of PIA-immunized and non-immunized horses with pythiosis was around 70%; nevertheless, the demand for surgical intervention was much lower in cases where immunization was used (22.8% compared with 75.2%).

Mechanism and Future Development of PIA Immunotherapy

  • The proposed mechanism of PIA immunotherapy involves the transition of non-protective T-helper-2 immunity to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity.
  • Researchers believe that analyzing genome data from Pythium can help uncover synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids, which can potentially enhance the therapeutic value of immunotherapeutic antigens.
  • The researchers highlight the need for improvement of the PIA therapeutic property to enhance the prognosis of pythiosis patients.

Cite This Article

APA
Yolanda H, Krajaejun T. (2021). History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis. Vaccines (Basel), 9(10), 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101080

Publication

Vaccines
ISSN: 2076-393X
NlmUniqueID: 101629355
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 10
PII: 1080

Researcher Affiliations

Yolanda, Hanna
  • Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
  • Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia.
Krajaejun, Theerapong
  • Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.

Grant Funding

  • RSA6280092 / Thailand Research Fund
  • CF_63008 / Mahidol University

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
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