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Viruses2023; 15(5); 1108; doi: 10.3390/v15051108

Horses as Sentinels for the Circulation of Flaviviruses in Eastern-Central Germany.

Abstract: Since 2018, autochthonous West Nile virus (WNV) infections have been regularly reported in eastern-central Germany. While clinically apparent infections in humans and horses are not frequent, seroprevalence studies in horses may allow the tracing of WNV and related flaviviruses transmission, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Usutu virus (USUV), and consequently help to estimate the risk of human infections. Hence, the aim of our study was to follow the seropositive ratio against these three viruses in horses in Saxony, Saxony Anhalt, and Brandenburg and to describe their geographic distribution for the year 2021. In early 2022, i.e., before the virus transmission season, sera from 1232 unvaccinated horses were tested using a competitive pan-flavivirus ELISA (cELISA). In order to estimate the true seropositive ratio of infection with WNV, TBEV, and USUV for 2021, positive and equivocal results were confirmed by a virus neutralization test (VNT). In addition, possible risk factors for seropositivity using questionnaires were analyzed using logistic regression based on questionnaires similar to our previous study from 2020. In total, 125 horse sera reacted positive in the cELISA. Based on the VNT, 40 sera showed neutralizing antibodies against WNV, 69 against TBEV, and 5 against USUV. Three sera showed antibodies against more than one virus, and eight were negative based on the VNT. The overall seropositive ratio was 3.3% (95% CI: 2.38-4.40) for WNV, 5.6% (95% CI: 4.44-7.04) for TBEV, and 0.4% (95% CI: 0.14-0.98) for USUV infections. While age and number of horses on the holding were factors predicting TBEV seropositivity, no risk factors were discovered for WNV seropositivity. We conclude that horses are useful sentinels to determine the flavivirus circulation in eastern-central Germany, as long as they are not vaccinated against WNV.
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Publication Date: 2023-04-30 PubMed ID: 37243194PubMed Central: PMC10222594DOI: 10.3390/v15051108Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses a study conducted in Germany that uses horses as a means of tracking the circulation of Flaviviruses, specifically West Nile Virus (WNV), Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV), and Usutu Virus (USUV). The study analyzes if the presence of these viruses can be traced through horse’s antibodies.

Research Methodology

  • This research study was carried out in eastern-central Germany, with specific focus on Saxony, Saxony Anhalt, and Brandenburg.
  • The researchers conducted seroprevalence studies on horses, testing their blood samples for antibodies against WNV, TBEV, and USUV.
  • A total of 1232 unvaccinated horse sera were tested using a method known as competitive pan-flavivirus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA) in early 2022, before the virus transmission season.
  • To validate the cELISA results and estimate the true positive ratio of infection with the three types of viruses, virus neutralization test (VNT) was conducted on samples that tested positive or showed equivocal results.
  • The study also investigated possible risk factors for seropositivity using questionnaires. The results were analyzed using logistic regression.

Research Findings

  • The research found that 125 horse sera out of the 1232 tested reacted positively in the cELISA.
  • Based on the VNT, 40 sera showed neutralizing antibodies against WNV, 69 against TBEV, and 5 against USUV. Three sera showed antibodies against more than one virus, and eight were negative based on the VNT.
  • The overall seropositive ratio was 3.3% for WNV, 5.6% for TBEV, and 0.4% for USUV infections.
  • Regarding risk factors, age and the number of horses in the holding were factors predicting TBEV seropositivity, while no risk factors were discovered for WNV seropositivity.

Conclusion

  • From these findings, the research concluded that horses can serve as useful indicators or “sentinels” to determine the circulation of Flaviviruses in the region of eastern-central Germany, as long as they are not vaccinated against WNV.
  • This research provides valuable insight and understanding of the prevalent circulation and distribution of these viruses, which is particularly important for estimating the risk of human infections.

Cite This Article

APA
Gothe LMR, Ganzenberg S, Ziegler U, Obiegala A, Lohmann KL, Sieg M, Vahlenkamp TW, Groschup MH, Hörügel U, Pfeffer M. (2023). Horses as Sentinels for the Circulation of Flaviviruses in Eastern-Central Germany. Viruses, 15(5), 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051108

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
PII: 1108

Researcher Affiliations

Gothe, Leonard M R
  • Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Ganzenberg, Stefanie
  • Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Ziegler, Ute
  • Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Obiegala, Anna
  • Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Lohmann, Katharina L
  • Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Sieg, Michael
  • Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Vahlenkamp, Thomas W
  • Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Groschup, Martin H
  • Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Hörügel, Uwe
  • Animal Diseases Fund Saxony, Horse Health Service, 01099 Dresden, Germany.
Pfeffer, Martin
  • Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Humans
  • West Nile virus
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Flavivirus
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
  • Flavivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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